class XI Zoology // jahidul hassan // NEET

class XI Zoology // jahidul hassan

1. EXPERIMENT NO. 1 IDENTIFICATION OF MUSEUM ANIMALS

nens and identification with reasons - Amoeba,
+ fluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Prawn, Silk worm, Honey bec,

h, Shark, Rohu, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rabbit.

The important points to be noted while studying museum specimen ar

(9 The morphological characters of the specimens should be observed before you start
drawing in the practical record book

(ii) Record the characters in a rough book

Draw a sketch of the spe x mum details.

The final diagram of the specimens should be drawn from the original specimen
While doing this, a particular book can also be consulted for con
and labeling of various parts,

2. ne PRACTICALBIOLORy
‘Aim : To study specimens of ani ir identification with reasons,
VÁ AMOEBA
Systematic position :
Phylum Protozoa
Class: Rhizopoda(=Sarcodina)
Genus Amoeba
Se, Name “Amocbaproteus
Characters :

1. It isa unicellular, microscopie organism found in ponds, ditches, lakes, etc.
2. Itis irregular in shape, colourless and translucent mass of protoplasm.

Food vacuoies Nes Contact vacuole

Plasma membrane

Fig.

1. Amoeba

It constantly changes its shape by putting forth and withdrawing pseudopodia - the
locomotory organelles. These appear as finger like outgrowth,

The body of the animal is covered by a soft and semipermeable plasma membrane.
The protoplasm is distinguished into an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.
‘There is a prominent nucleus in the centre,

Food ra ‘contractile vacuoles are found in he eyoplasm.
NY AYORA:

Systematic position :

Phylum 3 Coelenterata
Class Hydrozoa
Genus Hydra .

Se. Name: Hydra oligactis

3. —zooLoGy
pat ogy ‘ie

characters :
1. Wis found in tre;
bmerged obj

wate

ponds, streams, attached to aquatic weeds or some

nism has elongated and ey

drieal body, like an elastie tube measuring 1
to 3 ems in length, a mene

‘The proximal end of the body is known as basal dise or foot used for attachment
or locomotion,

4. The free distal end bears the mouth which is surrounded by hollow tentacles.

¡me protruberant structures may develop from two sides which may grow; each
with a mouth and tentacles like the parents.

Putt grown bud

Basal iso

Fig. 1.2, Whole mount of Hydra

ver FLUKE (Fasciola hepatica) IS

Systematic position :

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Trematoda

Genus 3 Pasciola

Se. Name : Fasciola hepatica
Characters :

1. Fasciola hepatica is commonly known as liver fluke.

4. 116

3. Anterior end is small

4. Mouth is situated at the anterior

6. A genital pore is situ

9. Liver fluke caus

PRACTICAL Biology,

lsbody is dorsoventrally Nattened
leaf like, measuring about 25 10
30 mm in length and 4 to $ mm
in breadth,

oral suckers

——conepore

nd conica
‘gradually
blunt end

——Acotabutam

while posterior part
narrow with a

suckel
À large, highly muscular ventral
sucker called acerabulum is
located alittle posterior tothe oral

sucker

rated between

the oral and ventral sucker

An exeretory pore lies at the
extreme posterior end of the body,
It is found as an endoparasite in
the bile duct of liver of sheep,

known as fiver ror. Excrotory pore

i

‘Systematic position :

Phylum Nemathelminthes A
Class Nematoda

Genus Ascaris

Se. Name Ascaris lumbricoides

Characters :

3
4
5

6.

It is an endoparasite in the int

tine of human being.

Body is unsegmental, round and clon;

ted with anterior and posterior tapering:
A dorsal, a ventral and two lateral lines are visible through the body wall.
Mouth is at the anterior end surrounded by three fleshy lips.

An excretory pore is ventrally located a little behind the mouth.

The posterior end is curved in male and its straight in female.

5. (TI ZOOLOGY
me 17

Moun

Excroioy pore

Lateral ine

Female genital por.

Ctoaca! aporure

ale

D

Fig. 1.4. Round worm (Ascaris lumbricodies)

7. A litte infront of the posterior extreme is a transverse slit-the cloaca

8. In male, a pair of Curved chitinous structures come out of the cloaca called penial

setae.

Weed TA

Systematic position :

Phylum: “Annelida

Class: Hirudinea

Genus: Hirudinaria

Type Hirudinaria Spp.
Characters :

1. Itis found in fresh water ponds, streams and swamps.

6. 118 PRACTICAL BIOLOGy

MT

3. The body shows great elasticity,
thas an anterior and a posterior sucker:

With the posterior sucker it can remain attached to an object and with the anterior
ker it can suck blood from the vertebrate animal

We Garrison ae

Systematic positior

Phylum
ass: Oligocl
Genus Pheretima
Se. Name Pheretima posthuma
Characters :

1. The body is elongated, Seni! zapiiae
cylindrical and
nented. There

about 100-125 segments,

which mouth i preset
From its dorsal side a
small sensory lobe calle
restomium projects
foward ig Léo
3. Theresa prominent band
Called elitellum which

——— III U

7. pant ZOOLOGY

119
covers 14th, 15th and 16th segments,

Asingle female genital aperture is pres
‘Two male genital apertures are present on
In the 17th and 19th segments, the genital
In the last body segmer
It is hermaphrodi
in the same body.

