classical conditioning and operant conditioning

What is difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
example of classical conditioning.
e three basic types of learning?

1. Classical condition and operant condition in language learning Classical condition by Pavlov Operant condition by B,F, skinner

2. PAVLOV Ian Pavlov was a famous Russian psychologist He lived from 1849 to 1936 He made many discovery in psychology Pavlov won the Nobel prize in psychology

3. Classical condition Classical condition is a learning technique associated with the relation between stimulus and its response  classical conditioning involves the interplay between three elements: Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

4. Pavlov's experiment

5. Pavlov conduct a experiment on dog and he measured the amount of saliva secreted by dog, with the use of surgical producer. When it was exposed to different stimulus. At first when Pavlov presented a piece of meat to the dog, he noticed a great amount of salivation. Where in second time when ha ring the bell. He observed there was no salivation , After this, Pavlov rang the bell accompanied with meat and he noticed the salivation of dog. He repeated this process several time, and finally, one day he just rang the bell without meat and observe that dog still salivated to the bell alone which was originally a natural stimulus

6. Four components of condition The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response The unconditioned response Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned response

7. Four components of condition The conditioned stimulus is previously natural stimulus that, after becoming associate with the unconditioned stimulus ,eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously natural stimulus

8. John Broadus Watson J.B Watson was a famous American psychologist He lived from January 9, 1878 to September 25, 1958 Establish the psychological school of behaviorism

9. J.B Watson Experiment In J .B Watson experiment fear response was conditioned In a young boy known “ L ittle Albert”. The child initially showed no fear of a white rate, but after the presentation of the rate was paired with loud scary sound , the child would cry when the rate when the rate was present. The child also generalized to other fuzzy objects.

10. Elements of classical conditioning little albert experiment Albert experiment presents and example of how classical conditioning can be used an emotional response Natural stimulus : the white rate Unconditional stimulus : the loud noise Unconditional response : Fear Conditioned stimulus : the white rate Unconditional response : Fear

11. Operant condition by B,F, skinner A n American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher Born :   20 March 1904 Died :   18 August 1990 Known for :  Operant conditioning, Operant conditioning chamber, Radical behaviorism

12. B.F. skinner's experiment

13. B.F. skinner's experiment A hungry rate was placed in the skinner box and every time it pressed the lever it was rewarded with a food pellet in the food dish was used to reinforce its behavior

14. Result Rats scurried around the box randomly touching parts of the floor and wall. the rate accidently touched lever and food pellet was released. The same sequence was repeated and with more trail the time taken to press the lever eventually decreased. The random movement of rate become deliberate. The rate ate the food as fast as they could press the lever.

15. Skinner proposed three types of response that follow behavior Natural response : these response do not increase or decrease the probability of the action being repeated Reinforcement : are response to a behavior which are designed to increase the likelihood of behavior will repeated Positive Reinforcement : is where a pleasant stimulus (such is food provided) following the desired behavior negative Reinforcement : is where negative stimulus is taken is taken away fowling the desired behavior

16. Punishment Are response to a behavior which are designed to decrease the probability of behavior will repeated Positive Punishment is where negative stimulus is added fowling the undesired behavior Negative Punishment : is where positive stimulus is taken is taken away fowling the undesired behavior (such is dessert after dinner)

17. Thorndike Edward Lee  Thorndike  (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) A n American psychologist spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia 

18. Edward Lee  Thorndike is famous in psychology for his learning theory  that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant conditioning involves  learning  from the consequences of our behavior .

19. Thorndike's experiment Thorndike's most famous work involved cats trying to navigate through various puzzle boxes. In this experiment, he placed hungry cats into homemade boxes and recorded the time it took for them to perform the necessary actions to escape and receive their food reward. Thorndike discovered that with successive trials, cats would learn from previous behavior, limit ineffective actions, and escape from the box more quickly. He observed that the cats seemed to learn, from an intricate trial and error process, which actions should be continued and which actions should be abandoned; a well-practiced cat could quickly remember and reuse actions that were successful in escaping to the food reward .

20. Thorndike's  experiment

21. Three laws of Thorndike LAW OF EFFECT : Learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling Learning is weakened when associated with unpleasant feeling Learning takes place properly when it results in satisfaction and the learner derives pleasure out of it

22. . LAW OF EXERCISE Things most often repeated are best remembered Students do not lean complex task in a single session LAW OF READINESS Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning

23. Classical condition in classroom Teachers can use classical conditioning to quiet down the students Example: First day of class, students walk into class and teacher sits at desk Teacher goes towards board when ready to teach and children quiet down Second day of class, students are chatty when the teacher goes to the board. Teacher asks to be quiet. Third day of class, students are automatically quiet when the teacher walks to the board Teachers can use classical conditioning to quiet down the students Example: First day of class, the teacher turns on the projector to do their lesson and students quiet down Second day of class, the students are still chatty when the projector turns on. The teacher must ask them to quiet down Third day of class, the students quiet down when the projector is turned on

24. result Students will be conditioned in a positive manner Students will learn the expectations of their teachers Students will learn the expectations of their school

25. Operant condition in classroom Max is a nine-year-old boy who has learning difficulties. A child psychologist is working with Max. Max continually interrupts their session together by getting out of his seat. The psychologist wants to teach Max to stay in his seat for their half-hour session . Max could be rewarded with a sticker for every five minutes he remained in his seat (positive reinforcement) Max could be scolded when he gets out of his seat (punishment ) the psychologist gives Max a sticker for every session he does not get out of his seat. The sticker acts a positive reinforcer to encourage the behavior of staying in his seat the psychologist scolded Max when he tried to leave his seat. This acted as punishment, making it less likely that Max would repeat the behavior.

26. Books and Research Papers on Related Topic Verbal Understanding and Pavlovian Processes By Tonneau , Francois Contemporary Learning Theories: Pavlovian Conditioning and the Status of Traditional Learning Theory By Stephen B. Klein; Robert R. Mowrer Reinforcement Learning, Conditioning, and the Brain: Successes and Challenges By Maia, Tiago V Using Operant Techniques with Humans Infants By Gerhardstein , Peter; Kraeber , Kimberly; Tse , James