Comparison of various Schools of Thoughts in Education.pptx

Comparison of various Schools of Thoughts in Education

1. Comparison of Various Schools of Thoughts in Education: their Application and Implications POST- MODERNISM and BEHAVIORISM MAED 0001 – COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

2. Objectives: Analyze key ideas and applications of various school of thoughts ( Post-modernism and Behaviorism) in education. Compare and contrast educational philosophies as to their educational relevance

3. POST-MODERNISM Post-modernism is a pluralistic worldview that states that there is no one truth but rather multiple subjective interpretations and all individual truths have equal opportunity. Truth in this worldview is located in our individual sensations, interpretations and the context. Values: Skepticism, Subjectivity and Pluralism

4. It is a change from the current modern perspective of education. This theory emphasizes the uniqueness of each student and allows them to create their own environment in which to learn. Post-modernism Educational Theory

5. Post-modern Methods Teachers work as co-constructors of instruction with students. Emphasized creativity and diverse learning environments. A llows for a different cultural background to be expressed Multiple truths and values that can be expressed by both the student and the teacher.

6. Values: Allowing for diversity: expression of different cultures and values Equality: all have equal power; students and teachers alike The importance of creativity: encourages different ways of thinking The importance of emotions Intuition: thinking differently as opposed to a linear, rational thought Freedom of expression Risk taking in the classroom What does Post-modern Education value?

7. Benefits of Post-modernism Aims towards individual instruction instead of large group instruction found in regular classrooms Inspires children to be creative and unique instead of following the average path Knowledge is always changing and there is always opportunities to learn something new Student’s individual needs are adhered to

8. Problems and Questions Some structure is needed in the classroom Children need leadership and some form of right and wrong. Would all children receive the same education? Unfair advantages to some?

9. Views On Education: Moore & Hickox (1994) Their research stated that it is: “impossible to provide a curriculum that suits everyone, either a national or vocational curriculum, because of the social changes that are taking place in society.”

10. Behaviorism Behaviorism is not generally considered a philosophy in the same sense that idealism, realism, pragmatism, and other such thought systems are. It is most often classified as a psychological theory. Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that, when applied to a classroom setting, focuses on conditioning student behavior with various types of behavior reinforces and consequences called operant conditioning. John Watson (father of Behaviorism) proposed a changed in psychology and introduced Behaviorism. A theory of learning based on the concept that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.

11. Behaviorism The principles of behaviorism and the techniques of behavioral engineering go back at least to PAVLOV, WATSON, and SKINNER. But B.F. Skinner pioneered their implementation in many fields of contemporary life, into politics, economics, and other social organization.

12. Aims of Behaviorism Although many people disapprove of the concepts of behavioral engineering. It has increasingly become part of the educational process. Teacher have conditioned to sit up straight and to be quite through looks, grades and punishment. When students are emotionally disturbed, conditioning is one way to develop a step-by-step program through rewards (or punishment)

13. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner is sometimes referred to as “the high priest of behaviorism”. Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

14. Examples of Operant Conditioning When a person makes something that we approve, he or she must be rewarded. When a person makes something that we do not approve, he or she must be punished. Memory as a key to success B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

15. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner advocate of education, although many critics argue that what he meant by education is not education but training. Behaviorist consider the child to be an organism who already a highly programmed before coming to school. This programming is accomplished by among other influences by parents, peers, sibling and television. Some programming might have been bad, but the child has been receptive to it and has absorbed a lot of it. Skinner believes that one reason why people have trouble making moral decisions is that they received contradictory. And Skinner also believed that people should try to create a world of peace and justice, and if conditioning can help, then it should be used.

