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1. ENGLISH PROJECT “Cultural threads of India : WEAVING NATIONAL INTEGRATION” PUNJAB – THE LAND OF FIVE RIVERS Name: DS. DarshathaSri Shivani Class: X-A Roll No.: 10 KV CRPF Avadi Chennai

2. Introduction ★ Punjab is a state in northern India known for its Sikh population and agriculture. ★ It is founded in 1570’s by Sikh Guru Ram Das, is the site of Harmandir Sahib the holiest gurudwara ( Sikh place of worship ) known in English as golden temple. ★ The capital is Chandigarh,and the state shares borders with Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan .

3. History of punjab 1. Ancient Period The history of Punjab dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization (around 2500 BCE) , one of the world’s oldest civilizations. Important cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were part of this civilization, which flourished along the Indus River. Later, during the Vedic Age (1500–500 BCE) , Punjab became the center of early Aryan culture . The Rigveda , the oldest Hindu scripture, was composed here.

4. History of punjab 2. Mauryan and Gupta Empires Punjab was ruled by Chandragupta Maurya and later by Ashoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire. After the Mauryas , the region came under the Indo-Greeks, Kushans, and Guptas, who influenced its art, trade, and religion.

5. History of punjab 3. Medieval Period In the 11th century, Punjab faced several invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni and other rulers from Central Asia. Later, it became part of the Delhi Sultanate and then the Mughal Empire. During Mughal rule, Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469–1539) founded Sikhism, a new religion based on equality, truth, and devotion to God. Successive Sikh Gurus strengthened the faith and defended it against oppression.

6. History of punjab 4. British Period (1849–1947) Under British rule, Punjab became an important center for agriculture and military recruitment. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) in Amritsar was a tragic event that intensified India’s freedom struggle. Many leaders from Punjab played a key role in India’s independence movement.

7. History of punjab 5. Partition and Modern Period In 1947, India gained independence, and Punjab was divided between India and Pakistan. The western part went to Pakistan, and the eastern part became Indian Punjab. In 1966, Punjab was further divided to form Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Today, Punjab is known for its rich culture, Sikh heritage, and agricultural success.

8. LANGUAGE Punjabi is the official language of Indian state of Punjab. It is additional official in Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are:- Amritsar,Ludhiana,Chandhigarh,Jalandhar,Ambala,Patiala,Bathinda,Hoshiarpur and Delhi. In 2011,census of India,31.14 billion reported their languages as punjabi .

9. Sikhism religion of punjab Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent by  Guru Nanak  in the late 15th century. It teaches devotion to one formless God (Waheguru), emphasizes honest living, selfless service, equality of all humankind, and rejects superstitions and caste systems. The faith's core principles and teachings are enshrined in its holy book, the  Sri Guru Granth Sahib , which serves as the living Guru after the line of ten human Gurus.  Sikhs follow five important symbols called the Five Ks – Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (steel bracelet), Kanga (comb), Kachera (cotton undergarment), and Kirpan (sword) – which represent their faith and discipline .  

10. S ome of the words in punjab Sat sri akal ( ਸਤ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ): A formal greeting, similar to "Hello".  Ki haal chaal ? ( ਕਿ ਹਾਲ ਚਾਲ ?): How are you? (casual). Tusi kiven ho? ( ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਹੋ?): How are you? (formal).  Main theek haan ( ਮੈਂ ਠੀਕ ਹਾਂ ): I am fine.  Main theek haan ( ਮੈਂ ਠੀਕ ਹਾਂ ): I am fine.  Munda ( ਮੁੰਡਾ): Boy.  Kudi ( ਕੁੜੀ): Girl.  Yaari ( ਯਾਰੀ): Friendship .  

11. Chief minister of punjab Chief minister of Punjab is Bhagwant Mann age 51,better known by his stage name " Jugnu ", is an Indian politician, social worker, former comedian, singer and actor who is currently serving as the 17th Chief Minister of Punjab since 2022.

12. FAMOUS RIVERS ★ The famous rivers of Punjab are the five tributaries of the Indus River: Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum.  ★ The name "Punjab" itself means "Land of Five Waters" and is derived from the Persian words " Panj " (five) and " Aab " (water). ★   The Sutlej is the longest and a vital river for the region's irrigation and hydroelectric power.  

