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A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 18 12/02/20 10:57 AM

James F. Kurose
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Keith W. Ross
Polytechnic Institute of NYU
COMPUTER NETWORKING
A Top-Down Approach

iii
About the Authors
Jim Kurose
Jim Kurose is a Distinguished University Professor in the College of Information
and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where
he has been on the faculty since receiving his PhD in computer science from
Columbia University. He received a BA in physics from Wesleyan University.
He has held a number of visiting scientist positions in the United States and
abroad, including IBM Research, INRIA, and the Sorbonne University in
France. He recently completed a five-year term as Assistant Director at the
US National Science Foundation, where he led the Directorate of Computer
and Information Science and Engineering in its mission to uphold the nation’s
leadership in scientific discovery and engineering innovation.
Jim is proud to have mentored and taught an amazing group of students,
and to have received a number of awards for his research, teaching, and
service, including the IEEE Infocom Award, the ACM SIGCOMM Lifetime
Achievement Award, the ACM Sigcomm Test of Time Award, and the
IEEE Computer Society Taylor Booth Education Medal. Dr. Kurose is a for-
mer Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Communications and of IEEE/
ACM Transactions on Networking. He has served as Technical Program
co-Chair for IEEE Infocom, ACM SIGCOMM, ACM Internet Measurement
Conference, and ACM SIGMETRICS. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the ACM
and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research
interests include network protocols and architecture, network measurement,
multimedia communication, and modeling and performance evaluation.
Keith Ross
Keith Ross is the Dean of Engineering and Computer Science at NYU
Shanghai and the Leonard J. Shustek Chair Professor in the Computer Science
and Engineering Department at NYU. Previously he was at University of
Pennsylvania (13 years), Eurecom Institute (5 years) and NYU-Poly (10 years).
He received a B.S.E.E from Tufts University, a M.S.E.E. from Columbia
University, and a Ph.D. in Computer and Control Engineering from The
University of Michigan. Keith Ross is also the co-founder and original CEO
of Wimba, which develops online multimedia applications for e-learning and
was acquired by Blackboard in 2010.
Professor Ross’s research interests have been in modeling and meaurement
of computer networks, peer-to-peer systems, content distribution networks,
social networks, and privacy. He is currently working in deep reinforcement
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 3 12/02/20 10:57 AM

iv ABOUT THE AUTHORS
learning. He is an ACM Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, recipient of the Infocom
2009 Best Paper Award, and recipient of 2011 and 2008 Best Paper Awards
for Multimedia Communications (awarded by IEEE Communications Society).
He has served on numerous journal editorial boards and conference pro-
gram committees, including IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, ACM
SIGCOMM, ACM CoNext, and ACM Internet Measurement Conference.
He also has served as an advisor to the Federal Trade Commission on P2P
file sharing.
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 4 12/02/20 10:57 AM

To Julie and our three precious
ones—Chris, Charlie, and Nina
JFK
A big THANKS to my professors, colleagues,
and students all over the world.
KWR
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 5 12/02/20 10:57 AM

A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 6 12/02/20 10:57 AM

Preface
Welcome to the eighth edition of Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach.
Since the publication of the first edition 20 years ago, our book has been adopted
for use at many hundreds of colleges and universities, translated into 14 languages,
and used by many hundreds of thousands students and practitioners worldwide. We’ve
heard from many of these readers and have been overwhelmed by the positive response.
What’s New in the Eighth Edition?
We think one important reason for this success has been that our book continues to
offer a fresh and timely approach to computer networking instruction. We’ve made
changes in this eighth edition, but we’ve also kept unchanged what we believe (and
the instructors and students who have used our book have confirmed) to be the most
important aspects of this book: its top-down approach, its focus on the Internet and a
modern treatment of computer networking, its attention to both principles and prac-
tice, and its accessible style and approach toward learning about computer network-
ing. Nevertheless, the eighth edition has been revised and updated substantially.
Readers of earlier editions of our book may recall that in moving from the sixth to
the seventh edition, we deepened our coverage of the network layer, expanding material
which had been previously covered in a single chapter into a new chapter focused
on the so-called “data plane” component of the network layer (Chapter 4) and a new
chapter focused on the network layer’s “control plane” (Chapter 5). That change
turned out to be prescient, as software-defined networking (SDN), arguably the most
important and exciting advance in networking in decades, has been rapidly adopted
in practice—so much so that it’s already hard to imagine an introduction to modern
computer networking that doesn’t cover SDN. SDN has also enabled new advances
in the practice of network management, which we also cover in modernized and deep-
er detail in this edition. And as we’ll see in Chapter 7 of this eighth edition, the separa-
tion of the data and control planes is now also deeply embedded in 4G/5G mobile
cellular network architectures, as is an “all-IP” approach to their core networks. The
rapid adoption of 4G/5G networks and the mobile applications they enable are un-
doubtedly the most significant changes we’ve seen in networking since the publication
of our seventh edition. We’ve thus significantly updated and deepened our treatment
of this exciting area. Indeed, the ongoing wireless network revolution is so important
that we think it has become a critical part of an introductory networking course.
In addition to these changes, we’ve also updated many sections throughout the
book and added new material to reflect changes across the breadth of networking.
In some cases, we have also retired material from the previous edition. As always,
vii
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viii PREFACE
material that has been retired from the printed text can always be found on our book’s
Companion Website. The most important changes in this eighth edition are the following:
• Chapter 1 has been updated to reflect the ever-growing reach and use of the In-
ternet, and of 4G/5G networks.
• Chapter 2, which covers the application layer, has been significantly updated,
including material on the new HTTP/2 and HPPT/3 protocols for the Web.
• Chapter 3, has been updated to reflect advances in, and evolution in use of,
transport-layer congestion control and error-control protocols over the past five
years. While this material had remained relatively stable for quite some time,
there have been a number of important advances since the seventh edition. Several
new congestion-control algorithms have been developed and deployed beyond
the “classic” TCP algorithms. We provide a deeper coverage of TCP CUBIC, the
default TCP protocol in many deployed systems, and examine delay-based ap-
proaches to congestion control, including the new BBR protocol, which is de-
ployed in Google’s backbone network. We also study the QUIC protocol, which
is being incorporated into the HTTP/3 standard. Although QUIC is technically
not a transport-layer protocol—it provides application-layer reliability, conges-
tion control, and connection multiplexing services at the application layer—it
uses many of the error- and congestion-control principles that we develop in the
early sections of Chapter 3.
• Chapter 4, which covers the network-layer data plane, has general updates
throughout. We’ve added a new section on so-called middleboxes, which per-
form network-layer functions other than routing and forwarding, such as firewall-
ing and load balancing. Middleboxes build naturally on the generalized “match
plus action” forwarding operation of network-layer devices that we cover earlier
in Chapter 4. We’ve also added timely new material on topics such as the amount
of buffering that is “just right” in network routers, on net neutrality, and on the
architectural principles of the Internet.