7 prawns = US

inthe 14th segment covered by clitellum.
the ventral surface in the 18th segment.

oF copulatory papillae are present.
anus is present.

animal ie, both the sex organs - testis and ovary are present

position ;
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Genus Palacmon
Type Palaemon spp.
Characters :

1. The body is elongated, spindle-shaped and bilaterally symmetrical
2. The body is divisible into an anrerior eephalothorax (head + thorax) and a posterior
a Hepatic spine Antennal spine ital notch

eye
Rostrum

Antennule
Hinge joint

antenna
Plural
pate

illa.
ht pairs of appendages. Out ofthese there are five pairs of walking

8. 122
nal and keep their wings stretched while at rest

6. Moths are

XAG PILA (APPLE SNAIL) x

‘Systematic position :

Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Genus Pila

Se. Name Pila globosa

Characters :

1. Pita is commonly found in ponds, t
“The sof body of the animal is enclosed by a shell compound of calcium carbonate.

The topmost portion of the shell is called the apex and lines that marks off the whorls

tanks, paddy field ete. containing water

are known

peru

Lines ot grown

Fig. 1.10.

4 The csv ofthe hell opens uti by the
closed by an operculum. 4 ie ee
The ead possess top oe

cles and a pair of eyes.

9. PART Il — ZOOLOGY

6

Foot is muscular and fiat “

SAH STAR-FISH yd and acts as creeping organs,

systematic position :

Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroiden
Genus Asterias
Sc. Name Asterias spp.

Characters :

1

2:

6

Star-fishisanexelusively
marine form.

Its body consists of a
central disc from which Ambulat
five radiating arms
arise.

It looks like a star. Mouths

The animal is distin-
guished into oral
(ventral) and aboral
(dorsal) surfaces.

In the centre of the
disc, mouth is located
ventrally and the anus Fig. 1.11. Starfish

is located on the aboral

surface.

Aboral surface bears a number of short, stout spines arranged in irregular rows,

12. SHARK (Dog fish)

Systematic Position :

Phylum: Chordata
Class = Chondriehthyes
Genus : Scoliodon
Te: Sp
Characters :
1. The body is spindle-shaped and laterally compressed with a long pointed snout.
2. Mouth and nasal aperture are ventral in position
3. A pair of median eyes and five pairs of gill-sits are present on the lateral side
4, The body has median unpaired and lateral paired fins. Median unpaired fins are

( large first dorsal fin, (i) small second dorsal fin, and (ii) ventral fin, Paired
fins are anterior pectoral fins and posterior pelvic fins.
Tail is provided with a heterocercal caudal fin,

A A

10. Won (FISH) e

Systematic Position :

Phylum Chordata
Class Osteichthyes
Genus Labeo
Se. Name Labeo rohita

Operculum Poctoralfin Peni tin

Fig. 1.13. Rohu

Ger

11. PART — ZOOLOGY
characters : 125.

1. Body is moderately clongated and laterally compressed,

2, Iisa sh water ish abundantly fun

3. Body is divisible into heat, ranked fal
5. Body is covered by lr overlapping eed

6. The ins af thick, fleshy, and rng covering oth he jaws
$ Ith

a great commercial importance as is most suitable for pong tre

44. FROG (~~

Systematic position :

Phylum : Chordata
Class Amphibia
Genus Rana

So. Name Rana tigrina

Characters :
1. The body is bilaterally symmetrical and is divided into two parts - head and trunk
2. The head is dorso-ventral and triangular in shape,
3, There are two nostrils situated on either side of the head.

Hose

ost

Tympanum

- plese e

12. PRACTICAL BIOLOGY
The eyes are large and bu are provided with thick pigmente

upper
rudimentary. The third eyelid or nictitating

hile the lower eyelids ar
membrane covers the c

There is a circular tympanic membrane behind the eyes
The trunk bears two pairs of limb:

fore limbs and hind limbs.
r than hind lim

ore limbs are
fore limb consists of upper arm, fore arm, hand and four fingers. In male
on, a copulatory pad develops along the inner edge of

hind limb consis

s of thigh, shank, ankle, foot anc
web is pre

five toes. An
nt in between the toes,

braneous

al aperture lies towards the posterior side of

13. Test tubes, test tube stand, tes i dish 409
NaOH solution. 19% CuSO, solution, ether, hlorofe
solution B, Benedict's reagent, a+ roth, NH,OH, methylene
cid, sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogen sulphate (KHS
iodin nt, plant material (e.g. ripe banana, apple, rice grain, four, et.
and animal material (e.g. liver, milk, etc.

