Composite climate

By Krishnakanth

1. COMPOSITE CLIMATE KRISHNAKANTH KRITHIKA HARISH

2. CONTENTS Introduction Nature of climate Design Criteria Orientation Form & planning Roofs & walls Openings External spaces Ventilation Building Materials Traditional Dwellings Contemporary Dwellings Comparative study Source

3. INTRODUCTION The composite zone covers the central part of I ndia. Composite climate displays the characteristics of hot & dry, warm & humid as well as cold climates. Design here are guided by longer prevailing climatic conditions . Their characteristics change from season to season alternating between long hot, dry periods to shorter periods of concentrated rainfall & high humidity. India being a tropical country, most of design decisions would pertain to cooling. Examples: The general recommendations of hot & dry climates would be applicable for New Delhi for most of the year except Monsoon where Ventilation is essential. Eg:Kanpur, Allahabad.

4. Represents the regions having Composite

5. NATURE OF THE CLIMATE

6. NATURE OF THE CLIMATE Generally, In summer: Day time temperature is 32-45 degree Celsius . In Night time 27- 32 degree Celsius. In winter: Day time temperature is 10-25 degree Celsius . In Night time4 - 10 degree Celsius. Receives strong monsoon winds from South-east & north-east.

7. DESIGN CRITERIA

8. DESIGN CRITERIA Objectives : 1) Resist heat gain in summer & heat loss in winter Decrease exposed surface area Increase Thermal resistance Increase Thermal capacity Increase Buffer space Decrease Air Exchange rate Increase shading Increase surface refelctivity Solutions: Orientation & shape of the building. Use of trees as wind barriers. Roof & wall insulation Thicker Walls Balconies Weather Stripping Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs trees Pale colour

9. DESIGN CRITERIA Promote Heat Loss in Summer or Monsoon Ventilation of appliances Increase air exchange rate Increase humidity level in Dry Summers Decrease humidity in Monsoon Solutions Provide exhausts (Artificial) Courtyards or Wind towers or Arrangement of openings Trees & water ponds for evaporative cooling Dehumidifiers

10. ORIENTATION OF BUILDING

11. ORIENTATION OF BUILDING In composite climate the orientation of the buildings is preferable in North-East & South-West Directions. This helps in receiving less radia t ions which results in lesser heat gain & reduces the overall air conditioning requirement & thus saves energy Proper orientation also helps in receiving natural light & ventilation

12. FORM & PLANNING

13. FORM & PLANNING Open spaces such as courtyards are beneficial. Buildings should be grouped in such a way as to take advantage of prevailing breezes during the short periods when air movement is necessary. A moderately dense low rise is also suitable for this climate , which will ensure protection of outdoor spaces. Mutual sharing of external walls , shelter from the wind in the cold season, shelter from dust and reduction of surfaces exposed to solar radiation.

14. ROOFS AND WALLS

15. ROOFS AND WALLS Roofs and external walls should be constructed of solid masonry or concrete to have a 9-12 hours time lag in heat transmission. Resistance insulation should be placed at the outside surfaces of external walls or roofs. Insulation on the inside would only reduce the beneficial effects of high thermal capacity of walls and roofs. The roof pond building type, the passive collector Storage mass has been relocated ,from the Floor & wall of building into the roof For radiant heat distribution to the occupied Space

16. ROOFS The roof pond system requires a body of water to be located in the roof, protected Controlled by exterior movable insulation . This body of water is exposed to direct solar Gain which absorbs & Stores. Since Thermal storage of ceiling of the building It will radiate uniform low temperature

17. OPENINGS

18. OPENINGS Orientation of buildings is determined by 2 factors suitable with so Towards the breeze prevailing during the warm humid season to utilize its cooling effect. Towards the sun during cold season, to utilize the heating effect of radiation entering through the windows. L arge openings in opposite walls are suitable which helps in cross ventilation.

19. EXTERNAL SPACES

20. EXTERNAL SPACES A courtyard is a most pleasant outdoor spaces for most of the year because it excludes the winds and traps the sun. The courtyard should be designed in such a way so as to allow sun penetration during winter season, but also provides shading in hot season. Large projecting eaves and wide verandah are in deeded in composite climate as outdoor living areas, to reduce sky glare and keep out of the rain and provide shade.

21. EXTERNAL SAPCES

22. VENTILATION

23. VENTILATION Position of openings : In buildings air movements must be insured through he spaces mostly used by occupants through the living zone( up to 2mts high). Size of openings; The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small inlet opening with large outlet. The west arrangement is full wall openings on both sides with adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in channelling the air flow in required direction.

