Climate and its effects on soil

A Primary presentation about soil and climate

1. CLIMATE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SOIL

2. What is Climate ? Climate  is the average weather in a place over many years While the weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change

3. What is Weather ? The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect   to variables such as temperature, moisture , wind velocity, and  barometric pressure etc

4. What is soil? Soil is one of the world’s most important natural resources Together with air and water it is the basis for life on planet earth Soil consist of a mixer of mineral grains that come from the rock deposits and sediments beneath them

5. Soil also contains organic matter mainly in the top 20 cm This mixture gives the overall texture of the soil, namely whether the soil is mainly; sandy loamy clayey Soil contains varying amounts of water depending on the climate and the water holding capacity of the soil

6. What is Climate Change? Climate change is any significant long term change in the expected patterns of average weather of a region over a significant period of time

7. The relative influence of each factor varies from place to place, but the combination of all five factors normally determines the kind of soil developing in any given place. Temperature  and  precipitation  are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation.

8. Does Climate change affect soils? Along with changes in temperature, climate change will bring changes in global rainfall amounts and distribution patterns Since temperature and water are two factors that have a large influence on the processes that take place in soils, climate change will therefore course changes in the soil

9. Climatic Factors That Effect On Soil Temperature Rainfall Relative humidity Wind Solar radiation Snow and winter processes

10. Temperature Soil temperature varies seasonally and daily. Environmental factors affect soil temperature by controlling; the amount of heat supply to the soil surface amount of heat dissipated from the soil surface

11. Soil organisms commonly active in 0-60 C range, but there are some microorganisms which can survive around 400 C But has been reduced to around 121 C

12. How temperature affects the soil ? Temperature governs the soil physical,chemical and biological processes High soil temperature leads to heat induced cracks in the sand sized particles lowest the clay sand content and increase the silk content Increase the rate of organic matter decomposition by microorganisms Decrease the cation exchange capacity

13. Increase Nitrogen availability Increase carbon sequestration Increase Soil respiration Temperature will govern the rate of chemical and physical weathering of the soil

14. Temperature directly affects : Chemical and biological reaction Temperature indirectly affects: Mineral weathering Diffusion Solubility of nutrients Evaporation rates

15. Effects 0f soil temperature on r oot development

16. Rainfall Rainfall helps to keep all the micronutrients in the soil alive and active,rain also helps pull things like oxygen into the ground As the silicon dioxide of sand doesn’t dissolve easily there is little change after the rain drains away. When it rains in the hilly areas ,the soil gets washed away toward the plains

17. The running water deposite the mineral - rich soil in the river bed and over the years this deposition of soil can change the cause of the river This can leads to floods which cause the destruction of life and property water erosion leads to loss of minerals and nutrients

18. Soil pH- rain leaches alkaline elements from the soil into runoff water leaving acidic elements areas of high rainfall have more acidic soil than arid regions if parent rocks contain more acidic materials, soil created from them will be acidic largely determines wheather a plant can survive in a specific area

19. Most plant prefer pH 7 for their well growth Where there is a acidic rains it will converts the neutralized soil to acidic ones.it will reduce the acceptability for more nutrients Rain splash- Impact of rain drops on soil surface in high intensity rainfall causes increased soil particle detachment

20. Soil runoff- run off may occur for two reasons High intensity rainfall for a short duration – infiltration excess runoff Low intensity rainfall for a long duration – saturation excess runoff

21. Soil formation- Rainfall intensity and distribution greatly influences the extent of soil weathering higher rainfall intensity results soil to splash clogging of soil pores low infiltration rates excess runoff greater transport of suspended sediment load

22. Soil organic matter- Soil organic matter level increase as mean annual precepitation increase elevated levels of soil moisture results in greater biomass production provides more residues thus more potential food for soil biota

23. SOILS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Water reaches the soil principally in the form of rainfall though in some colder regions the main form of precipitation is snow. The role the soil plays in the hydrological cycle is crucial for the maintenance of the biosphere, because it is provides water for plants, animals and humans

24. Wind When strong winds blow, the top soil along with the organic matters is the carried by the wind This happens more often when the land is not covered with grass or plants Such conditions are very common in desert and semi-desert regions where strong winds blow very frequently Course sand soil, clayey soil and rocky soils are more resistant since the particles are too heavy to be remove by wind erosion

25. wind erosion? What is the wind erosion? Wind erosion involves the erosion transpotation and deposition of soli by the wind Winds may occur wind erosion

26. It is caused by the transportation and deposition of soil by the wind This will reduce the soil quality Damage to the crops Reduce the capacity of the soil to store nutrients and water Effects of wind erosion Winnowing of light particles The most spectacular forms are dunes Degradation of sedimentation crusts on the surface of stripped soils

27. To control wind erosion; Increase soil cohesion

28. Increase roughness of the soil surface Increase plant cover

29. Wind breaks Examples for wind break plants Bamboo Mahogany Gliricidia

30. Snow Snow play dual role in term of soil temperature regulation Reduces net radiations As heat sink Efficient insulator Snow helps preserve moisture in the soil during winter and provides water to the soil as it melts in the spring The process of freezing and thawing has been said to improve soil structure

31. Snow and winter process Snow fall effects on soil like, Deform and break soil structure effect on soil nitrogen availability

32. Force on the soil

33. Effect on mineralization and immobilization

34. Heterogeneity of abiotic factors and biotic factors of soil

35. Distribution of plant communities on soil surface

36. CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON SOIL RESOURCES Nutrient cycling and delivery of nutrients for food and fiber production The natural cycle of elemental nutrients in soil, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, could be disrupted by increased aridity brought on by climate change

37. Food mitigation through filtration and water reservoir Structure to support plant – multi elements Carbon dioxide sequestration and uptake of green house gases in surface and organic layers

38. Reference https://www.fao.org/Effects of wind erosion-EAQ (viewed on 19.11.2019) https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/methods-of-soil-conservation.php (Viewed on 20.11.2019) https://www.quora.com/How does rain affect soil?-Quora ( viewed on 20.11.2019) https://scienceinternational.com/fulltext/?doi=sciintl.2016.51.73 ( Viewed on 20.11.2019 )