Classification of medication

This presentation contains a brief classification of medication on the basis of sources, dosage form, law, affect on body systems, and therapeutic effects. Students of pharmacy, nursing sciences, and medical can benefit from it, for any complain or error, please contact me freely.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICATION/DRUGS Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad (Pharm-D, R.Ph .) Abbottabad

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICATION/DRUGS Medication/drugs can be classified through many ways following are some of them Sources of drugs On the basis of dosage-form/ Method or route of administration Prescription or Non‐prescription (over the counter‐ OTC) Controlled or Non‐controlled Body system affected Therapeutic Use

3. Classification on the basis of sources Natural Plants e.g. atropine Quinine Animals e.g. insulin Immunoglobulins Microorganisms e.g. antibiotics Antifungals Minerals E.g. electrolytes Ferrous sulfate Others Synthetic Co- Trimoxazole Aspirin Paracetamol Semi-synthetic E.g atropine bromide Amoxicillin Genetic engineering Monoclonal antibodies Human source Human chorionic gonadotropins Regular insulin Urokinase etc.

4. Classification on the basis of Dosage-form Tablets Capsules Syrups Lozenges Suspensions Drops Suppositories Enemas Powders Sachets Effervescent Injections Infusions Creams Ointments Lotions Patches Inhalers Rota caps Insufflations Irrigations Pessaries

5. A ccording to method or route of administration Oral Buccal Enteral SL Topical Eye Skin Ear Parenteral IV IM SC Others Intra vaginal Anal

6. Classification on the basis of prescription Prescription only medication (POM) Prescribed for a particular individual to treat a particular medical condition The effect of the medication on the individual is overseen by the doctor Examples Antibiotics e.g.( vancomycin ) CNS drugs ( Alprzolam ) Cardiovascular medications (propranolol) Over the counter medication (OTC) FDA approved and determined to be safe to use without the supervision of a health care practitioner. OTC medications include medications that are available without a prescription Many people think OTC medications are safe, but they can cause harm if used improperly Examples Pain killers (ibuprofen) Paracetamol ( panadol ) Mefanamic acid ( ponstan ) Avil ( P heneramine maleate)

7. Classification according to LAW According to international and national Law the drugs are classified as controlled or non-controlled Here we will discuss about controlled substances or drugs only all the remaining drugs not mentioned in the controlled list shall be considered as non-controlled Controlled substance: A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated by law. Controlled substances are further classified into “schedules” as from schedule-1 to schedule-5

8. Schedule I Controlled Substances Substances in this schedule have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of substances listed in Schedule I are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), peyote, methaqualone , and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy ”). Schedule II/IIN Controlled Substances (2/2N) Substances in this schedule have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Examples of Schedule II narcotics include: hydromorphone ( Dilaudid ), methadone ( Dolophine ), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone ( OxyContin , Percocet), and fentanyl ( Sublimaze , Duragesic ).  Other Schedule II narcotics include: morphine, opium, and codeine .  

9. Examples of Schedule IIN stimulants include: amphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall), methamphetamine ( Desoxyn ), and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Other Schedule II substances include: amobarbital , glutethimide , and pentobarbital. Schedule III/IIIN Controlled Substances (3/3N) Substances in this schedule have a potential for abuse less than substances in Schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Examples of Schedule III narcotics include: combination products containing less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit ( Vicodin ), products containing not more than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with Codeine), and buprenorphine ( Suboxone ). Examples of Schedule IIIN non-narcotics include: benzphetamine ( Didrex ), phendimetrazine , ketamine, and anabolic steroids such as Depo -Testosterone. Schedule IV Controlled Substances Substances in this schedule have a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III .

10. Examples of Schedule IV substances include: alprazolam (Xanax), carisoprodol (Soma), clonazepam ( Klonopin ), clorazepate ( Tranxene ), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed), temazepam ( Restoril ), and triazolam (Halcion). Schedule V Controlled Substances Substances in this schedule have a low potential for abuse relative to substances listed in Schedule IV and consist primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Examples of Schedule V substances include: cough preparations containing not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams (Robitussin AC, Phenergan with Codeine), and ezogabine .

11. Classification on the basis of affecting the body system and Therapeutic Use A common type of medication classification Following are the types Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system: Cholinergic Drugs, Anticholinergic Drugs, Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia, Adrenergic Drugs, α- Adrenergic Blocking Agents , β- Adrenergic Blocking Agents, Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System General Anaesthetics , Preanaesthetic Medication, Sedative-Hypnotics , Antiepileptic Drugs, Antiparkinsonian Drugs, Antipsychotic Drugs, Drugs for Mania and Manic-Depressive(Bipolar ) Disorder, Antidepressants , Antianxiety Drugs, Opioid Analgesics , Complex Action Opioids and Opioid Antagonists, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Cognition Enhancers

12. Autacoids and Related Drugs: Histaminergic Agonists, H 1 -Antagonists , 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT ) Antagonists, Drugs for Migraine, Prostaglandins ( PGs)and their Analogues, Antipyretic-Analgesics and Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Anti rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs , Anti gout Drugs Drugs for Respiratory Disorders Drugs for Cough, Drugs for Bronchial Asthma

13. Hormones and Related Drugs Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Related Drugs, Thyroid Hormone , Thyroid Inhibitors, Anti diabetic Drugs, Corticosteroids , Androgens and Related Drugs, Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction, Estrogens and Related Drugs, Progestin's, Oral Contraceptives, Uterine Stimulants, Uterine Relaxants Drugs Acting on Peripheral ( somatic)Nervous System Skeletal Muscle Relaxants, Local Anesthetics

14. Cardiovascular Drugs Antihypertensive Drugs , Antianginal Drugs, Drugs for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure, Antiarrhythmic Drugs Drugs Acting on Kidney Diuretics, Antidiuretics Drugs Affecting Blood Haematinics , Coagulants , Anticoagulants , Fibrinolytics , Antifibrinolytics , Antiplatelet Drugs, Hypolipidaemic Drugs, Plasma Expanders Gastrointestinal Drugs Drugs for Peptic Ulcer, Antiemetics , Drugs for Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease, Laxatives , Nonspecific a ntidiarrhoeal Drugs

15. Antibacterial Drugs Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole , Quinolones , Beta- Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins , Cephalosporins , Monobactams , Carbapenems , Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Tetracyclines , Chloramphenicol , Macrolide Antibiotics, Lincosamide Antibiotics, Aminocyclitol Antibiotic, Glycopeptide Antibiotics, Oxazolidinone , Polypeptide Antibiotics, Urinary Antiseptics, Antitubercular Drugs, Antileprotic Drugs Antifungal, Antiviral, Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs Antifungal Drugs, Antiviral Drugs, Antimalarial Drugs, Antiamoebic Drugs, Drugs for Giardiasis , Drugs for Trichomoniasis , Drugs for Leishmaniasis , Anthelmintics

16. Anticancer Drugs Antineoplastic Drugs Miscellaneous Drugs Immunosuppressants , Chelating Agents, Locally Acting Drugs on Skin and Mucous Membranes , Antiseptics and Disinfectants, Ectoparasiticides , Vaccines , Antisera and Immuneglobulins