Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov.

Psychology . Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and Watson.
the Little Albert Experiment and some basic applications of classical conditioning.

1. PAVLOV’S E XPERIMENT CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

2. CONDITIONING INTRODUCTION Conditioning in  behavioral psychology  is a theory that the reaction ("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal can be modified by 'learning', or  conditioning . Stimulus-response (S-R ) theories are central to the principles of conditioning. They are based on the assumption that human behavior  is learned.

3. Stimulus : A thing or event that evokes a specific reaction in an organ. Response :   A reaction, as that of an organism or a mechanism, to a specific stimulus.

4. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF LEARNING/CONDITIONING 1 .     Learning through association  - Classical Conditioning 2. Learning through consequences – Operant Conditioning 3.   Learning through observation – Modeling/Observational Learning

5. WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ? Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It had a major influence on behaviorism which is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment.

6. About Ivan Pavlov: Born: September 26, 1849 Was awarded the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences in 1875 Was awarded the N obel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion Died Feb 27,1936

7. COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS ) : A stimulus that naturally, and automatically triggers a response. The Unconditioned Response(UCR): The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. The Conditioned Stimulus(CS): A previously neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response . The Conditioned Response(CR): Learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

8. Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus C onditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response

9. Principles of Classical conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization Discrimination

10. Pavlov’s experiment

11. Types of Conditioning Forward Conditioning: Occurs when the neutral stimulus (NS) appears just before and during the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus ( UCS). T here are 2 types: delayed conditioning (forward) - the   CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is presented. This is generally the best, especially when the delay is short trace conditioning - discrete event is presented, then the US occurs. Shorter the interval the better, but as you can tell, this approach is not very effective.

12. B ackward conditioning – Backward conditioning occurs when a Conditioned stimulus immediately follows a Unconditioned stimulus   Simultaneous conditioning -  Both conditioned and unconditioned stimulus occurs and terminates at same time Second-order and higher-order conditioning- This form of conditioning follows a two-step procedure. First a neutral stimulus ("CS1") comes to signal a US through forward conditioning. Then a second neutral stimulus ("CS2") is paired with the first (CS1) and comes to yield its own conditioned response Temporal conditioning In temporal conditioning a Unconditioned stimulus is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10 minutes.

13. APPLICATIONS Pavlov’s experiment

14. BEHAVIOURAL THERAPIES:

15. Prolonged exposure theory Used for the treatment of phobias and anxiety disorders It works by exposing the patient to their painful memories with the goal of reintegrating their repressed emotions with current awareness. FLOODING:

16. AVERSION THERAPY It’s a behavioral therapy aversive stimuli is paired with an harmful or society undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort Used for the people who wants to get rid of bad habbits

17. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION This type of behavioral therapy used to overcome phobias. It mainly includes 3 steps . 1. identifying anxiety. 2. copying relaxation strategy. 3. habituated to situation.

18. JOHN WATSON’S LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT

19. Some Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning

20. Exercise Close your eyes and start thinking about your favorite food… !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

21. IS YOUR MOUTH WATERING?? If yes, it’s because you are conditioned .!!!!

22. Conditioned hunger

23. GUESS THE PRODUCT…. ??????

24. Guess The Product with tagline… Aaj kuchh Toofani karte hai ..!!!!

25. BENTLEY CONTINENTAL LAMBORGHINI PORSCHE

26. CONCLUSION Although Pavlov disliked Psychology, his work remains one of the most important in psychology’s history. According to Pavlov, conditioned reflexes were temporary or unstable and he himself expressed that it is not an ideal education theory. Classical conditioning is actually not a change in the behaviour but a similar response to a different stimulus. Classical conditioning is ineffective for classroom purposes.

27. For Patiently Listening to Us..

28. A Presentation By- Vinod Kumar - 1 Ashwin Mohan - 10 Gopala Krishna- 15 Jasmeen Shaikh - 28 Kasturi Mishra – 35 Xaviers Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, Kochi, Kerela .