• Chapter 5, which cover the network-layer’s control plane, contains updated ma-
terial on SDN, and a significantly new treatment of network management. The
use of SDN has evolved beyond management of packet-forwarding tables to in-
clude configuration management of network devices as well. We introduce two
new protocols, NETCONF and YANG, whose adoption and use have fueled this
new approach toward network management.
• Chapter 6, which covers the link layer, has been updated to reflect the continu-
ing evolution of link-layer technologies such as Ethernet. We have also updated
and expanded our treatment of datacenter networks, which are at the heart of the
technology driving much of today’s Internet commerce.
• As noted earlier, Chapter 7 has been significantly updated and revised to reflect
the many changes in wireless networking since the seventh edition, from short-
range Bluetooth piconets, to medium-range wireless 802.11 local area networks
(WLANs), to wide-area 4G/5G wireless cellular networks. We have retired our
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 8 13/02/20 9:37 AM

PREFACE ix
coverage of earlier 2G and 3G networks in favor of a broader and deeper treat-
ment of today’s 4G LTE networks and tomorrow’s 5G networks. We have also
updated our coverage of mobility issues, from the local issue of handover of mo-
bile devices between base stations to the global issue of identity management and
mobile device roaming among different global cellular networks.
• Chapter 8, which covers network security, has been updated to reflect changes
in wireless network security in particular, with new material on WPA3 security in
WLANs, and mutual device/network mutual authentication and confidentiality in
4G/5G networks.
We have also retired Chapter 9, on multimedia networking, from this edition. Over
time, as multimedia applications became more prevalent, we had already migrated
Chapter 9 material on topics such as video streaming, packet scheduling, and content
distribution networks into earlier chapters. As noted earlier, all retired material from
this and earlier editions can be found on our book’s Companion Website.
Audience
This textbook is for a first course on computer networking. It can be used in both
computer science and electrical engineering departments. In terms of programming
languages, the book assumes only that the student has experience with C, C++, Java,
or Python (and even then only in a few places). Although this book is more precise
and analytical than many other introductory computer networking texts, it rarely uses
any mathematical concepts that are not taught in high school. We have made a delib-
erate effort to avoid using any advanced calculus, probability, or stochastic process
concepts (although we’ve included some homework problems for students with this
advanced background). The book is therefore appropriate for undergraduate courses
and for first-year graduate courses. It should also be useful to practitioners in the
networking industry.
What Is Unique About This Textbook?
The subject of computer networking is enormously complex, involving many con-
cepts, protocols, and technologies that are woven together in an intricate manner.
To cope with this scope and complexity, many computer networking texts are often
organized around the “layers” of a network architecture. With a layered organization,
students can see through the complexity of computer networking—they learn about
the distinct concepts and protocols in one part of the architecture while seeing the
big picture of how all parts fit together. From a pedagogical perspective, our personal
experience has been that such a layered approach indeed works well. Nevertheless,
we have found that the traditional approach of teaching—bottom up; that is, from the
physical layer toward the application layer—is not the best approach for a modern
course on computer networking.
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 9 13/02/20 9:38 AM

x PREFACE
A Top-Down Approach
Our book broke new ground 20 years ago by treating networking in a top-down
manner—that is, by beginning at the application layer and working its way down
toward the physical layer. The feedback we received from teachers and students alike
have confirmed that this top-down approach has many advantages and does indeed
work well pedagogically. First, it places emphasis on the application layer (a “high
growth area” in networking). Indeed, many of the recent revolutions in computer
networking—including the Web, and media streaming—have taken place at the
application layer. An early emphasis on application-layer issues differs from the
approaches taken in most other texts, which have only a small amount of material on
network applications, their requirements, application-layer paradigms (e.g., client-
server and peer-to-peer), and application programming interfaces. Second, our expe-
rience as instructors (and that of many instructors who have used this text) has been
that teaching networking applications near the beginning of the course is a powerful
motivational tool. Students are thrilled to learn about how networking applications
work—applications such as e-mail, streaming video, and the Web, which most stu-
dents use on a daily basis. Once a student understands the applications, the student
can then understand the network services needed to support these applications. The
student can then, in turn, examine the various ways in which such services might be
provided and implemented in the lower layers. Covering applications early thus pro-
vides motivation for the remainder of the text.
Third, a top-down approach enables instructors to introduce network applica-
tion development at an early stage. Students not only see how popular applica-
tions and protocols work, but also learn how easy it is to create their own network
applications and application-layer protocols. With the top-down approach, students
get early exposure to the notions of socket programming, service models, and
protocols—important concepts that resurface in all subsequent layers. By providing
socket programming examples in Python, we highlight the central ideas without
confusing students with complex code. Undergraduates in electrical engineering
and computer science will have no difficulty following the Python code.
An Internet Focus
Although we dropped the phrase “Featuring the Internet” from the title of this book
with the fourth edition, this doesn’t mean that we dropped our focus on the Internet.
Indeed, nothing could be further from the case! Instead, since the Internet has become
so pervasive, we felt that any networking textbook must have a significant focus on
the Internet, and thus this phrase was somewhat unnecessary. We continue to use the
Internet’s architecture and protocols as primary vehicles for studying fundamental
computer networking concepts. Of course, we also include concepts and protocols
from other network architectures. But the spotlight is clearly on the Internet, a fact
reflected in our organizing the book around the Internet’s five-layer architecture: the
application, transport, network, link, and physical layers.
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 10 12/02/20 10:57 AM

PREFACE xi
Another benefit of spotlighting the Internet is that most computer science and
electrical engineering students are eager to learn about the Internet and its protocols.
They know that the Internet has been a revolutionary and disruptive technology and
can see that it is profoundly changing our world. Given the enormous relevance of
the Internet, students are naturally curious about what is “under the hood.” Thus, it
is easy for an instructor to get students excited about basic principles when using the
Internet as the guiding focus.
Teaching Networking Principles
Two of the unique features of the book—its top-down approach and its focus on the
Internet—have appeared in the titles of our book. If we could have squeezed a third
phrase into the subtitle, it would have contained the word principles. The field of
networking is now mature enough that a number of fundamentally important issues
can be identified. For example, in the transport layer, the fundamental issues include
reliable communication over an unreliable network layer, connection establishment/
teardown and handshaking, congestion and flow control, and multiplexing. Three fun-
damentally important network-layer issues are determining “good” paths between two
routers, interconnecting a large number of heterogeneous networks, and managing the
complexity of a modern network. In the link layer, a fundamental problem is sharing a
multiple access channel. In network security, techniques for providing confidentiality,
authentication, and message integrity are all based on cryptographic fundamentals.
This text identifies fundamental networking issues and studies approaches toward
addressing these issues. The student learning these principles will gain knowledge
with a long “shelf life”—long after many of today’s network standards and protocols
have become obsolete, the principles they embody will remain important and rel-
evant. We believe that the combination of using the Internet to get the student’s foot in
the door and then emphasizing fundamental issues and solution approaches will allow
the student to quickly understand just about any networking technology.
