Communication in space

The act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

1. Communication In Space Dennis Paulraj

2. Communication The act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

3. Methods of Outer Space Communication NASA Deep Space Network Command Telemetry Tracking

4. NASA Deep Space Network The NASA Deep Space Network - or DSN - is an international network of huge antennas that allows people on the ground to communicate with satellites and other spacecraft missions, as well as providing radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the solar system and the universe. The DSN currently consists of three deep-space communications facilities placed approximately 120 degrees (or one third the way around the world) apart: at Goldstone, in California's Mojave Desert; near Madrid, Spain; and near Canberra, Australia. This strategic placement permits constant observation of spacecraft as the Earth rotates, ensures that there is always a station that can send and receive signals facing any point in space at any time,and helps to make the DSN the largest and most sensitive scientific telecommunications system in the world.The DSN provides the vital two-way communications link that guides and controls these spacecraft, and collects the images and scientific information sent by them.

5. Command The Command and Data Handling subsystem is essentially the "brains" of the orbiter and controls all spacecraft functions. This system: manages all forms of data on the spacecraft; carries out commands sent from Earth; prepares data for transmission to Earth; manages collection of solar power and charging of the batteries; collects and processes information about all subsystems and payloads; keeps and distributes the spacecraft time; calculates the spacecraft's position in orbit around Mars; carries out commanded maneuvers; and, autonomously monitors and responds to a wide range of onboard problems that might occur.

6. Telemetry The collection of information of the health and status of the entire satellite and the subsystems and the transmission of this data to the command segment on the ground. This requires not only a telemetry system on the spacecraft but also for a global network of ground stations around the world to collect the data, unless, of course, the application satellite network includes inter-satellite links that are capable of relaying the data to a central collection point.

7. Tracking The act of locating and following the satellites to allow the command segment to know where the satellite is and where it is going. Again this requires a ranging system on the spacecraft and a data collection network on the ground that allows this ranging and tracking function to work

8. Types of Satellites Navigation Remote-Sensing Communication

9. Navigation Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), including the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the United States, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of the Russian Federation, and the future European Galileo and their augmentations, are a new global utility with increasing benefits in people’s daily lives. They have extremely high accuracy and global coverage, and they can operate in any weather. Benefits of GNSS are growing in areas such as aviation, maritime and land transportation, mapping and surveying, precision agriculture, power and telecommunications networks and disaster warning and emergency response. The atomic clocks in GPS satellites provide the timing for the Internet. The clocks also provide the utilities industry with the reliable, precise time standard that is necessary to log line disturbances and synchronize events. Navigation satellites can also be used to measure atmospheric temperature and humidity, which is important for our understanding of global climate and weather. Navigation satellites are an essential part of satellite mapping, telling us what area the map refers to.

10. Remote-Sensing Remote sensing is observing and measuring our environment from a distance. So, remote sensing satellites are usually put into space to monitor resources important for humans. For example, remote sensing satellites might track animal migration, locate mineral deposits, watch agricultural crops for weather damage, or see how fast the forests are being cut down. All of these things can be done best from space because a satellite in orbit can normally take photographs of large expanses of land all over the world. Since these satellites are able to take photographs and observe areas all over the globe, the satellite is able to monitor areas in which the climate is very harsh, or which are nearly impossible to reach by land.

11. Communication A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder ; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, used by both private and government organizations. Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.

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