Procedure:
1. Any plant or anima ial listed above is selected and cut into small pi
The materials is grinded in a mortar and and a concentrated mixture is prep:

by adding distilled water (in case k can be avoided because mil
already a solution),

3. By taking sample from the above, the following tests are performed

14. pe

est for Carbohydrate,

7

‘Test for glucos
(To obtain better resy
prepared of banana or

any other fri
Experiment
Fehling's test: 2 mlof tne
¡ken in the test tube
proportions of Fehling so
Bare added, The mixture
Benedict's test: LT of ihe
in a test tube. To it 2h
Benidict’s reagent is added
well by shaking,
boiled for

given sample
To it, equal
ution A and
is en boiled,

imple
ml of
tis and mixed
he mixture is then
-4 minutes,

It for the test of,

glucoso,
it)

145

‘he sample extract taken should be

Observations

Inference

Appearance of brown
red precipitate,

glucose

ple contains

‘Appearance of
( Gren precipitate
(i Orange precipitate
(ii) Red precipit

Glucose
(D Less quantity.
i) Moderate quantity

(i) High quantity

Methylene blue test

3 ml of distilied
waters taken in a

Solution will be

(To obtain better results for the test
fruit can be taken to prepare the sam

ple éxtraet)

Glucose/fructose,

tube, To olourise R

of 1% methylene blu De Pen

0740% NaOH solution is added. The

misture is boiled and to it a few drops

ofthe sample is added. À
Tr

of sucrose, sugarcane juice or any other ripe

So.

Experiment

Observations

Inference

Hydrochloric acid test: 2 ml of the
sample is taken in a test tube, to ita
few drops of concentrated hydrochlorie
acid is added and the mixture is boiled
for 2 minutes. Now Na,CO, powder
is added to the mixture slowly until
the effervescence of earbon dioxide
gas stops, which marks the saturation
Point of the mixture. The mixture is
now used to perform the Fehling's and
Benedict's test.

(a) Fehling's test: (same as in test for
guucose)

(©) Benedict's test: (same as in test
for glucose)

Appearance of brown
red precipitate
Appearance of yellow
red precipitate.

‘Sucrose present.

Suerose present.

‘Test of starch:

Experiment

Observations

Inference

Todine test A few drops ofthe sample
are taken in a test tube and to ¡ta small
amount of water is added. Now a few
‘drops of iodine solution is added to the
mixture and boiled.

A blue-black colour
‘appears.

The sample contains

Starch,

15. In PRAGTICAL Biology,
\B-Test of Protein:

NT
a test tube and itis mixe
amount of water Now 2 ml of Millons
ant is added o it

The mixture is then boiled for 2-3 | White precipita
minutes red.
Biuret test: 2 ml of the sample taken
ma test tube and it si mixed with an
equal amount of water, I ml of biuret
reagent is added to the mixture and
mixed wil, To i, a few drops of 1%

om are added.
anthoproteñe test: 2 ml ofthe sample | White precipiate
is mixed with an equal amount of water | appears
in a test tbe
To it a small amount of concentrated | White precipitate
nitric acid (NHO,) is added and the | tums yellow

mixture is boil

to the mixture
colour

16. Identifying features

1

y and protects

EXPERIMENT NO. 7.1

'o identify and study human skull

Kull occupies the anterior most position in the human skeleton. It consists of

cranium, face bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bones.
Cranium is the strong bony case to house the brain. So, itis also called brain box.
It is made up of occipital, parietal, frontal, te

bones, These are articulated by fibrous or fixed joints.
the skull called o

mporal, sphenoid and ethmoid

It has a strong bony case on either sid

on its lateral side called auditory capsule consisting 3

bones called ear ossicles
The three ear ossicles are - an outer malleus, a middle incus and an inner stapes.
It has nasal passage formed by nasal bon

It has maxilla bone which forms the upper ja
the lower jaw. The bones of maxilla nad mandible form the
strongest bone of the body

w and mandible bone which forms
face, Mandible is the

17. Coronal Suture

159
Parera
aa —Sohonoia
pers Temporal
a 2ygomatc
ie
gomas ‘i
Jomer- Inter Nasal
Mastoid Process inate Concha

A. Lateral view

® Fron view showing bones of
Fig. 7.2. Human Skull E

3, The roof of the upper jaw is supported by palate bone that separates the bial
cavity from nasal passage.