Student Resources
Student resources are available on the Companion Website (CW) at pearson.com/
cs-resources. Resources include:
• Interactive learning material. The book’s Website contains VideoNotes—
video presentations of important topics throughout the book done by the authors,
as well as walkthroughs of solutions to problems similar to those at the end
of the chapter. We’ve seeded the Website with VideoNotes and online prob-
lems for Chapters 1 through 5. As in earlier editions, the Website contains
the interactive animations that illustrate many key networking concepts. Pro-
fessors can integrate these interactive features into their lectures or use them
as mini labs.
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 11 12/02/20 10:57 AM

xii PREFACE
• Additional technical material. As we have added new material in each edition of
our book, we’ve had to remove coverage of some existing topics to keep the book
at manageable length. Material that appeared in earlier editions of the text is still
of interest, and thus can be found on the book’s Website.
• Programming assignments. The Website also provides a number of detailed
programming assignments, which include building a multithreaded Web server,
building an e-mail client with a GUI interface, programming the sender and
receiver sides of a reliable data transport protocol, programming a distributed
routing algorithm, and more.
• Wireshark labs. One’s understanding of network protocols can be greatly
deepened by seeing them in action. The Website provides numerous Wireshark
assignments that enable students to actually observe the sequence of messages
exchanged between two protocol entities. The Website includes separate Wire-
shark labs on HTTP, DNS, TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, Ethernet, ARP, WiFi, TLS and
on tracing all protocols involved in satisfying a request to fetch a Web page. We’ll
continue to add new labs over time.
Authors’ Website. In addition to the Companion Website, the authors maintain
a public Website, http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross, which contains additional
interactive material for students and mirrors publically available material from the
Website, such as PowerPoint slides and Wireshark lab materials. Of particular interest
is http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive, containing interactive exercises
that create (and present solutions for) problems similar to selected end-of-chapter
problems. Since students can generate (and view solutions for) an unlimited number
of similar problem instances, they can work until the material is truly mastered.
Pedagogical Features
We have each been teaching computer networking for more than 30 years. Together,
we bring more than 60 years of teaching experience to this text, during which time
we have taught many thousands of students. We have also been active researchers
in computer networking during this time. (In fact, Jim and Keith first met each other
as master’s students in a computer networking course taught by Mischa Schwartz
in 1979 at Columbia University.) We think all this gives us a good perspective on
where networking has been and where it is likely to go in the future. Nevertheless,
we have resisted temptations to bias the material in this book toward our own pet
research projects. We figure you can visit our personal Websites if you are interested
in our research. Thus, this book is about modern computer networking—it is about
contemporary protocols and technologies as well as the underlying principles behind
these protocols and technologies. We also believe that learning (and teaching!) about
networking can be fun. A sense of humor, use of analogies, and real-world examples
in this book will hopefully make this material more fun.
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PREFACE xiii
Supplements for Instructors
We provide a complete supplements package to aid instructors in teaching this
course. This material can be accessed from Pearson’s Instructor Resource Center
(http://www.pearsonhighered.com/irc). Visit the Instructor Resource Center for
information about accessing these instructor’s supplements.
• PowerPoint
®
slides. We provide PowerPoint slides for all eight chapters. The
slides have been completely updated with this eighth edition. The slides cover
each chapter in detail. They use graphics and animations (rather than relying only
on monotonous text bullets) to make the slides interesting and visually appealing.
We provide the original PowerPoint slides so you can customize them to best suit
your own teaching needs. Some of these slides have been contributed by other
instructors who have taught from our book.
• Homework solutions. We provide a solutions manual for the homework prob-
lems in the text, programming assignments, and Wireshark labs. As noted
earlier, we’ve introduced many new homework problems at each chapter’s end.
For additional interactive problems and solutions, an instructor (and students)
can consult this books Companion Website at Pearson, or the authors’ Website
of interactive problems at http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive.
Chapter Dependencies
The first chapter of this text presents a self-contained overview of computer net-
working. Introducing many key concepts and terminology, this chapter sets the stage
for the rest of the book. All of the other chapters directly depend on this first chapter.
After completing Chapter 1, we recommend instructors cover Chapters 2 through 6
in sequence, following our top-down philosophy. Each of these five chapters lever-
ages material from the preceding chapters. After completing the first six chapters,
the instructor has quite a bit of flexibility. There are no interdependencies among the
last two chapters, so they can be taught in any order. However, the last two chapters
depends on the material in the first six chapters. Many instructors first teach the first
six chapters and then teach one of the last two chapters for “dessert.”
One Final Note: We’d Love to Hear from You
We encourage students and instructors to e-mail us with any comments they might
have about our book. It’s been wonderful for us to hear from so many instructors and
students from around the world about our first seven editions. We’ve incorporated
many of these suggestions into later editions of the book. We also encourage instructors
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xiv PREFACE
to send us new homework problems (and solutions) that would complement the cur-
rent homework problems. We’ll post these on the instructor-only portion of the Web-
site. We also encourage instructors and students to create new interactive animations
that illustrate the concepts and protocols in this book. If you have an animation that
you think would be appropriate for this text, please submit it to us. If the animation
(including notation and terminology) is appropriate, we’ll be happy to include it on
the text’s Website, with an appropriate reference to the animation’s authors.
So, as the saying goes, “Keep those cards and letters coming!” Seriously, please
do continue to send us interesting URLs, point out typos, disagree with any of our
claims, and tell us what works and what doesn’t work. Tell us what you think should
or shouldn’t be included in the next edition. Send your e-mail to [email protected]
.edu and [email protected].
Acknowledgments
Since we began writing this book in 1996, many people have given us invaluable
help and have been influential in shaping our thoughts on how to best organize and
teach a networking course. We want to say A BIG THANKS to everyone who has
helped us from the earliest first drafts of this book, up to this eighth edition. We are
also very thankful to the thousands of readers from around the world—students,
faculty, practitioners—who have sent us thoughts and comments on earlier editions
of the book and suggestions for future editions of the book. Special thanks go out to:
Al Aho (Columbia University)
Hisham Al-Mubaid (University of Houston-Clear Lake)
Pratima Akkunoor (Arizona State University)
Paul Amer (University of Delaware)
Shamiul Azom (Arizona State University)
Lichun Bao (University of California at Irvine)
Paul Barford (University of Wisconsin)
Bobby Bhattacharjee (University of Maryland)
Steven Bellovin (Columbia University)
Pravin Bhagwat (Wibhu)
Supratik Bhattacharyya (Amazon)
Ernst Biersack (Eurécom Institute)
Shahid Bokhari (University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore)
Jean Bolot (Technicolor Research)
Daniel Brushteyn (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Ken Calvert (University of Kentucky)
Evandro Cantu (Federal University of Santa Catarina)
Jeff Case (SNMP Research International)
Jeff Chaltas (Sprint)
Vinton Cerf (Google)
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 14 13/02/20 11:37 AM

PREFACE xv
Byung Kyu Choi (Michigan Technological University)
Bram Cohen (BitTorrent, Inc.)
