Questions and basic notions21
1.3.1. Inclusion theorems
Question: Does D C Nv hold for a fixed D C w?
Definitions: V = (V, NV, V-lim) is called
conservative for null sequences if co C NV,
conservative if c c NV,
strongly conservative if f C Nv, and
coercive if m c NV.
In the case of matrix methods we call the (defining) matrix conservative
for null sequences, conservative, strongly conservative and coer-
cive, if the matrix method has the corresponding property.
Remark: Because co C c C f C m the notion of `conservative for null
sequences' is the weakest condition and `coercive' is the strongest condition.
Examples: (a) All the examples considered in Section 1.2 are conserva-
tive, and thus conservative for null sequences (cf. 1.2.13, 1.2.14, 1.2.16 and
1.2.17).
(b) Almost convergence, that is (F, f, F-lim), Ci and Ai are strongly
conservative since f C cc, C CA, (cf. Exercise 1.3.10 for the latter in-
clusion). I and ZZ are not strongly conservative and consequently not
coercive. [To prove the last statement note that cj = c g f (cf. 1.2.18(a))
and that f ¢ czi holds since x(1, 0, -1,1, 0, 0, -1,1, -1, 0, ...) E f
(cf. 1.2.23(b)) and Z,x=(I,1,-i0,.1,0,-2,0,0,-2,...)c.]
5
22
(c) The zero matrix is coercive (cf. 1.2.17(b)); Ci thus (F, f, F-lim) is
not coercive. [To prove the last statement it is sufficient to verify m 5t cc,
since f C cc,. For that we consider the sequence
k=40k=4'k=42
x=(xk):=(0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,...,0,...,1,0,...
41-times42-times
This is obviously bounded, but because
n-1
[Cix]4°-l = 4n 1: 4k =
3 4n3
k=0
and
(n -+ oo)
1*L
4n+i _ 12
[Cix]2.4°-i =4nE 4
k
= 3. 2.4n3
(n --+ oo)
k=0
it is not Ci-summable.]0
In Chapter 2 we will characterize matrices which are conservative for
null sequences, conservative, strongly conservative and coercive, respec-
tively.