16. Methods and Curriculum According to the behaviorist, teachers have many rewards or reinforcement at their disposal, including praise, a smile, a touch, stars or candies. Many people have questioned the use of intrinsic rewards but behaviorist claim that they are only to be in place of intrinsic one that should be encouraged later. Studies indicate that rewards need to be given every time. The Outcomes: 1. Specify the desire outcomes, what needs to be changed, and how it will evaluated. 2. Established a favorable environment by removing unfavorable stimuli that might complicate learning, 3. Choose the proper enforcers for desired behavioral manifestation. 4. Begin shaping desired behavior by using immediate reinforces for desired behavior, 5. Once a pattern of desired behaviors has begun, slacken the numbers of times reinforcers are given. 6. Evaluates results and reassess for future development.

17. Role of the Teacher All teachers use behavioral techniques of one kind of another in their classroom. Teacher condition students through grades, their attitudes toward them, gestures, and in a thousand other ways. Also, teachers may fail to reward an appropriate behavior in a timely manner. This often happens in a school when one teacher might reward a particular behavior but another teacher might not. Skinner and other behaviorist would like to see some consensus among educators as to the kinds of behavior they would like to see reinforced and then use proven methods of conditioning to achieve such behaviors. One of the most important things a teacher can do is learn the theory and the techniques of the conditioning process. Teachers must not learn the techniques of conditioning but also use them effectively.

18. Applications of Behaviorism in Education Skinner’s theories have been implemented in school systems in a variety of ways. Teachers and parents alike rewarded students for good behavior long before Skinner’s theories were developed. However, many behavior management systems used in today’s schools are directly influenced by his work. Skinner advocated for immediate praise, feedback, and/or reward when seeking to change troublesome or encourage correct behavior in the classroom. Teachers seeking to implement a reinforcement system in their classroom should use strategies such as a “token economy” to reward students immediately for behaviors that they are reinforcing. Skinner also advocated for teacher identification of and reflection on the environment effects on student behavior.

19. Behaviorism can be used to help students learn, such as by influencing lesson design. For instance, some teachers use consistent encouragement to help students learn (operant conditioning) while others focus more on creating a stimulating environment to increase engagement (classical conditioning). Other ways reinforcement-based behaviorism can be used in education include praising students for getting the right answer and providing prizes for those who do well. Using tests to measure performance enables teachers to measure observable behaviors and is, therefore, another behavioral approach. Applications of Behaviorism in Education

20. Post-Modernism vs. Behaviorism Post-modernism Behaviorism View of Truth: Post-modernism asserts that truth is subjective and context-dependent, with multiple interpretations being equally valid. Values: It values skepticism, subjectivity, pluralism, diversity, equality, creativity, emotions, intuition, freedom of expression, and risk-taking. Educational Theory: Post-modern education emphasizes the uniqueness of each student, allowing them to create their own learning environment. Teachers collaborate with students as co-constructors of instruction. Methods: Emphasizes creativity, diverse learning environments, and expression of different cultural backgrounds. Acknowledges multiple truths and values. Benefits: Focuses on individual instruction, inspires creativity and uniqueness, acknowledges the ever-changing nature of knowledge, and adheres to students' individual needs. View of Learning: Behaviorism views learning as a process of conditioning, where behaviors are acquired through rewards and punishments. Values: Behaviorism values observable behaviors, immediate reinforcement, environmental influences, and shaping desired behaviors. Educational Theory: Focuses on conditioning student behavior through reinforcement techniques. Teachers play a central role in shaping desired behaviors through rewards and punishments. Methods: Utilizes operant conditioning principles such as rewards, punishments, praise, feedback, and token economies to shape student behavior. Benefits: Provides clear guidelines for behavior management, offers immediate feedback, and enables teachers to influence student behavior effectively.

21. “EDUCATION WITHOUT PHILOSOPHY IS BLIND AND PHILOSOPHY WITHOUT EDUCATION IS INVALID”

22. References https://revisesociology.com/2019/09/25/postmodernism-and-education/#google_vignette https://kstatelibraries.pressbooks.pub/dellaperezproject/chapter/chapter-9-postmodernism/ https://www.psychologistanywhereanytime.com/famous_psychologist_and_psychologists/psychologist_famous_b_f_skinner.htm h ttps://educ6040fall10.wikispaces.com/Behaviorism