Cluster bean

Floral biology, breeding techniques

2. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING
TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean
(Cyamopsistetragonolobus)

3. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean
(Cyamopsis )
Introduction
Origin and distribution
Taxonomy
Botany
Botanical classification
Floral biology
Genetics and cytogenetics
Breeding objectives
Breeding methods

4. INTRODUCTION
The word guar [Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba]representsitsderivationfrom
theSanskritword“GAUAHAAR” whichmeans
cowfodderotherwisefodderofthelivestock.
Thecropisalsoknownbylocalnamesas
Khutti,Dararietic,Guarietc.
Thecropismainelygrowninthedryhabitats
ofRajasthan,Haryana,Gujarat,&Punjabandto
limitedextentinUttarPradesh&Madya
Pradesh.

5. AREAANDPRODUCTION
Guarisgrowninalmost23.30lakhhectaresareainindia
ThemaximumcontributionofstatesinrespectofareaissharedbyRajasthan
(119.85lakhha)followedbyGujarat(2.27lakhha)Haryana(1.20lakhha)and
Punjab(0.14lakhha)
Table1:AreaproductionandproductivityofGuarinIndiaandimportantstates
India and states Area
(Lakh ha)
Production
( lakh ton)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
India 23.30 11.98 428.0
Rajasthan 19.85 7.33 370.0
Gujarat 2.27 1.15 668.8
Haryana 1.20 1.08 740.0
Punjab 0.14 0.0065 922.0

6. USES
Soil health enrichment through atmospheric nitrogen fixation(30 kg N/ha)
Add organic carbon to the soil
Source of food, fodder and feed
Guar seed meal is a good source of proteins
Natural polysaccharide Galactomannan Gum is the chief product used in many
Industries
Guar gum act as binder, thickener stabilizer for the following industrial products
Food industries: Frozen foods, baked foods, Processed cheese, dairy products,
Dressings and sauces, instant mixings, meat products, canned meats, beverages
And pharmaceutical products.
Other industries: Textile thickness, paper industry, mining industry, oil well drilling
Explosive industry, tobacco industry, fire fighting, industrial water treatment,
agriculture

7. AfricawasprobablythecentreoforiginofCyamopsis(Gillete1958)
ThenameofcultigeninArabicishindiawhichsuggesttobean
Indianorigin
Thedroughttolerantspeciesfoundinthesemiaridandsavannah
zonesouthoftheSaharafromSenegaltoSaudiArabiareached
Indo–PakistansubcontinentasflotsaminArab-Indiantrade
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

8. Scientific Name:Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Family : Leguminosae
Sub family : Papillionaceae
Tribe : Galeage( Indigoferae)
Chromosome no: 2n=2x=14
 Robust annual with long tap root and well developed laterals
 Height of 3m with stiff erect branches
 Generally 50-100 cm tall and bears 4-10 branches
 Bears on an average 30-90 pods/ plant
Leaves:Alteranate, trifoliate born on long petioles
Stem :Tall and slender born on long petioles
BOTANY AND TAXONOMY

9. Flowers : Small ,typically papilionaceous. The 5 unequal linear teeth type
sepals from the calyx while papilionaceous corolla has orbicular
standard oblong petals and long broad keel petals. Generally
purplish to pink incolour.
Stamens : Arranged in diadalphous condition
Style: Short
Stigma : Head shaped
Pods : Oblong 5-12 cm in length normally containing 5-12 oval or cube
shaped seeds of variable shape
The crop due to cleistogamous nature is considered strictly self
pollinated however out Crossing to the tune of 0.5-7.9 per cent has
also been reported( saini et al.,1981)
FLORAL BIOLOGY and MORPHOLOGY

11. Table 2:Nutritional composition of green Guar pods
Constituent( Per 100 g edible portion) Content
Energy(Kcl) 16.00
Moisture(g) 81.00
Protein(g) 3.20
Fat(g) 1.4
Carbohydrate(g) 10.8
Vitamin A(IU) 65.3
Thiamine(mg) 0.09
Riboflavin(mg) 0.03
Niacin(mg) 0.60
Ascorbic acid(mg) 49.0
Calcium(mg) 57.0
Phosphorous(mg) 57.0
Iron(mg) 4.5
Roy and Chakraborti(1993)

12. The genus CyamopsisD .C .is an old world genus with four species,viz
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
C.Serrata
C. Senegalensis
C.Dentana
Ayyangar and Krishnaswamy(1933) observed seven pairs of chromosomes
in Cymopsistetragonolobus (Syn. C. psoraliodes)
CYTOGENETICS

