Climate change impact on Coffee in Ethiopia CTDMA 2018.ppt

I want to Use Farmers training

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July, 2018
Shashemene, Ethiopia
Climate change; Some of its Impacts on Coffee
Production of Ethiopia and Mitigation:
AshenafiAyano* and DemelashTeferi
* CenterDirector & Coffee Breeder
EIAR/JimmaResearch Center, P. O. Box 192, Jimma, Ethiopia
E-mail: [email protected]

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Presentation outline
1.Introduction(brief)
2.WhatareindicatorsforClimateChange
3.SomeVisibleChanges
3.1.ProlongeddroughtandLanddegradation
3.2.EmergingDiseases
3.3.EmergingInsects
3.4.FrostDamage
4.Mitigation/Adaptation
4.1.GrowingCoffeeundershedtrees
4.2.ConservationAgriculture
4.3.Integrateddiseaseandpestmanagement
4.4.Goodagronomicpractices
5.SummaryandRemarks
6.Futurelineofwork

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•Agriculture in Ethiopiais the foundation of the country's
economy,
•accounting for half ofgross domestic product(GDP),
83.9% ofexports, and 80% of total employment.
•Large parts of commodity exports are provided by the
small agricultural cash-crop sector; principal crops
beingcoffee.
•The current productivity per hectare of coffee is about
748 kg (CSA 2015). which is lower than many growing
countries.
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1.INTRODUCTION

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About20-25millionpeople(25%)forlivelihood.
4.7million
farmers
55 %
consumed
locally
A leading
export crop
29%

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Ethiopia is the mother land of arabica coffee
Has different production systems
•Forest (8-10%)
•Semi-forest (30-35%)
•Garden (50-55%)
•Plantation estimate (~8%)
Small-holdings = 92-95%
Traditional system
Introduction ….cont

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Introduction ….cont
•Estimated total coffee land = 562,000 ha
(where majority of the farms needs rehabilitation)
•Annual production is about= 420,000 tons/year
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2. What are indicators for Climate Change
•Direct and indirect effects of extreme or unusual weather events on Coffee Arabica
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Climate
hazard
Direct impact on the tree Indirect impact
High
temperature
•>23°C: Fruit ripening accelerates,
(leading to progressive quality loss)
•> 25°C: Photosynthetic rate is reduced
•Above 30°C: Tree growth is depressed
•High temperatures can cause (leaf,
stem and flower abnormalitiesand
Abortion
Pests and diseases may
increase
Heavy rain,
hail,
strong
winds
Tree damage,
increased fruit fall,
especially near harvest
•Soil erosion,
landslides, wash-
away of
agrochemical
applications
•Damage to roads and
other infrastructure

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Cont….
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Climate hazardDirect impact on the tree Indirect impact
Intermittent and
unseasonal rain
•Greater flowering frequency•Possible increase of
some diseases
•Post-harvest drying
difficulties
Prolonged rain•May reduce flowering,
•Affect fruit set,
•lower photosynthesis because
of continual cloudiness
•Increased humidity may
favor some fungal
diseases;
•may increase some
insect pests
Prolonged
drought
•Weaker trees,
•wilting,
•increased mortality of young
trees
•Stressed trees more
predispose to some pests

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•Agriculture in general and coffee production in particular
likely to be negatively influenced to some extent,
•Across Ethiopia, the most climatically suitable part of the
overall niche could be reduced in the long-term,

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3. Some Visible Changes
3.1. Prolonged drought and Land degradation
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Forest degradation
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Forest coffee

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Semi forest

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Forest degradation cont……
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Visible degradation

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Prolonged drought

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3.2 Coffee diseases (major & emerging) limiting coffee
production
CBD
CLR
CWD
BBC Tread Blight
Costa
Rca
(2013)

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BBC on matured coffee trees BBC on stumped coffee trees
Bacterial Blight coffee

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Bacterial Blight of coffee

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BBC incidence in affected areas
14.98
27.55
22.99
21.84
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dara Aleta Wondo Aleta Chuko Mean
Incidece (%)
Source: BBC Task force 2o10

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Source: DemelashT and AshenafiA, 2017

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DemelashT and AshenafiA, 2017

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DemelashT and AshenafiA, 2017

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Coffee Thread Blight (Corticium koleroga):
•Thread blight diseases was
observed for first time at Gera
and Metuagricultural research
sub-stations in 1978
•Thread blight of coffee outbreak
was observed in different coffee
plantations like at Limmuin
2008, atBebekain 2012and at
Limuhorizon and
Ethioagriceftin 2014.
•Currently thread blight disease
becoming important disease in
coffee growing areas of Ethiopia.

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Thread blight percent incidence and severity at Limu Coffee
Plantation of Gumer farm, Horizen PLC, in 2008.

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Threadblightpercentincidenceandseverityat
DuwinaCoffeePlantation,AgriceftEthiopia,
2014(V-standsforvariety)
KifleB, DemelashT and LegesseH., 2015.

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3.3 Emerging Coffee Insect Pests
•Insect pests are one of the biotic factors that affect yield and quality
of coffee.
•Over 47 species of insect pests are known to attack coffee in
Ethiopia.
•Antestia bug,, coffee blotch miner, are the major insect pests of
coffee,
•Coffee berry borer, coffee thrips,, green scale, and coffee cushion
scale, are potentially important pests which need research attention.

