composition of blood.pptx

This is for all Pre and Para Medical Course students. Only for study Purpose.

1. B L OOD PHYSIOLOGY Dr. Pandian M Dept. of Physiology DYPMCKOP

2. SLO’s COMPOSITION BLOOD CELLS PLASMA SERUM FUNCTIONS NUTRITIVE FUNCTION RESPIRATORY FUNCTION EXCRETORY FUNCTION TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE STORAGE FUNCTION DEFENSIVE FUNCTION

3. BLOOD Blood is a special type of fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm. The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is called haematology. (Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study )

4. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins Mass 8 % of the body mass pH Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45) Taste Salty Temperature 38 ° C (100.4 ° F) Viscosity 3 – 4 times more viscous than water Volume 5 – 6 litre

5. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD P l asma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Centrifuged blood

6. Blood Plasma (55%) Cellular elements (45%) RBCs (erythrocytes) WBCs (leucocytes) Platelets (th r ombo c y t es)

7. Plas m a Plasma is a pale yellow coloured liquid component of a blood that holds the cellular elements of blood in suspension.

8. Constituents of plasma P l asma W a t er (91.5%) P r o t eins (7%) A l bumins Globulins Fibrinogen Other solutes (1.5%) Waste products (Urea, uric acid, amonia, creatinine) Nutrients (Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) Gases (O 2 , CO 2 , N 2 ) Electrolytic ions (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− )

9. Functions of plasma Constituent Function Water Absorbs, transports and releases heat Albumins Osmotic balance Globulins Defense mechanism Fibrinogen Blood clotting Electrolytic ions pH buffering

10. Red blood cells Shape Circular biconcave non-nucleated Size Diameter = 7 – 8 μm Thickness = 2.5 μm Colour Red (haemoglobin pigment) Count Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/μL Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/μL Life span 120 days

11. Erythropoiesis The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis. Adult Red bone marrow of long bones (hip bone, breast bone & ribs) Child (upto 5 year) Bone marrow of all the bones Foetus Liver & spleen Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythemia Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia

12. Functions of RBCs Transport O 2 from lungs to tissues Transport CO 2 from tissues to lungs Normal blood contains 13 – 15 g of Hb per 100 ml of blood One RBC contains about 250 million molecules of Hb Each molecule of Hb carries four molecules of oxygen

13. Physiological variations Increase :- Age Sex High altitude Muscular exercise Emotional condition Temp After meal Decrease Sleep, pregnancy, high barometric pressure

14. Pathological variations Polycythemia Primary and secondary Anemia Functions of RBC:- Transport of oxygen from lung to tissues Transport of carbon dioxide from tissues Buffering In blood group determining

15. Functions of blood Nutrient function Respiratory function Excretory function Transport of hormones and enzymes Regulation of water balance Regulation of Acid Base balance Regulation of body temp Storage function Defensive function

16. Anemia Anemia is one of the common blood disorders and reduction in:- RBC count Hb content Packed cell volume Basically, the condition when the hemoglobin content of the blood is decreased below the normal level. Generally anemia occurs because of Decreased production of RBC Increased destruction of RBC Excess loss of blood from the body

17. Classification of anemia Morphological – depends upon the size and color Etiological – causes of disease Hemorrhagic anemia (blood lose e.g accident) Hemolytic anemia (liver failure, renal disorder) Nutrition deficiency anemia (iron deficiency, protein deficiency ) Aplastic anemia (bone marrow disorder) Anemia of chronic disease (chronic infections).

18. White blood cells Shape Amoeboid nucleated Size 12 – 15 μm Colour Colourless & translucent Count 5000 – 10000 WBCs/μL Life span 10 – 13 days

19. Leucopoiesis The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis. Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as leukemia (blood cancer) Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow Foetus Liver, spleen

20. Types of WBCs WBCs G r anular Ne u t r oph i ls (62%) Acidop h i l s (2.3%) Bas o ph i ls (0.4%) Agranular L ymphoc y t es (30%) Mo n oc y t es (5.3%)

21. G r anular WBCs T y p e Appearance Features Functions Location p r odu ced Neutrophils Nucleus with 3-4 lobes Stain with neutral dye (hematoxylin) Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis Bone marrow Acidophils (eosinophil s ) Nucleus with 2 lobes Stain with acidic dye (eosin) Combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions Bone marrow Basophils Nucleus with indistinct lobes Stain with basic dye (methylene blue) Liberate heparin and histamine in allergic reactions to intensify inflammatory response Bone marrow

22. T y p e Appearance Features Functions Location p r od u ced Lymphocyte Smallest of WBCs Large round nucleus Produce a n tib o dies Bone marrow, spleen, tonsils Mon o c y t e Largest of WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus Ingest mic r o o r g anisms Bone marrow Agranular WBCs

23. Variations in WBC count Physiological variations Age Exercise Sleep Emotional Pregnancy Menstruation Parturition

24. Platelets Shape Circular biconvex non-nucleated Size 2 – 4 μm Count 1,50,000 – 4,00,000 platelets/μL Life span 5 – 9 days Function Blood clotting

25. Thrombopoiesis The production of platelets is known as thrombopoiesis. Platelets are the fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes that remain in the bone marrow. Increase in number of platelets is known as thrombocytosis Decrease in number of platelets is known as thrombocytopenia

26. Blood clotting Blood clotting is the process in which blood looses its fluidity and becomes a jelly like mass few minutes after it is shed out.

27. Process of blood clotting 1. Blood vessel is punctured 2. Platelets form a plug 4. Fibrin thread forms & trap red blood cells 3. Platelets & damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator, which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions P r oth r om b in activator Prothrombin Thrombin Soluble F i b rino g en Ca 2+ Ca 2 + In s o lu b le fibrin

28. Anticoagulant A substance which prevents the coagulation of blood is called as anticoagulant. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant present in the blood. If blood clots too easily, the result can be thrombosis – clotting in an undamaged blood vessel. If the blood takes too long to clot, haemorrhage can occur.

29. Reference :- Guyton, 11 th edition, Sembulingam K. A.K.Jain LPR Net Source

30. THANK YOU . . .