CLASSICAL CONDITIONING VS OPERANT CONDITIONING

This is the presentation which was presenrted in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized by Thiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.

1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING VS OPERANT CONDITIONING A.SARASWATHI B.Ed , YEAR-I St.Christopher’s College of Education, Chennai-07 TCP PRESENTO-2020

2. INTRODUCTION Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are processes that lead to learning. Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior and response. Also, classical conditioning always works with involuntary responses, while operant conditioning works with voluntary behaviors. TCP PRESENTO-2020

3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist . Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response. TCP PRESENTO-2020

4. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) was a Russian scientist whose work with dogs has been influential in understanding how learning occurs. Through his research, he established the theory of classical conditioning. Pavlov’s experiments involves the study of the salivation of dogs. Pavlov was originally studying the saliva of dogs as it related to digestion, but as he conducted his research, he noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate every time he entered the room—even if he had no food. The dogs were associating his entrance into the room with being fed. This led Pavlov to design a series of experiments in which he used various sound objects, such as a buzzer, to condition the salivation response in dogs. TCP PRESENTO-2020

5. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS He started by sounding a buzzer each time food was given to the dogs and found that the dogs would start salivating immediately after hearing the buzzer—even before seeing the food. After a period of time, Pavlov began sounding the buzzer without giving any food at all and found that the dogs continued to salivate at the sound of the buzzer even in the absence of food. They had learned to associate the sound of the buzzer with being fed. TCP PRESENTO-2020

6. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS Pavlov had successfully associated an unconditioned response (natural salivation in response to food) with a conditioned stimulus (a buzzer), eventually creating a conditioned response (salivation in response to a buzzer). With these results, Pavlov established his theory of classical conditioning. TCP PRESENTO-2020

7. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS Classical conditioning: Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (food) produces an unconditioned response (salivation), and a neutral stimulus (bell) does not have an effect. During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (food) is presented repeatedly just after the presentation of the neutral stimulus (bell). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response (salivation), thus becoming a conditioned stimulus.   TCP PRESENTO-2020

8. OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning ) is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment . Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behaviour and a consequence (Skinner, 1938) Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect . According to this principle, behaviour that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behaviour which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e., strengthened); behaviour which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e., weakened). TCP PRESENTO-2020

9. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a 'Skinner Box' which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. But operant conditioning is not just something that takes place in experimental settings while training lab animals; it also plays a powerful role in everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment take place almost every day in natural settings as well as in more structured settings such as the classroom or therapy sessions. TCP PRESENTO-2020

10. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS TCP PRESENTO-2020

11. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS Skinner identified three types of responses, or operant, that can follow behaviour . • Neutral operants : responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated. • Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative. • Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour .  TCP PRESENTO-2020

12. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING It is also known as Substitute learning. It is also known as Instrumental learning. It was formulated by a Russian psychologist namely Pavlov. It was formulated by an American psychologist Skinner. Pavlov conducted experiments on dogs. Skinner conducted experiments on rats and pigeons. It is called Pavlovian or type-1 learning (respondent). It is called Skinnerian or type-2 learning (operant). In classical conditioning, the occurrence of conditioned response is forced reflectively by unconditioned stimulus. Response is more spontaneous and voluntary in operant conditioning. TCP PRESENTO-2020

13. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING The unconditioned stimulus occurs irrespective of subject’s behaviour . The reward is contingent upon the occurrences of response. Classical conditioning is preparatory or anticipatory response. It is also called signal learning. Operant conditioning serves mainly to stress or guide the learner that already has certain responses available. The law of contiguity is the basis of association between stimulus- response. The law of effect is the basis of association between stimulus-response (S.R.). Automatic nervous system in the organism is the controlling authority. Central nervous system in the organism is the controlling authority. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING TCP PRESENTO-2020

14. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING There is pairing of un-conditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus. There is the pairing of a response and the reinforcing stimulus which follows. There is no pairing of unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus. Bondage between specific unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus is established. Tendency to respond in a specific manner is developed. Reinforcement takes the first place in the Pavlov’s experiment as food is presented first to elicit the response. Reinforcement comes after the response is made by the organism. TCP PRESENTO-2020

15. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus- Close contiguity is followed and response stimulus is formed. Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus can be placed in different temporal sequences. Close contiguity is followed. In classical conditioning, focus is on the single stimulus response bondage. Operant conditioning is concerned with the sequences of responses. A chain of responses is formed leading to the desired goal. Regardless of the occurrence of conditioned response, we present the unconditioned stimulus. Stimulus is presented only if the organism makes the desired response. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING TCP PRESENTO-2020

16. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING Classical conditioning presents different pictures of behavior and learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a specific elicitable response. The operant conditioning deals with the differentiation and discrimination of a sequence out of a mass behavior emitted in response to a complex stimulus field. It helps in the learning of respondent behavior. It helps in the learning of operant behavior. It is based on involuntary reflective behavior. It involves voluntary behavioral outcomes. TCP PRESENTO-2020

17. REFERENCE Advanced educational psychology by S.K.Mangal Educational psychology by I.S.Sindhu https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-vs-operant-conditioning-2794861 https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html  TCP PRESENTO-2020

18. TCP PRESENTO-2020