Constantine Coutras (Pace University)
John Daigle (University of Mississippi)
Edmundo A. de Souza e Silva (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Philippe Decuetos (former Eurecom Institute student)
Christophe Diot (Google)
Prithula Dhunghel (Akamai)
Deborah Estrin (Cornell University)
Michalis Faloutsos (University of California at Riverside)
Wu-chi Feng (Oregon Graduate Institute)
Sally Floyd (ICIR, University of California at Berkeley)
Paul Francis (Max Planck Institute)
David Fullager (Netflix)
Lixin Gao (University of Massachusetts)
JJ Garcia-Luna-Aceves (University of California at Santa Cruz)
Mario Gerla (University of California at Los Angeles)
David Goodman (NYU-Poly)
Yang Guo (Alcatel/Lucent Bell Labs)
Tim Griffin (Cambridge University)
Max Hailperin (Gustavus Adolphus College)
Bruce Harvey (Florida A&M University, Florida State University)
Carl Hauser (Washington State University)
Rachelle Heller (George Washington University)
Phillipp Hoschka (INRIA/W3C)
Wen Hsin (Park University)
Albert Huang (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Cheng Huang (Microsoft Research)
Esther A. Hughes (Virginia Commonwealth University)
Van Jacobson (Google)
Pinak Jain (former NYU-Poly student)
Jobin James (University of California at Riverside)
Sugih Jamin (University of Michigan)
Shivkumar Kalyanaraman (IBM Research, India)
Jussi Kangasharju (University of Helsinki)
Sneha Kasera (University of Utah)
Parviz Kermani (U. Massachusetts)
Hyojin Kim (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Leonard Kleinrock (University of California at Los Angeles)
David Kotz (Dartmouth College)
Beshan Kulapala (Arizona State University)
Rakesh Kumar (Bloomberg)
Miguel A. Labrador (University of South Florida)
Simon Lam (University of Texas)
A01_KURO1557_08_SE_FM.indd 15 12/02/20 10:57 AM

xvi PREFACE
Steve Lai (Ohio State University)
Tom LaPorta (Penn State University)
Tim-Berners Lee (World Wide Web Consortium)
Arnaud Legout (INRIA)
Lee Leitner (Drexel University)
Brian Levine (University of Massachusetts)
Chunchun Li (former NYU-Poly student)
Yong Liu (NYU-Poly)
William Liang (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Willis Marti (Texas A&M University)
Nick McKeown (Stanford University)
Josh McKinzie (Park University)
Deep Medhi (University of Missouri, Kansas City)
Bob Metcalfe (International Data Group)
Vishal Misra (Columbia University)
Sue Moon (KAIST)
Jenni Moyer (Comcast)
Erich Nahum (IBM Research)
Christos Papadopoulos (Colorado Sate University)
Guru Parulkar (Open Networking Foundation)
Craig Partridge (Colorado State University)
Radia Perlman (Dell EMC)
Jitendra Padhye (Microsoft Research)
Vern Paxson (University of California at Berkeley)
Kevin Phillips (Sprint)
George Polyzos (Athens University of Economics and Business)
Sriram Rajagopalan (Arizona State University)
Ramachandran Ramjee (Microsoft Research)
Ken Reek (Rochester Institute of Technology)
Martin Reisslein (Arizona State University)
Jennifer Rexford (Princeton University)
Leon Reznik (Rochester Institute of Technology)
Pablo Rodrigez (Telefonica)
Sumit Roy (University of Washington)
Catherine Rosenberg (University of Waterloo)
Dan Rubenstein (Columbia University)
Avi Rubin (Johns Hopkins University)
Douglas Salane (John Jay College)
Despina Saparilla (Cisco Systems)
John Schanz (Comcast)
Henning Schulzrinne (Columbia University)
Mischa Schwartz (Columbia University)
Ardash Sethi (University of Delaware)
Harish Sethu (Drexel University)
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PREFACE xvii
K. Sam Shanmugan (University of Kansas)
Prashant Shenoy (University of Massachusetts)
Clay Shields (Georgetown University)
Subin Shrestra (University of Pennsylvania)
Bojie Shu (former NYU-Poly student)
Mihail L. Sichitiu (NC State University)
Peter Steenkiste (Carnegie Mellon University)
Tatsuya Suda (University of California at Irvine)
Kin Sun Tam (State University of New York at Albany)
Don Towsley (University of Massachusetts)
David Turner (California State University, San Bernardino)
Nitin Vaidya (Georgetown University)
Michele Weigle (Clemson University)
David Wetherall (Google)
Ira Winston (University of Pennsylvania)
Di Wu (Sun Yat-sen University)
Shirley Wynn (former NYU-Poly student)
Raj Yavatkar (Google)
Yechiam Yemini (Columbia University)
Dian Yu (former NYU-Shanghai student)
Ming Yu (State University of New York at Binghamton)
Ellen Zegura (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Honggang Zhang (Suffolk University)
Hui Zhang (Carnegie Mellon University)
Lixia Zhang (University of California at Los Angeles)
Meng Zhang (former NYU-Poly student)
Shuchun Zhang (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Xiaodong Zhang (Ohio State University)
ZhiLi Zhang (University of Minnesota)
Phil Zimmermann (independent consultant)
Mike Zink (University of Massachusetts)
Cliff C. Zou (University of Central Florida)
We also want to thank the entire Pearson team—in particular, Carole Snyder and
Tracy Johnson—who have done an absolutely outstanding job on this eighth edition
(and who have put up with two very finicky authors who seem congenitally unable
to meet deadlines!). Thanks also to artists, Janet Theurer and Patrice Rossi Calkin,
for their work on the beautiful figures in earlier editions of our book, and to Manas
Roy and his team at SPi Global for their wonderful production work on this edition.
Finally, a most special thanks go to our previous editors at Addison-Wesley and
Pearson—Matt Goldstein, Michael Hirsch, and Susan Hartman. This book would not
be what it is (and may well not have been at all) without their graceful management,
constant encouragement, nearly infinite patience, good humor, and perseverance.