13. Table 3; Gene action of important traits
Character Mode of inheritance Reported symbol
Growth habit Indeterminate: dominant De
Determinate: recessive de
Pubescent Pubescent: dominant G
Glabrous: recessive g
Hairy; dominant H
Non hairy : recessive h
Male sterility Male Fertile;dominant MS
Male sterile; recessive ms
Seed shape Flat:dominant R
Round: recessive r
Leaf colour Green; dominant Y
Yellow :recessive y
Ray and stafford(1985)

14. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
Higher yield and productivity
Development of variety suitable for summer season
Resistance to diseases
Early maturity
BREEDING METHODS
Pedigree method
Bulk Pedigree method
Back cross
Single plant selection
Mutation breeding
Polyploidy breeding
Interspecific hybridization
Biotechnological tools

15. Breeding for quality traits
Gum and protein contents in guar seed are of prime importance from industrial view
point
Positive correlation was observed between seed yield and percentage gum content
but there was a negative correlation between seed weight and gum percentage which
may hamper breeding for bold seededness
Genetic analysis revealed that both additive and non additive gene effects were
operating in the expression of this industrial component
Breeding for disease resistance
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oxonopodis), Alternaria leaf spot and powdery
mildew are the serious diseases
Inheritance of bacterial blight and alternaria leaf spot is not fully understood
Singh et al(1995) and Saharan et al(1999) observed that resistance for bacterial
blight was a dominant trait whereas alternaria leaf spot is inherited by recessive
trait
Additive , dominant and epistatic gene interaction played significant role towards
contributing resistance in guar
Phenol and peroxidase enzyme played a significant role in imparting the resistance
towards main diseases

16. MUTATION BREEDING
Perfect tool to enhance variation in crop like guar where exploitable and
useful genetic variability is megre
Creation of variation through hybridization is difficult
Physical mutagens
Occurrence of reciprocal translocation in 20kR irradiated population
200KR irradiation proved to be lethal leading to complete failure in seed
germination
Early flowering and determinate mutants developed by gamma radiation
Chemical mutagens
Chlorophyll deficient mutants observed in seed treated with EMS in
M
1[Gohal et al., 1970]
Hydroxyl amine treatment resulted in entranced and regular pod bearing
mutant
EMS and hydroxyl hydrate treatment resulted in pleiotropic effect leads to
extensive flowering and late flowering.

17. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MUTAGENS
Induction of high yielding mutants in cultivars PLG 143 and
Suvidha seeds exposed to 80 to 100 Kr gamma rays and treated with
EMS 0.1to 0.3 per cent leads to long pods increased number of pods
and early maturity
Effect of hybridization and irradiation on induction of variability
Comparisonofnatureandmagnitudeofvariabilityamongthe
unirradiatedF
1SandF
2S,andirradiatedF
1M
1SandF
2M
2Sgenerations
revealedthatirradiationcauseearlinessinfloweringandmaturityas
wellasincreased100seedweight

18. The hybridization though a conventional method could be a complete
failure.
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba x c.serreta
(Sandhu,1988)
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES
MajorproblemisthelackofclonedDNA
representinggenesforcharactersofeconomic
importanceforuseofguarbreeders.
Use of RFLPs for gene mapping could provide
useful selection tool .
Agrobacteriummediatedgenetransferanddirect
genetransferintoprotoplastarethemethodswhich
haveyieldedtransgenicplants.
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION

19. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING
Clusterbeanisadiploidwith2n=14
Autotetraploidshavebeencharacterizedby
comparativelyslowgrowthduringearlystagesof
development,thickenedleavesfewerstomata
andlagerpollengrains,
Reducedpollenandseedfertilityand
Mixoploidplantresultedfromaqueouscolchicine
treatment showed 2n=26and 2n=28
chromosomesinPMCofsameplant

20. Anthesis
Flower opening at morning from 6-
10 am.
Dehiscence of anther prior to
blooming i.e.; 10 pm-1 am

21. SELFING
Cluster bean is being a self pollinated
crop it does not require any artificial
selfing methods but for the
betterment we generally go for
bagging of the mature flower bud.

26. Crossing
Emasculation carried out in mature
flower bud in preceding evening.
•Pollination is done simultaneously or
in next morning from a freshly
opened flowers.

30. IDEOTYPE IN CLUSTER
BEAN
Short duration maturity.
Photo-period insensitive.
Determinate growth habit.
Elevated harvest index (>30%).
Faster growth rate.

31. THANK YOU