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Mean (No)
Locations
Source: Tamiruet al, 2017.
infestation level of antestia bug at different surveyed localities.

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Source: Tamiruet al, 2017.
Mean infestation of blotch miner.

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blotch miner

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Source: Tamiruet al, 2017.
Mean infestation of Coffee thrips
Location Planting
year
Percent
damage
Shade level Shade types
GomaII2012 100% Open
2012 60% Intermediate Permanent
2013 85% Heavy Permanent
2013 95% Intermediate Permanent
2014 100% Open
2015 15% Intermediate Temporary
permanent
Mean 76%
Agaro 2014 77.27% Open
2016 45% Intermediate Temporary
2016 38.36% Intermediate
2016 50.01% Open
Mean 52.66%

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Thrips

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3.4 Frost damage
Frost Damage

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Frost damage cont…
Frost injury

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4. Adaptation / Mitigation
•Growing Coffee shed
trees with coffee is a
sustainable future for
Ethiopian coffee.
•It is the best adaptation
system to minimize the
negative impacts of the
rising temperature.
4.1.Growing Coffee shed trees

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Shed tree versus frost

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4.2. Adaptation of coffee types to highland coffee growing areas/ shift
to highlands
Collaboration With different actors
•Western Shewa/Collaboration with Ambo
university, OromiyaResearch Institute
•Amaharaarea/AdetCollaboration with
Amara Research Institute
•Kembahighland /ArbaminchUniversity
•Extension
•Guragehighlands
•Sw sewa
•North sewa/ Selale
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Adaptation cont….
4.3.Conservation Agriculture and soil fertility management
Vetivargrass production and utilization in coffee based farming system
Mugi
Haru
Gera

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Effect of vetivar on soil erosion (Somodo watershed)
Location Depth of soil accumulated
above the hedge(cm)
1 33
2 45
3 35
4 33
Mean 36
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Effect of vetivar hedge on slop (Somodo watershed)
Slop change (%)
Location Before interventionAfter intervention
1 17 14
2 17 14
3 13 11
4 18 16
Mean 16.25 13.75
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Adaptation cont….
4.4.Integrated disease and pest management;
Utilization of disease resistant/tolerant varieties
Implementing good agripractice
Maintain natural enemy/ reduced use of chemicals
4.5. Good agronomic practices
apply good agricultural practices such as:
coffee pruning,
Shed tree management,
Soil and water conservation /
Irrigation
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Nursery management /for healthy seedling development
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Bare root seedlings
Well managed
seedlings

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Straight and well
developed root
Bend and forked root
Nursery management ………

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Mulching and Cover crop
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Mulch
Cover crops:Desmodium, haricot bean,
nough and soybean
Coffee husk, grasses (vetivar and
elephant), leaves (Banan or enset),
stalk (maize or sorghum) and straws
(tef..)

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Supplimantary irrigation on coffee
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Drip irrigation Melko/ on station
Raya Azebo/ Adaptation trial 2 yrs
old young coffee

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Adaptation cont….
Hazard Potential adaptation options
Increasing
temperature
•Mulch
•Cover crops
•Agroforestry
Prolonged drought•Mulch
•Cover crops
•Agroforestry
•Water harvest and irrigation/ rain water harvesting
•soil management (conservation farming)
Heavy rain •Cover crops
•Living barriers
•Agroforestry
Frost damage •Appropriatecoffee shed
Emerging disease
and pests
•Pest monitoring
•Training on integrated disease and pest management
•Maintain natural enemy/ reduced use of chemicals
•Promote resistant varieties
•apply good agricultural practices such as coffee pruning,
shade management,

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•The impacts of global warming are already being seen as temperature
rising steadily in the World and likely to affect our coffeegrowing
areas
•In Ethiopia also Farmers observing a longer, more extreme dry season
and more intense rain as a result yield reduced
•Climate change can significantly affect the genetic diversity of coffee
gene pool
5. Summary and remarks

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Summary cont…
•Initiated conservation efforts need to be scaled to capture all variability and
future risks of climate change
•Supporting innovation and implementation of climate-resilient technologies is
critical
•to support and enhancing the awareness and capabilities of coffee-farmers to
deal with climate change is still critical
•appropriately and fairly valuing climate-smart solutions for commodity
production and sustainable land use needed as coffee is one of the crop useful
for conservation agriculture

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Summary cont…
•Use of coffee and its environments need to be optimized to maximize
economic and environmental benefits
•Development has to pro-actively respond to risk of climate change
•If appropriate measures are taken to use coffee genetic resources
and the environment, Ethiopia has best resilience to produce coffee
because majority of our coffee is grown under shade tree

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Future Line of work
•Establishing modern and automated climatic stations in
representative agro ecologies of Ethiopia to facilitate
weather forecast
•Updating information's on the status of coffee disease
and pests /National disease and pest survey periodically
•Establishing viable extension system which is applicable
at farm level

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Ethiopia it is a new dawn for the birth place of coffee
Thank you !!!