24. VENTILATION Controls of openings: A gap between the building face and canopy would ensure a downward pressure . Thus a flow is directed into the living zone.

25. BUILDING MATERIALS

26. BUILDING MATERIALS The general building materials: Brick & Stone masonry. Concrete slab , stone wall of 400-500 mm in thickness. USE OF ECO FRIENDLY MATERIALS: Eco Friendly Materials are describe as: A product that has been designed to least possible damage to the environment. Why eco friendly materials? Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon Depletable resources.

27. TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS

28. Traditional Dwelling In Delhi

29. TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS IN DELHI The village  has dense settlement having external open spaces as narrow streets and houses along both sides. Streets act as an organizational element and extension of activity space. Junction of streets form a chowk – a meeting place for people where rituals, announcements, panchayats used to happen. The house is situated in the centre of village along the chowk.

30. GROUND FLOOR PLAN The rooms on east side facing west were used for storage of granary, upplas whereas rooms facing east were used for household activities and sleeping. The jaal in between the rooms covering the courtyard was used as space to perform activities. The terrace was used for drying clothes, upplas, and for sleeping at night. No space was as such specified for cooking.

31. FRONT FACADE

32. CONTEMPORARY DWELLINGS

33. Solar Energy Centre Gurgaon Architect: Manjunath Hathwar Opened:1991 The complex is located in Gurgaon, about 35 km south of Delhi that lies in a composite climatic zone. The buildings in this complex have been divided into three groups. The technical and administration block. Workshop building and electrical sub-station, etc. The guest house .

34. Roof And Wall Treatment The building was conceived as a low spread out structure, arranged around courtyards, maximising the use of roof surface for evaporative cooling system with automatic controls. For comfort cooling, the strategy used was to reduce ingress of heat by using hollow, concrete block walls, properly shaded windows, and a reflective finish on the roof surface.

35. VENTILLATION Permanent ventilators have been placed on the south side, the roof is insulated two – level windows have been provided for good ventilation. To prevent heat gain through the roof, it has been given a reflective white finish. The entire building is day lit and no artificial lighting would be required during normal working hours.

36. THE GUEST HOUSE The first building to be put up in the Solar Energy Centre campus, this has an earth shelter cooling system. Solar water heaters have been integrated with architectural design. Winter heating is direct by sun lighting of the guest rooms. Each window is provided with an arched sunshade, which allows winter sun to come through the top part of the glazing. Solar water heaters provided in each toilet have been integrated with the architectural design. A sunny terrace for solar cooking has been provided near kitchen.

37. THE GUEST HOUSE

38. INTERNATIONAL DWELLINGS

39. MALASYIAN HOUSES

40. LIMAS HOUSE The entire roof and walls and floors in the house prop up poles that are embedded in the ground  The ornaments and carvings that show the charisma and the identity of the house Most houses Limas width reaches 400 to 1000 square meters or more . The top of the pole Onglen pole-wood and wood used to frame tembesu visible influence of Islam on the ornaments and carvings that are on the pyramid house.

41. PLAN Limas house has a floor plan extends to the rear, most wide reaching 400-1000 m2. Vestibule: Some Soko Damas Fence tenggalong Balcony or veranda. (There are two stairs). " Jogan " serves as a youth place. 

42. FOUNDATION Foundation material is wood unglen . Type of timber that is waterproof even stronger when wet. The foundation of a house adapted to the swampy nature conditions. Technical techniques like "chicken scratch". Pole "forked" standing on the ground thick board is called " Tapak -forked". While the tapak -an forked the beams intersect each other is called " Botek -an"

43. LIVING ROOM Kekijing 3 ( Bengkalis below) is used for the officials. Kekijing 4 ( Bengkalis shoots) is used to place his Datuk maharaja. Gegajah as a hall / divan / hall discussion this room is the center of the Limas house is located on the top floor and the most honorable . And directly beneath the roof of the Limas which sustained Alang Sunan and Soko Sunan

44. Living room & offices

45. COMPARITIVE STUDY

46. COMPARITIVE STUDY Traditional Method Usually Roofing was made of stone slabs of 50mm. Stone walls of 400-500 mm in thickness. The roof is mainly made of bamboo hay Ventilation slits have been provided in the roofing. Modern method Usually made of concrete slabs. The thickness of slab is 150mm. The thickness of wall is 230mm. Roofs are made of Rcc slabs. Roof gardens which play a major role in insulating the building.

47. SOURCE: Wikipedia Scribd- High Efficiency building in composite climate Manual of Tropical housing & building.

48. THANK YOU