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xix
1
81
181
303
377
449
531Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet
Chapter 2 Application Layer
Chapter 3 Transport Layer
Chapter 4 The Network Layer: Data Plane
Chapter 5 The Network Layer: Control Plane
Chapter 6 The Link Layer and LANs
Chapter 7 Wireless and Mobile Networks
Chapter 8 Security in Computer Networks 607
References 691
Index 731
Brief Contents
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Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet 1
1.1 What Is the Internet? 2
1.1.1 A Nuts-and-Bolts Description 2
1.1.2 A Services Description 5
1.1.3 What Is a Protocol? 7
1.2 The Network Edge 9
1.2.1 Access Networks 12
1.2.2 Physical Media 18
1.3 The Network Core 22
1.3.1 Packet Switching 23
1.3.2 Circuit Switching 27
1.3.3 A Network of Networks 31
1.4 Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks 35
1.4.1 Overview of Delay in Packet-Switched Networks 35
1.4.2 Queuing Delay and Packet Loss 39
1.4.3 End-to-End Delay 41
1.4.4 Throughput in Computer Networks 43
1.5 Protocol Layers and Their Service Models 47
1.5.1 Layered Architecture 47
1.5.2 Encapsulation 52
1.6 Networks Under Attack 54
1.7 History of Computer Networking and the Internet 58
1.7.1 The Development of Packet Switching: 1961–1972 58
1.7.2 Proprietary Networks and Internetworking: 1972–1980 59
1.7.3 A Proliferation of Networks: 1980–1990 61
1.7.4 The Internet Explosion: The 1990s 62
1.7.5 The New Millennium 63
1.8 Summary 64
Homework Problems and Questions 66
Wireshark Lab 76
Interview: Leonard Kleinrock 78
Table of Contents
xxi
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xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 2 Application Layer 81
2.1 Principles of Network Applications 82
2.1.1 Network Application Architectures 84
2.1.2 Processes Communicating 85
2.1.3 Transport Services Available to Applications 88
2.1.4 Transport Services Provided by the Internet 90
2.1.5 Application-Layer Protocols 94
2.1.6 Network Applications Covered in This Book 95
2.2 The Web and HTTP 95
2.2.1 Overview of HTTP 96
2.2.2 Non-Persistent and Persistent Connections 98
2.2.3 HTTP Message Format 101
2.2.4 User-Server Interaction: Cookies 105
2.2.5 Web Caching 108
2.2.6 HTTP/2 113
2.3 Electronic Mail in the Internet 116
2.3.1 SMTP 118
2.3.2 Mail Message Formats 121
2.3.3 Mail Access Protocols 121
2.4 DNS—The Internet’s Directory Service 122
2.4.1 Services Provided by DNS 123
2.4.2 Overview of How DNS Works 125
2.4.3 DNS Records and Messages 131
2.5 Peer-to-Peer File Distribution 136
2.6 Video Streaming and Content Distribution Networks 143
2.6.1 Internet Video 143
2.6.2 HTTP Streaming and DASH 144
2.6.3 Content Distribution Networks 145
2.6.4 Case Studies: Netflix and YouTube 149
2.7 Socket Programming: Creating Network Applications 152
2.7.1 Socket Programming with UDP 154
2.7.2 Socket Programming with TCP 159
2.8 Summary 165
Homework Problems and Questions 166
Socket Programming Assignments 175
Wireshark Labs: HTTP, DNS 177
Interview: Tim Berners-Lee 178
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TABLE OF CONTENTS xxiii
Chapter 3 Transport Layer 181
3.1 Introduction and Transport-Layer Services 182
3.1.1 Relationship Between Transport and Network Layers 182
3.1.2 Overview of the Transport Layer in the Internet 185
3.2 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 187
3.3 Connectionless Transport: UDP 194
3.3.1 UDP Segment Structure 198
3.3.2 UDP Checksum 198
3.4 Principles of Reliable Data Transfer 200
3.4.1 Building a Reliable Data Transfer Protocol 202
3.4.2 Pipelined Reliable Data Transfer Protocols 211
3.4.3 Go-Back-N (GBN) 215
3.4.4 Selective Repeat (SR) 220
3.5 Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP 227
3.5.1 The TCP Connection 227
3.5.2 TCP Segment Structure 230
3.5.3 Round-Trip Time Estimation and Timeout 235
3.5.4 Reliable Data Transfer 238
3.5.5 Flow Control 246
3.5.6 TCP Connection Management 249
3.6 Principles of Congestion Control 255
3.6.1 The Causes and the Costs of Congestion 255
3.6.2 Approaches to Congestion Control 262
3.7 TCP Congestion Control 263
3.7.1 Classic TCP Congestion Control 263
3.7.2 Network-Assisted Explicit Congestion Notification and
Delayed-based Congestion Control 274
3.7.3 Fairness 276
3.8 Evolution of Transport-Layer Functionality 279
3.9 Summary 282
Homework Problems and Questions 284
Programming Assignments 300
Wireshark Labs: Exploring TCP, UDP 300
Interview: Van Jacobson 301
Chapter 4 The Network Layer: Data Plane 303
4.1 Overview of Network Layer 304
4.1.1 Forwarding and Routing: The Data and Control Planes 304
4.1.2 Network Service Model 309
4.2 What’s Inside a Router? 311
4.2.1 Input Port Processing and Destination-Based Forwarding 314
4.2.2 Switching 317
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xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.2.3 Output Port Processing 319
4.2.4 Where Does Queuing Occur? 319
4.2.5 Packet Scheduling 325
4.3 The Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4, Addressing, IPv6, and More 330
4.3.1 IPv4 Datagram Format 331
4.3.2 IPv4 Addressing 333
4.3.3 Network Address Translation (NAT) 344
4.3.4 IPv6 347
4.4 Generalized Forwarding and SDN 353
4.4.1 Match 355
4.4.2 Action 356
4.4.3 OpenFlow Examples of Match-plus-action in Action 357
4.5 Middleboxes 360
4.6 Summary 364
Homework Problems and Questions 364
Wireshark Lab: IP 374
Interview: Vinton G. Cerf 375
Chapter 5 The Network Layer: Control Plane 377
5.1 Introduction 378
5.2 Routing Algorithms 380
5.2.1 The Link-State (LS) Routing Algorithm 383
5.2.2 The Distance-Vector (DV) Routing Algorithm 388
5.3 Intra-AS Routing in the Internet: OSPF 395
5.4 Routing Among the ISPs: BGP 399
5.4.1 The Role of BGP 399
5.4.2 Advertising BGP Route Information 400
5.4.3 Determining the Best Routes 402
5.4.4 IP-Anycast 406
5.4.5 Routing Policy 407
5.4.6 Putting the Pieces Together: Obtaining Internet Presence 410
5.5 The SDN Control Plane 411
5.5.1 The SDN Control Plane: SDN Controller and
SDN Network-control Applications 414
5.5.2 OpenFlow Protocol 416
5.5.3 Data and Control Plane Interaction: An Example 418
5.5.4 SDN: Past and Future 419
5.6 ICMP: The Internet Control Message Protocol 423
5.7 Network Management and SNMP, NETCONF/YANG 425
5.7.1 The Network Management Framework 426
5.7.2 The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
and the Management Information Base (MIB) 428
5.7.3 The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) and YANG 432
5.8 Summary 436
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TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv
Homework Problems and Questions 437
Socket Programming Assignment 5: ICMP Ping 443
Programming Assignment: Routing 444
Wireshark Lab: ICMP 445
Interview: Jennifer Rexford 446
Chapter 6 The Link Layer and LANs 449
6.1 Introduction to the Link Layer 450
6.1.1 The Services Provided by the Link Layer 452
6.1.2 Where Is the Link Layer Implemented? 453
6.2 Error-Detection and -Correction Techniques 454
