Clauses and Sentences - Structure of English

Differentiating clauses and sentences.

1. Clauses and Sentences Joanna M. Noveno

2. Clauses Types and Functions

3. What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject, typically a noun or pronoun, and a predicate. A complete sentence contains at least one clause. I didn’t sleep well last night. When the delegates arrived,

4. Finite and Nonfinite Clauses Nonfinite clauses contain a non-finite verb form and do not have a subject. He loves to listen Finite clauses contain a finite verb form, which indicates tense, person, and number. Charlie raised his hand.

5. Types of Nonfinite Clauses to + base form of verb “- ing ” form of the verb present/past participle form of the verb

6. Infinitive Clauses Use the base form of the verb, with ‘to’. Function as the subject, object, complement, or modifier in a sentence. A way to express purpose, intention, or obligation.

7. Gerund Clauses Use the verb in its “- ing ” form. Function as the subject, object, complement, or modifier in a sentence.

8. Participial Clauses Use the present (- ing ) and past participle (-ed, - en ) form of the verb. Function as modifiers within the sentence. Used to express conditions, concession, manner, or reason.

9. Types of Clauses Main/ Independent Clause and Subordinate/Dependent Cause

10. Main/Independent Clause An independent clause, also known as a main clause, can stand alone as a complete sentence. It contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. My dog barks a lot.

11. Subordinate/Dependent Clause Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It relies on an independent clause to form a complete sentence. When I grow up, I want to become a nurse. I searched the house and found the mouse that was hiding.

12. Types of Subordinate Clauses Adjective/Relative Clauses, Adverbial Clauses, Noun Clauses

13. Adjective/Relative Clauses Modify a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose). There is the mountain that we are going to climb . My blue tennis shoes, which used to be my mom's , were under the bed.

14. Types of Adjective/Relative Clauses Restrictive Clause Restricts or defines the meaning of a noun or noun phrase and provides necessary information. The article that I requested did not arrive on time. The article  that  I requested  did not arrive on time. Nonrestrictive Clause Adds additional information. It is usually a proper noun or a common noun that refers to a unique person, thing, or event. I want to thank my teacher, Mr. Marcos, for all his support.

15. Adverbial Clauses Dependent clause that describes a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions something happened. Until it stops raining, we will stay inside. When your father gets here, we will go.

16. Types of Adverbial Clauses Temporal When you leave, please close the door. Conditional Don’t call me unless its an emergency . Concessive Even though he worked hard, he failed the exam. Comparative She earns as much money as I do.

17. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. It can be used as the subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, subject complement, or appositive.

18. Functions of Noun Clauses Object of a preposition: Josie is not interested in whatever Kyle says. Subject complement: Michael's excuse was that he had forgotten to set his alarm. Appositive: It seems to bother the teacher that all the students are being too quiet. Subject: What I had forgotten was that I had a test today. Direct object: You must choose which flavor of ice cream you want. Indirect object: I will tell whoever will listen my frightening story.

19. Connecting Independent Clauses Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction I love my dog, and my dog loves me. 2. Semicolon I can eat; I can sleep. 3. Semicolon, Conjunctive Adverb, and Comma I was sleepy; therefore, I slept.

20. Techniques in Teaching Clauses Sentence Analysis – direct students’ attention to the form and function of clauses presented in a text or in isolated sentences. Chunking Sentences - break down complex sentences into smaller chunks. Sentence Diagramming - visually represent the structure of clauses within a sentence. Error Correction – identify and correct errors in sentences.

21. Sentences Structure

22. What is a sentence? A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that express a complete thought, idea, or statement. It typically contains a subject and a predicate, and it may include other elements such as objects, modifiers, and complements.

23. Sentence Structure Subject 1. Simple Subject " The artist painted a beautiful landscape on the canvas.“ 2. Complete Subject " The renowned artist painted a beautiful landscape on the canvas.“ 3. Compound Subject “ The painter and the sculptor are both renowned artists.”

24. Sentence Structure B. Predicate 1. Simple Predicate "The artist painted a beautiful landscape on the canvas. “ 2. Complete Predicate "The artist skillfully painted a beautiful landscape on the canvas. “ 3. Compound Predicate "The artist painted a beautiful landscape on the canvas, and sold it at a fair price. “

25. Sentence Structure C. Objects 1. Direct Object “She ate an apple .” 2. Indirect Object “He gave Mary a gift.” 3. Object of Preposition “She walked to the park .”

26. Sentence Structure D. Modifiers 1. Adjective Modifier “The red car drove down the street.” 2. Adverb Modifier “She ran quickly .” 3. Relative Clause Modifier “The man who lives next door is a doctor.”

27. Sentence Structure E. Complements 1. Subject Complement Predicate Nominative – “She is a doctor .” Predicate Adjective – “The cake smells delicious. ” 2. Object Complement “She painted the room blue. ”