Comparative study of skull of camel, ox

Comparative study of skull of camel, ox

1. Comparative Study Of Skull Of Camel, Ox And Horse

2. Skull Part of Skeleton which enclose head is Skull FUNCTIONS: 1. Protect brain 2. Support many of sense organs 3. Form passages for entry to respiratory and digestive system

3. Parts Of Skull CRANIAL PART Ethmoid Occipital Sphenoid Frontal Interparietal Parietal Pterygoid Temporal Vomer FACIAL PART Incisive Lacrimal Mandible Maxilla Palatine Nasal Turbinates ( conchae ) Zygomatic Hyoid apparatus

4. Facial And Cranial Parts Facial parts of skull Enclose nasal and oral cavities Facial region is divided into oral, nasal and orbital regions Cranial part of skull Surrounds the brain

5. Structure Of Cranium Roof Caudal aspect Lateral wall Floor Rostral aspect

6. Parietal Bone: Form roof of cranium in camel. In horse, its external surface is convex forming external parietal crest. In ox, parietal bone don’t enter in formation of roof of cranium but form temporal fossa .

7. Facial Crest In horses, the ridge on lateral surface of face Facial crest is also present in ox. In camels it is absent.

8. Facial/ Maxillary Tuberosity Ruminants: process on the lateral surface of face. Present in horse Absent in camel

9. Ethmoid Bone In ox, Unpaired bone forming the rostral wall of cranial cavity. It is absent in horses. In camel, it form foramen on dorsal surface.

10. Lateral View

11. Bony Orbit Formed by lacrimal and frontal bones. Complete in horses and ruminants. Incomplete in carnivores but is completed by the orbital ligament. At the middle in camel. Depression between orbit and nasal profile is short and straight.

12. Cornual Process The process of the frontal bone of horned ruminants that is enclosed by the horn Absent in horse Absent in camel

13. Temporal Fossa Depression formed by temporal and parietal bones. In ruminants, it has been pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone. In camel, temporal fossae are extensive and concave caudally

14. Interparietal Bone Bone found only in horse and cat, between the two parietal bones, rostral to the occipital bone. In other species it is present in fetus but fuses with surrounding bones before birth. In camel, interparietal bone is completely fused to squamous part of occipital bone.

15. Equine Skull (Dorsal View)

16. Frontal Bone Rostral part of the roof of the cranial cavity in most domestic species. In ox and pig it forms the entire roof. In camel roof is formed by occipital, parietal and temporal bones. Frontal bones are small. Parietal bone form roof of cranium.

17. Nasal Bones In camel , they end with a short median processes and long lateral processes. In horse , they form greater part of roof of nasal cavity. In ox , nasal bone is little more than half the length of that of horse.

18. Vomer In ox , vomer forms a wider and deeper groove than in horse. In horse , vomer is median bone, assist in forming ventral part of septum nasi . Form groove which receive lower part of etmoid bone and septal cartilage. Vomer : Can be seen along the floor of the osseous opening, in camel .

19. Caudal Border Of Cranium Nuchal crest is dome- shaped and forms prominent caudal border In camel caudal surfaces are slightly convex. In ox , pentagonal in outline in adult

20. Foramen Magnum Straight medial border forms lateral boundries of foramen magnum in camel In ox , caudal border of occipital bone form it

21. Nasal Cavity Incompletely divided by septum in ox Longitudinal passage extend through upper part of face and completely divided in horse. In camel, Relatively short, they end with a short median processes andlong lateral processes Maxilla: constricted in nasal region to form slender dorsolateral borders

22. Maxilla Very extensive and high in camel and ox Concave rostrally and convex posteriorly In horse, the infraorbital foramen was present in the maxilla bone just above the level of 2nd cheek tooth. no maxillary tuberosity and facial crest in camel, as these were present in ox and horse, respectively.

23. References Sisson, S. and J. D. Grossman, 1985. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. 5th Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. Yahaya , Ahmed, James O. Olopade , Hyelduku D. Kwari , and Ibrahim M. Wiam . ‘ Osteometry of the Skull of One-Humped Camels. Part I: Immature Animals’. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 117, no. 1 (2012): 23–33.

24. Shahid , R. U., R. Kausar , and others. ‘Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies of the Skull of One-Humped Camel ( Camelus Dromedarius )’. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 25, no. 4 (2005): 205. Pasquini , C., Spurgeon, T. and Pasquini , S. Anatomy of Domestic Animals: 5 th editSystemic and Regional onApproach . Sudz Publishing, 1989.