6.2.1 Parity Checks 456
6.2.2 Checksumming Methods 458
6.2.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 459
6.3 Multiple Access Links and Protocols 461
6.3.1 Channel Partitioning Protocols 463
6.3.2 Random Access Protocols 465
6.3.3 Taking-Turns Protocols 474
6.3.4 DOCSIS: The Link-Layer Protocol for Cable Internet Access 475
6.4 Switched Local Area Networks 477
6.4.1 Link-Layer Addressing and ARP 478
6.4.2 Ethernet 484
6.4.3 Link-Layer Switches 491
6.4.4 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) 497
6.5 Link Virtualization: A Network as a Link Layer 501
6.5.1 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 502
6.6 Data Center Networking 505
6.6.1 Data Center Architectures 505
6.6.2 Trends in Data Center Networking 509
6.7 Retrospective: A Day in the Life of a Web Page Request 512
6.7.1 Getting Started: DHCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet 512
6.7.2 Still Getting Started: DNS and ARP 514
6.7.3 Still Getting Started: Intra-Domain Routing to the DNS Server 515
6.7.4 Web Client-Server Interaction: TCP and HTTP 516
6.8 Summary 518
Homework Problems and Questions 519
Wireshark Labs: 802.11 Ethernet 527
Interview: Albert Greenberg 528
Chapter 7 Wireless and Mobile Networks 531
7.1 Introduction 532
7.2 Wireless Links and Network Characteristics 536
7.2.1 CDMA 539
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xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.3 WiFi: 802.11 Wireless LANs 542
7.3.1 The 802.11 Wireless LAN Architecture 544
7.3.2 The 802.11 MAC Protocol 548
7.3.3 The IEEE 802.11 Frame 553
7.3.4 Mobility in the Same IP Subnet 556
7.3.5 Advanced Features in 802.11 559
7.3.6 Personal Area Networks: Bluetooth 560
7.4 Cellular Networks: 4G and 5G 563
7.4.1 4G LTE Cellular Networks: Architecture and Elements 564
7.4.2 LTE Protocols Stacks 570
7.4.3 LTE Radio Access Network 571
7.4.4 Additional LTE Functions: Network Attachment and
Power Management 572
7.4.5 The Global Cellular Network: A Network of Networks 574
7.4.6 5G Cellular Networks 575
7.5 Mobility Management: Principles 578
7.5.1 Device Mobility: a Network-layer Perspective 578
7.5.2 Home Networks and Roaming on Visited Networks 579
7.5.3 Direct and Indirect Routing to/from a Mobile Device 580
7.6 Mobility Management in Practice 587
7.6.1 Mobility Management in 4G/5G Networks 587
7.6.2 Mobile IP 592
7.7 Wireless and Mobility: Impact on Higher-Layer Protocols 594
7.8 Summary 596
Homework Problems and Questions 597
Wireshark Lab: WiFi 602
Interview: Deborah Estrin 603
Chapter 8 Security in Computer Networks 607
8.1 What Is Network Security? 608
8.2 Principles of Cryptography 610
8.2.1 Symmetric Key Cryptography 612
8.2.2 Public Key Encryption 618
8.3 Message Integrity and Digital Signatures 624
8.3.1 Cryptographic Hash Functions 625
8.3.2 Message Authentication Code 626
8.3.3 Digital Signatures 628
8.4 End-Point Authentication 634
8.5 Securing E-Mail 639
8.5.1 Secure E-Mail 640
8.5.2 PGP 643
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TABLE OF CONTENTS xxvii
8.6 Securing TCP Connections: TLS 644
8.6.1 The Big Picture 646
8.6.2 A More Complete Picture 649
8.7 Network-Layer Security: IPsec and Virtual Private Networks 651
8.7.1 IPsec and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 651
8.7.2 The AH and ESP Protocols 653
8.7.3 Security Associations 653
8.7.4 The IPsec Datagram 655
8.7.5 IKE: Key Management in IPsec 658
8.8 Securing Wireless LANs and 4G/5G Cellular Networks 659
8.8.1 Authentication and Key Agreement in 802.11 Wireless LANs 659
8.8.2 Authentication and Key Agreement in 4G/5G Cellular Networks 664
8.9 Operational Security: Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems 667
8.9.1 Firewalls 667
8.9.2 Intrusion Detection Systems 675
8.10 Summary 679
Homework Problems and Questions 680
Wireshark Lab: SSL 688
IPsec Lab 688
Interview: Steven M. Bellovin 689
References 691
Index 731
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11
Today’s Internet is arguably the largest engineered system ever created by mankind,
with hundreds of millions of connected computers, communication links, and
switches; with billions of users who connect via laptops, tablets, and smartphones;
and with an array of new Internet-connected “things” including game consoles, sur-
veillance systems, watches, eye glasses, thermostats, and cars. Given that the Inter-
net is so large and has so many diverse components and uses, is there any hope of
understanding how it works? Are there guiding principles and structure that can
provide a foundation for understanding such an amazingly large and complex sys-
tem? And if so, is it possible that it actually could be both interesting and fun to
learn about computer networks? Fortunately, the answer to all of these questions is
a resounding YES! Indeed, it’s our aim in this book to provide you with a modern
introduction to the dynamic field of computer networking, giving you the princi-
ples and practical insights you’ll need to understand not only today’s networks, but
tomorrow’s as well.
This first chapter presents a broad overview of computer networking and the
Internet. Our goal here is to paint a broad picture and set the context for the rest
of this book, to see the forest through the trees. We’ll cover a lot of ground in this
introductory chapter and discuss a lot of the pieces of a computer network, without
losing sight of the big picture.
We’ll structure our overview of computer networks in this chapter as follows.
After introducing some basic terminology and concepts, we’ll first examine the basic
hardware and software components that make up a network. We’ll begin at the net-
work’s edge and look at the end systems and network applications running in the
network. We’ll then explore the core of a computer network, examining the links
1
CHAPTER
Computer
Networks and
the Internet
1
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2 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
and the switches that transport data, as well as the access networks and physical
media that connect end systems to the network core. We’ll learn that the Internet is
a network of networks, and we’ll learn how these networks connect with each other.
After having completed this overview of the edge and core of a computer net-
work, we’ll take the broader and more abstract view in the second half of this chap-
ter. We’ll examine delay, loss, and throughput of data in a computer network and
provide simple quantitative models for end-to-end throughput and delay: models
that take into account transmission, propagation, and queuing delays. We’ll then
introduce some of the key architectural principles in computer networking, namely,
protocol layering and service models. We’ll also learn that computer networks are
vulnerable to many different types of attacks; we’ll survey some of these attacks and
consider how computer networks can be made more secure. Finally, we’ll close this
chapter with a brief history of computer networking.