9. A bone called hyoid lies atthe base ofthe tongue,

EXPERIMENT NO. 7.2

im : To identity and study rib cage of human (Ribs and vu
Identifying features

1. Rib cage is formed by the ribs and sternum,

2. Ithouses and protects the vital organs such as heart and lungs.

Vertebral column

Xiph process

ur

18. 1

MET EXPERIMENT NO. 7.3
ÁS taontity and study vertebral column of man.

Identifying features

Vertebral colun
which supports the neck,

so called backbone
thorax and

abdomen along the mid dorsal line,

It forms central axis of the body and makes

the body erect.

It has a canal all along its length called

neural e

spinal cord.

The first vertebra of vertebral column

provides surface for the articulation of skull

and ribs.

that encloses and protects the

Mt has 33 vertebrae present in five distinct
regions of the body. Cervical region has
7 cervical vertebrae, thoracie region has
12 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar region has

lumbar vertebrae, sacrum region has 5
fused vertebrae called sacrum,
region has 4 rudimentary fused caudal
vertebrae which form coceyx bone,

The first cervical vertebra is called atlas.

La a

Fig. 7.4. The Vertebral Column of man.

Conical

2

veriabrae

19. ve
1

EXPERIMENT NO. 7.7

yn: To identify and study lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae of man.
a LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

gering features

1, Lumbar vertebrae are the largest and stron,

gest in the body.
2. They are fiv

in number and are found inthe abdominal region of vertebral column.

Superior articular
Process,

Spinous process

Fig. 7.8. A Thoracic Vertebra,

Transverse process

20. EXPERIMENT NO. 7.10

Aín To identity and study pectoral and pelvic girdle of man.

A. PECTORAL GIRDLE \

Identifying features
1. Itis also known as shoulder girdle. It consists of a
Pectoral girdle of each side is trianglar in shape meant fi
Shoulder bone has a prominent club shaped spine.
It has an acromion process to which articulates the clavicle bot

21. A
165

Anterior aspoct

we

Motapophyst

Fig. Tal.

5. Each pectoral girdle represents fuse mass of eoracoid-seapula bones together called
scapula,
6. Scapula has a socket-like depression called gl

of humerus bone.

d cavity for articulation with head

22. = m es

"ng with the sacrum and coceyx

> EXPERIMENT No. 7.14

Sr
DENTIFY AND STUDY E
um ONES OF FORE LI
BONE oF A JMB OR HAND OF MAN.
1. HUMERUS ( SHOULDER)»

identifying features

Humerus forms the upper

mm or shoulder.
Its a straight bone with a long shaft

‘The upper end or proximal end of humerus has

of scapula of pectoral girdle.

4. The proximal end of humerus has
provides surface for attachment of

5. The lower end or distal end has a foramen and a trochlear process with which
remains articulated the radius-ul

‘ahead which fits into glenoid cavity

bulging in the form of deltoid ridge which
muscles of shoulder.

2, RADIUS-ULNA (BONES OF LOWER ARM) x
Identifying features

1. Itconsist of two separate bones namely radius and ulna. They form the fore arm
of hand.

Ulna is more developed and has olecranon process enclosing sigmoid cavity at its
upper end which forms elbow joint with humerus.

3. CARPALS (BONES OF WRIST)

Identifying features
1. These are also known as wrist bones.

2. They are eight small bones arranged in two rows Forming the wrist

23. 168 PRACTICAL BIOLOGY
4. METACARPALS (BONES OF PALM)

Identifying features
1. These are also known as palm

bones.

They are five long bones forming

the palm of hand,

5. PHALANGES (BONES OF Foraman

FINGERS)

Humorus

Delia is

Identifying features

1. Bones of fingers are called
phalanges.

2. There are three bones in each

finger and two in thumb Le,

pollex. Henge-the total number

Of phalapgés of man is 28

2
> es NO. 7.12 4%
‘Aim : To identify and study bones
of hind limb or leg of man.

1. FEMUR (THIGH BONE)

Identifying features
1. Itisthe firstupperbone ofleg. _ Camals
2. Femuris the longest bone and. >
is present in the thigh region
of the body. Motacarpas
3. ‘The proximal end of femurhas
trochanters for attachment phalanges
of thigh muscles and a head
to fit with the acetabulum of.
hip girdle,
4 Te doter te Fig. 7.14. Phalanges of fore limb or hand.
has two condyles which
articulate with triangular-shaped sesamoid bone called patella and form the knee.

2. TIBIA-FIBULA (SHANK BONE)
Identifying features a

1. It consists of two separate long bones namely tibia and Mbula
shank region of leg.

2. Tibia is more developed than fibula,

3, The proximal end of ibia-ibul articulates with femur and patella and forms knee

and are present in

24. —ZOOLOGY

fr ASALS (BONE OF Ay
ee NKLE) 4
„nitying features
Seven tarsal bones are present
cea TSE in human lee. These ema
win arranged in two rows

Fig. 7.15. Bones of hind limb or leg.