13. 5 FAMOUS RIVERS OF PUNJAB • Beas River

14. 5 FAMOUS RIVERS OF PUNJAB • Sutlej River

15. 5 FAMOUS RIVERS OF PUNJAB • Ravi River

16. 5 FAMOUS RIVERS OF PUNJAB • Jhelum River

17. 5 FAMOUS RIVERS OF PUNJAB • Chenab River

18. FOODS OF PUNJAB BUTTER CHICKEN – Description:- a rich, creamy, and mildly spiced Indian dish made with tender, marinated chicken pieces simmered in a velvety tomato-based sauce infused with butter, cream, and aromatic spices like garam masala. Originating from Delhi, it's known for its smooth texture, balanced sweet and spicy flavors, and is commonly served with naan bread or rice.  

19. FOODS OF PUNJAB PUNJABI THALI – Description:- A Punjabi thali is a large platter of various dishes that showcases the rich, spicy, and hearty flavors of Punjabi cuisine, typically including a mix of vegetarian and non-vegetarian options, different types of bread like naan and kulcha , rice, lentil dishes such as Dal Makhani , paneer (Indian cheese) preparations like Shahi Paneer, and a sweet such as Gulab Jamun. It's a meal meant to be shared, featuring strong flavors, generous portions, and ingredients like dairy, wheat, and a liberal use of aromatic spices.   

20. FOODS OF PUNJAB • AMRITSARI FISH - D escription :- Amritsari fish is a popular and spicy Indian street food originating from the city of Amritsar in Punjab. This crispy, deep-fried fish dish is celebrated for its bold flavors and delicate, flaky texture. The fish is marinated in a mixture of gram flour ( besan ) and spices before being fried to golden perfection.  

21. FOODS OF PUNJAB • ALOO (potato)PARATHA – Description:- Aloo paratha is a popular North Indian stuffed flatbread made with whole wheat flour ( atta ), mashed potatoes, and a blend of spices. The paratha is cooked on a tawa (griddle) with ghee or oil until golden brown and crispy. It is a hearty and flavorful dish traditionally served for breakfast, often with yogurt, pickle, or a dollop of butter. 

22. DESERTS/BEVERAGES OF PUNJAB • LASSI – Description:- Lassi is a popular, traditional Indian yogurt-based beverage known for its smoothie-like consistency and refreshing quality, especially in hot weather. It is made by blending yogurt with water or milk and can be either sweet or salty, with the sweet version typically including sugar and flavorings like cardamom.

23. DESERTS/BEVERAGES OF PUNJAB • KADA PRASAD – Description:- Kada prasad is a sacred, velvety sweet offered in gurudwaras (Sikh temples) and holds deep significance for the Sikh community. The rich dessert is a type of  halwa  made from equal proportions of whole wheat flour ( atta ), sugar, and clarified butter ( ghee ). 

24. TRADITIONAL DRESS OF PUNJAB The traditional dress of Punjab includes the Salwar Kameez for women, often adorned with an embroidered Phulkari dupattas. For men, the  Kurta- Pyjama  is a popular and versatile outfit, which can be paired with a lungi or dhoti. For special occasions and traditional dance forms like the  Bhangra  and  Gidha , the attire becomes more vibrant and elaborate, often featuring waistcoats and embellished garments.

25. FAMOUS PLACES IN PUNJAB Some places to visit in Punjab:- • Amritsar- 1 . Religious significance The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib):   This is the spiritual heart of Sikhism, a magnificent gurudwara with stunning gold-plated architecture. It is surrounded by the sacred Amrit Sarovar, a pool where devotees take purifying dips.  Cultural Importance:   The temple embodies core Sikh principles like equality and community service, making it an iconic symbol of the faith. 

26. FAMOUS PLACES IN PUNJAB 2. Jallianwala Bagh Jallianwala Bagh is a historic garden and memorial in Amritsar, India, famous as the site of the  Jallianwala Bagh massacre  on April 13, 1919, where British troops under General Dyer fired on a peaceful crowd, resulting in many deaths. Today, it serves as a national memorial to the victims, featuring a museum, a flame of freedom, and preserved bullet-ridden walls that serve as a stark reminder of the tragedy and a significant site for India’s struggle for independence. 