1.1 What Is the Internet?
In this book, we’ll use the public Internet, a specific computer network, as our prin-
cipal vehicle for discussing computer networks and their protocols. But what is the
Internet? There are a couple of ways to answer this question. First, we can describe
the nuts and bolts of the Internet, that is, the basic hardware and software components
that make up the Internet. Second, we can describe the Internet in terms of a network-
ing infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications. Let’s begin with
the nuts-and-bolts description, using Figure 1.1 to illustrate our discussion.
1.1.1 A Nuts-and-Bolts Description
The Internet is a computer network that interconnects billions of computing devices
throughout the world. Not too long ago, these computing devices were primarily
traditional desktop computers, Linux workstations, and so-called servers that store
and transmit information such as Web pages and e-mail messages. Increasingly,
however, users connect to the Internet with smartphones and tablets—today, close
to half of the world’s population are active mobile Internet users with the percentage
expected to increase to 75% by 2025 [Statista 2019]. Furthermore, nontraditional
Internet “things” such as TVs, gaming consoles, thermostats, home security systems,
home appliances, watches, eye glasses, cars, traffic control systems, and more are
being connected to the Internet. Indeed, the term computer network is beginning to
sound a bit dated, given the many nontraditional devices that are being hooked up to
the Internet. In Internet jargon, all of these devices are called hosts or end systems.
By some estimates, there were about 18 billion devices connected to the Internet in
2017, and the number will reach 28.5 billion by 2022 [Cisco VNI 2020].
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1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERNET? 3
Figure 1.1 ! Some pieces of the Internet
Key:
Trafﬁc lightThermostatFridgeDatacenterWorkstation
Host
(= end system)
Mobile
Computer
Base
station
Router Cell phone
tower
Smartphone
or tablet
Link-layer
switch
Server
Content Provider Network
National or
Global ISP
Datacenter Network
Datacenter Network
Mobile Network
Enterprise Network
Home Network
Local or
Regional ISP
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4 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
End systems are connected together by a network of communication links and
packet switches. We’ll see in Section 1.2 that there are many types of communica-
tion links, which are made up of different types of physical media, including coaxial
cable, copper wire, optical fiber, and radio spectrum. Different links can transmit
data at different rates, with the transmission rate of a link measured in bits/second.
When one end system has data to send to another end system, the sending end system
segments the data and adds header bytes to each segment. The resulting packages
of information, known as packets in the jargon of computer networks, are then sent
through the network to the destination end system, where they are reassembled into
the original data.
A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its incoming communication
links and forwards that packet on one of its outgoing communication links. Packet
switches come in many shapes and flavors, but the two most prominent types in
today’s Internet are routers and link-layer switches. Both types of switches forward
packets toward their ultimate destinations. Link-layer switches are typically used in
access networks, while routers are typically used in the network core. The sequence
of communication links and packet switches traversed by a packet from the send-
ing end system to the receiving end system is known as a route or path through
the!network. Cisco predicts annual global IP traffic will reach nearly five zettabytes
(
10
21
!bytes) by 2022 [Cisco VNI 2020].
Packet-switched networks (which transport packets) are in many ways
similar to transportation networks of highways, roads, and intersections (which
transport vehicles). Consider, for example, a factory that needs to move a large
amount of cargo to some destination warehouse located thousands of kilometers
away. At the factory, the cargo is segmented and loaded into a fleet of trucks.
Each of the trucks then independently travels through the network of highways,
roads, and intersections to the destination warehouse. At the destination ware-
house, the cargo is unloaded and grouped with the rest of the cargo arriving
from the same shipment. Thus, in many ways, packets are analogous to trucks,
communication links are analogous to highways and roads, packet switches are
analogous to intersections, and end systems are analogous to buildings. Just as
a truck takes a path through the transportation network, a packet takes a path
through a computer network.
End systems access the Internet through Internet Service Providers (ISPs),
including residential ISPs such as local cable or telephone companies; corpo-
rate ISPs; university ISPs; ISPs that provide WiFi access in airports, hotels, cof-
fee shops, and other public places; and cellular data ISPs, providing mobile access
to our smartphones and other devices. Each ISP is in itself a network of packet
switches and communication links. ISPs provide a variety of types of network access
to the end systems, including residential broadband access such as cable modem
or DSL, high-speed local area network access, and mobile wireless access. ISPs
also provide!Internet access to content providers, connecting servers directly to
the Internet. The Internet is all about connecting end systems to each other, so the
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1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERNET? 5
ISPs!that provide access to end systems must also be interconnected. These lower-
tier ISPs are thus interconnected through national and international upper-tier ISPs
and these upper-tier ISPs are connected directly to each other. An upper-tier ISP
consists of high-speed routers interconnected with high-speed fiber-optic links. Each
ISP network, whether upper-tier or lower-tier, is managed independently, runs the
IP protocol (see below), and conforms to certain naming and address conventions.
We’ll examine ISPs and their interconnection more closely in Section 1.3.
End systems, packet switches, and other pieces of the Internet run protocols that
control the sending and receiving of information within the Internet. The Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most impor-
tant protocols in the Internet. The IP protocol specifies the format of the packets
that are sent and received among routers and end systems. The Internet’s principal
protocols are collectively known as TCP/IP. We’ll begin looking into protocols in
this introductory chapter. But that’s just a start—much of this book is concerned with
networking protocols!
Given the importance of protocols to the Internet, it’s important that everyone
agree on what each and every protocol does, so that people can create systems and
products that interoperate. This is where standards come into play. Internet standards
are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) [IETF 2020]. The IETF
standards documents are called requests for comments (RFCs). RFCs started out
as general requests for comments (hence the name) to resolve network and protocol
design problems that faced the precursor to the Internet [Allman 2011]. RFCs tend
to!be quite technical and detailed. They define protocols such as TCP, IP, HTTP (for
the Web), and SMTP (for e-mail). There are currently nearly 9000 RFCs. Other bod-
ies also specify standards for network components, most notably for network links.
The IEEE 802 LAN Standards Committee [IEEE 802 2020], for example, specifies
the Ethernet and wireless WiFi standards.
1.1.2 A Services Description
Our discussion above has identified many of the pieces that make up the Internet.
But we can also describe the Internet from an entirely different angle—namely, as
an!infrastructure that provides services to applications. In addition to traditional
applications such as e-mail and Web surfing, Internet applications include mobile
smartphone and tablet applications, including Internet messaging, mapping with
real-time road-traffic information, music streaming movie and television streaming,
online social media, video conferencing, multi-person games, and location-based
recommendation systems. The applications are said to be distributed applications,
since they involve multiple end systems that exchange data with each other. Impor-
tantly, Internet applications run on end systems—they do not run in the packet
switches in the network core. Although packet switches facilitate the exchange of
data among end systems, they are not concerned with the application that is the
source or sink of data.
