Cognitive process

b.sc nursing syllabus -2 unit

1. Presented by- karishma singh Unit - 3 COGNITIVE PROCESS

2. Introduction The term cognition is used to refer processing of information . In psychology it refer to mental function / mental processes that includes understanding making judgement and taking decision .

3. Attention We are all familiar with the announcement that starts with “your attention please” before giving information at railways stations and airports . We also use the term Attention in our day today conversation.

4. Definition of attention a/c to collins and driver – as “selective activity of consciousness” a/c to ross – the process of getting an object of thoughts clearly before the mind” Dumyille – attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one object rather than upon another . These definition help us to understand that : it’s a process , helps in awareness our environment and its selective .

5. Characteristics of attention Selective mental activity Constantly shifts from object to another Focusing of cousciousness or particular object

6. Types/ varieties of attention Voluntary (volitional ) Involuntary ( non volitional ) Habitual attending ( which we attend not because of external compelling but because of internal drives ,motives ,attitudes etc)

7. Cont… Volitional attention – its two types – implicit volitional attention – a single act of will is responsible for arousing attention . Explicit volitional attention – attention is obtained by repeated acts of will .

8. Cont… Invoulntary attention –with or without making conscious effort on our part .for e.g we give involunatry attention to loud sound ,bright light and strong odour . It is of two type : enforced and spontaneous

9. Uses of attention Provides strength and ability to continue the task of cognitive function Helps in better organization of the perceptual fields fro maximum clarity and understanding Mental alertness and preparedness . Provide deeper concentration .

10. Factors influencing or determinants of attention Internal factors – which are present in the individual and they can be subjective External factors –which are present in enviroment

11. Cont… Internal factors External factors Interest Intensity Habit Size Attitude Change Mood Repetition motive Novelty Location Nature of stimulus

12. Duration and degree of attention We have experienced that we cannot attend to a certain stimulus for a long time . Our attention is greatly affected by and distributed among the stimulus around us.

13. Span of attention Span of visual attention Span of auditory attention

14. Cont… Duration of attention Shifting attention Division of attention

15. Importance of attention in nursing profession It helps in mental alertness and preparedness . It helps on focusing consciousness It create maximum clarity Provides strength and ability

16. Perception(initial response) Perception is the interpretation of sensory stimuli ,which reach the sense organs and the brain. Perception is very essential to deal with the world around us as it influences our memory ,thinking ,reasoning and emotions etc.

17. Definition of perception A/c to Wundt- perception is a complex mental product of sensation images , feelings and effect of past experience and learning . Or it can be define as – a mental process in which sensory cues and relevant past experience organize together to give us meaningfulness to the perceived object .

18. Nature of perception Perception is a process Perception is an information extractor: – Perception is preparation to response Perception involves sensation Perception provides organization Perception is highly individualistics in nature

19. Principle of perception Principle of figure –ground relationship –in it figure is perception in relationship to its background .

20. Cont… Principle of grouping – perceiving things as together while others as separate ,it helps in improving our knowledge ,and also in developing concepts . It depends proximity/nearness ,similarity/ likeness , inclusiveness , continuity , closure ,simplicity. Principle of simplicity Principle of contour Principle of context Principle of adaptability

21. Factors influencing perception Sense organs Brains Memory images of the past experience Personal interests and mind set Acquired interests Needs and desires.

22. Errors in perception Illusion –(mistaken perception ) Hallucination (sensory perception in absence of stimuli)

23. Difference between hallucination and illusion Hallucination Illusion Subjective objective Abnormal Normal or universal Stimulus is not present Stimulus is present False perception Mistaken perception

24. Causes for inaccurate perception Defective functioning of sense organs Inadequate stimulus Too many stimuli at one time Poor health Limited attention Figure merges in the ground Guidance

25. Nursing implication It is important to provide quality care to patient . It prevents accidents and incidents of harmful to the patients . All types of false perception ,illusion should be avoided by her.

26. Learning The most important characteristics of human being is their capacity to learn . Though learning we have seen change in our own behavior . Learning is a process of mastery of unfamiliar material ,which helps us to modify behavior.

27. Definition of learning a/c to Murphy – the term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environment requirements . a/c to Kimble – learning is relatively permanent change in behavioral potentiality that occurs as a result of reinforced practice.

28. Nature of learning It’s a process and not a product It involves al those experiences and trainings of an individual . Learning prepares an individual for the necessary adjustment and adaptation. Learning helps in the proper growth and development. Learning helps in the balanced development of personality .

29. Learning process Perception learning – sense perception , the individual receive information from sense organs and interpets them in the light of previous experience . Conceptual learning - learning implies the individual starts thinking in abstract . Association learning – mental picture of previous observation .

30. Cont… Appreciational learning – realted to our feelings . Attitudinal learning- it depends upon attitude of mind

31. Steps in learning process A motive or drive. An attractive goal A block to the attainment of the goal .

32. Types of learning Conditioning learning Verbal learning Motor learning Concept learning Problem solving learning Attitude learning Serial learning

33. Purpose of learning Acquiring of learning Acquiring skills Acquiring attitudes and ideals

34. Factors influencing learning The learner whose behavior is to be modified Modification in learner’s behavior Deals with success and failure of learner’s

35. Factors associated to learner Learner’s physical health Learner’s mental health Basic potential of the learner The level of motivation Goals of life Readiness and will power Maturation Age Emotions sex

36. Theories of learning Trial and error theory learning Learning conditioning Theory of operant conditioning Theory of insightful learning Cognitive theory of learning

37. Theories of learning Trial and errors theory of learning -

38. Nursing implication of learning Learning is fundamental to the development and modification of behavior. It increase productivity Nurse must have well defined purpose and goals in all learning

39. Thinking Thinking is mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person in processing information –organizing it and communicating it to others . The quality of human life and the welfare and progress of the human race depend to a large extent on our capacity to think .

40. Meaning of thinking ‘ Climer ’ states that thinking is a problem –solving process in which people use symbols in place of overt activity . ‘Warren’ –states that thinking is an activity concerning ideas . Thus the activity of thinking originates from some problem and involves the response of the individual to this problem .

41. Nature of thinking Thinking is an activity concerning ideas . Thinking is a cognitive activity . It is form of information processing . It’s a problem solving behavior . Its goal directed . It’s a process of mental exploration . sss

42. Condition favorable for thinking Interest and attention Strong motivation Alertness and flexibility Time limit should not be rigid Wide range of wisdom Incubation .

43. Factors which hinders thinking Emotions Suggestions Supervision Prejudice

44. Types of thinking Perceptual or concrete thinking Conceptual or abstract thinking Creative thinking Logical thinking Problem solving Convergent

45. Intelligence Intelligence is the ability to understand the world ,think rationally or logically ,and use of resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems. Intelligence comes from latin verb ‘intelligence’ which means to understand .

46. Defintion Intelligence is an inferred characteristics of an individual ,usually defined as the ability to profit from experience , accquire knowledge ,think abstractly ,or to adapt to changes in enviroments . A/c Wells Intelligence is the property of recombining our behavior pattern so as to act better in a novel situation .

47. Types of intelligence Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Practical intelligence a/c to Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of human intelligence .

48. Factors affecting intelligence Biological factors Enviromental factors Ethical issues .