27. FAMOUS PLACES IN PUNJAB • Chandigarh- Nek chand Rock garden Nek Chand's Rock Garden is a renowned 40 -acre sculpture garden in Chandigarh, India, created by self-taught artist Nek Chand Saini, who transformed over many years industrial and domestic waste, including discarded pottery, glass, and tiles, into thousands of whimsical human and animal figures and surreal landscapes. The garden features winding walkways, interlinking waterfalls, and integrated architectural elements, blending traditional Indian art with modern techniques to showcase the transformative power of art and sustainable practices, becoming one of the most visited sites in India . 

28. FAMOUS PLACES IN PUNJAB Gobindgarh fort – Gobindgarh Fort is a historic 43-acre military fortress in the heart of Amritsar, Punjab, India, built in the 18th century by the Bhangi Misl and later expanded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The fort features bastions, a moat, and various buildings including the Khas Mahal and Toshakhana , and its history spans the Sikh Empire to the East India Company and the Indian Army. Today, it functions as a living heritage complex with museums, an interactive 7D show, and other cultural exhibits, showcasing the fort's significance and the region's rich history.

29. FAMOUS PLACES IN PUNJAB Pathankot – Pathankot is a city and district in the northern Indian state of Punjab, situated at the meeting point of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir, and near the Pakistani border. Surrounded by the Ravi and Chakki rivers, the city offers views of the  Shiwalik foothills  and  snow-capped Himalayas . The area's culture is influenced by its proximity to other northern states, and it is home to  Pathankot Air Base  and a significant  military cantonment . It is a green, low -lying area with an average elevation of 332 meters (1,089 ft). Pathankot is a strategically important military station, housing Mammon Cantt, one of Asia’s largest military bases, and a major air base. 

30. AGRICULTURE Agriculture in Punjab is vital to India's food supply, earning it the nickname the "Food Bowl" or "Granary of India" for its high production of wheat and rice, along with significant output of sugarcane, cotton, and dairy products.

31. AGRICULTURE • Wheat: needs cool climate 50-75cm rainfall Well drained loamy soil Mostly grown in Punjab,Haryana,UP . • Rice: needs high temperature (above 25°c) Heavy rainfall Clayey soil Mostly grown in West Bengal,Punjab,Odisha . • Dairy: Punjab is the major hub for dairy products.

32. Famous festivals Famous festivals in Punjab include  Lohri , celebrating the end of winter with bonfires;  Baisakhi , a major harvest festival and celebration of the Khalsa formation;  Gurpurab , commemorating Guru Nanak's birth with prayers and processions; and Hola Mohalla , a martial arts and religious festival honoring Guru Gobind Singh. Other festivals like Teej (a women's festival), Basant Panchami (spring festival), and religious events like Maghi and the Shaheedi Jor Mela are also widely celebrated.   

33. FAMOUS DANCE OF PUNJAB The most famous folk dances of Punjab are Bhangra and Gidda , with Bhangra being an energetic dance for men associated with harvest and performed during festivals like  Baisakhi , and Gidda being a vibrant, celebratory folk dance performed by women. Other notable Punjabi folk dances include Jhumar , Kikli , and Dhamal , each with its own unique characteristics and cultural significance.   It is known for its lively, energetic movements, foot-tapping beats, and infectious rhythm, reflecting the Punjab culture and significance .

34. Important facts Punjab has one of the highest literacy rate in the northern side of IndiaPunjab is "the Land of Five Rivers," a name derived from the Persian words for "five" and "water," referring to the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers. It's the birthplace of Sikhism, a major religion in the state, and home to the holiest Sikh shrine, the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Punjab is known as the "Wheat Bowl of India" due to its fertile soil, and it also hosts the iconic Wagah- Attari border ceremony. .

35. Conclusion "In conclusion, Punjab stands as a testament to its name – the Land of Five Rivers – not only through its vital agricultural contributions that feed the nation but also as a cultural hub with deep historical roots. The state's dynamic economy is bolstered by thriving industries like textiles and engineering, complemented by its strategic role as a key infrastructural and trade link in India's northwest. With continued investment and innovation, Punjab is poised to further solidify its position as a prosperous and culturally rich state, enriching the entire region."

36. I Thank my English Teacher for giving me the opportunity to explore about Punjab which I never Knew much about the significance of the Historic State !!