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6 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
Let’s explore a little more what we mean by an infrastructure that provides
services to applications. To this end, suppose you have an exciting new idea for a dis-
tributed Internet application, one that may greatly benefit humanity or one that may
simply make you rich and famous. How might you go about transforming this idea
into an actual Internet application? Because applications run on end systems, you are
going to need to write programs that run on the end systems. You might, for example,
write your programs in Java, C, or Python. Now, because you are developing a dis-
tributed Internet application, the programs running on the different end systems will
need to send data to each other. And here we get to a central issue—one that leads
to the alternative way of describing the Internet as a platform for applications. How
does one program running on one end system instruct the Internet to deliver data to
another program running on another end system?
End systems attached to the Internet provide a socket interface that speci -
fies how a program running on one end system asks the Internet infrastructure to
deliver data to a specific destination program running on another end system. This
Internet socket interface is a set of rules that the sending program must follow so
that the Internet can deliver the data to the destination program. We’ll discuss the
Internet socket interface in detail in Chapter 2. For now, let’s draw upon a simple
analogy, one that we will frequently use in this book. Suppose Alice wants to send
a letter to Bob using the postal service. Alice, of course, can’t just write the letter
(the data) and drop the letter out her window. Instead, the postal service requires
that Alice put the letter in an envelope; write Bob’s full name, address, and zip
code in the center of the envelope; seal the envelope; put a stamp in the upper-
right-hand corner of the envelope; and finally, drop the envelope into an official
postal service mailbox. Thus, the postal service has its own “postal service inter-
face,” or set of rules, that Alice must follow to have the postal service deliver her
letter to Bob. In a similar manner, the Internet has a socket interface that the pro-
gram sending data must follow to have the Internet deliver the data to the program
that will receive the data.
The postal service, of course, provides more than one service to its custom-
ers. It provides express delivery, reception confirmation, ordinary use, and many
more services. In a similar manner, the Internet provides multiple services to its
applications. When you develop an Internet application, you too must choose one
of the Internet’s services for your application. We’ll describe the Internet’s ser-
vices in Chapter 2.
We have just given two descriptions of the Internet; one in terms of its hardware
and software components, the other in terms of an infrastructure for providing ser-
vices to distributed applications. But perhaps you are still confused as to what the
Internet is. What are packet switching and TCP/IP? What are routers? What kinds of
communication links are present in the Internet? What is a distributed application?
How can a thermostat or body scale be attached to the Internet? If you feel a bit over-
whelmed by all of this now, don’t worry—the purpose of this book is to introduce
you to both the nuts and bolts of the Internet and the principles that govern how and
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1.1 • WHAT IS THE INTERNET? 7
why it works. We’ll explain these important terms and questions in the following
sections and chapters.
1.1.3 What Is a Protocol?
Now that we’ve got a bit of a feel for what the Internet is, let’s consider another
important buzzword in computer networking: protocol. What is a protocol? What
does a protocol do?
A Human Analogy
It is probably easiest to understand the notion of a computer network protocol by
first considering some human analogies, since we humans execute protocols all of
the time. Consider what you do when you want to ask someone for the time of day.
A typical exchange is shown in Figure 1.2. Human protocol (or good manners, at
Figure 1.2
! A human protocol and a computer network protocol
GET http://www.pearsonhighered.com/
cs-resources/
TCP connection request
Time Time
TCP connection reply
<ﬁle>
Hi
Got the time?
Time Time
Hi
2:00
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 7 11/02/20 10:54 AM

8 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
least) dictates that one first offer a greeting (the first “Hi” in Figure 1.2) to initiate
communication with someone else. The typical response to a “Hi” is a returned
“Hi” message. Implicitly, one then takes a cordial “Hi” response as an indication
that one can proceed and ask for the time of day. A different response to the initial
“Hi” (such as “Don’t bother me!” or “I don’t speak English,” or some unprintable
reply) might indicate an unwillingness or inability to communicate. In this case,
the human protocol would be not to ask for the time of day. Sometimes one gets no
response at all to a question, in which case one typically gives up asking that person
for the time. Note that in our human protocol, there are specific messages we send,
and specific actions we take in response to the received reply messages or other
events (such as no reply within some given amount of time). Clearly, transmitted
and received messages, and actions taken when these messages are sent or received
or other events occur, play a central role in a human protocol. If people run differ-
ent protocols (for example, if one person has manners but the other does not, or if
one understands the concept of time and the other does not) the protocols do not
interoperate and no useful work can be accomplished. The same is true in network-
ing—it takes two (or more) communicating entities running the same protocol in
order to accomplish a task.
Let’s consider a second human analogy. Suppose you’re in a college class (a
computer networking class, for example!). The teacher is droning on about protocols
and you’re confused. The teacher stops to ask, “Are there any questions?” (a message
that is transmitted to, and received by, all students who are not sleeping). You raise
your hand (transmitting an implicit message to the teacher). Your teacher acknowl-
edges you with a smile, saying “Yes . . .” (a transmitted message encouraging you
to ask your question—teachers love to be asked questions), and you then ask your
question (that is, transmit your message to your teacher). Your teacher hears your
question (receives your question message) and answers (transmits a reply to you).
Once again, we see that the transmission and receipt of messages, and a set of con-
ventional actions taken when these messages are sent and received, are at the heart
of this question-and-answer protocol.
Network Protocols
A network protocol is similar to a human protocol, except that the entities exchang-
ing messages and taking actions are hardware or software components of some
device (for example, computer, smartphone, tablet, router, or other network-capable
device). All activity in the Internet that involves two or more communicating remote
entities is governed by a protocol. For example, hardware-implemented protocols in
two physically connected computers control the flow of bits on the “wire” between
the two network interface cards; congestion-control protocols in end systems control
the rate at which packets are transmitted between sender and receiver; protocols in
routers determine a packet’s path from source to destination. Protocols are running
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 8 11/02/20 10:54 AM

1.2 • THE NETWORK E DGE 9
everywhere in the Internet, and consequently much of this book is about computer
network protocols.
As an example of a computer network protocol with which you are probably
familiar, consider what happens when you make a request to a Web server, that
is, when you type the URL of a Web page into your Web browser. The scenario is
illustrated in the right half of Figure 1.2. First, your computer will send a connec-
tion request message to the Web server and wait for a reply. The Web server will
eventually receive your connection request message and return a connection reply
message. Knowing that it is now OK to request the Web document, your computer
then sends the name of the Web page it wants to fetch from that Web server in a
GET message. Finally, the Web server returns the Web page (file) to your computer.
Given the human and networking examples above, the exchange of messages
and the actions taken when these messages are sent and received are the key defining
elements of a protocol:
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two
or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission
and/or receipt of a message or other event.
The Internet, and computer networks in general, make extensive use of pro-
tocols. Different protocols are used to accomplish different communication tasks.
As you read through this book, you will learn that some protocols are simple and
straightforward, while others are complex and intellectually deep. Mastering the
field of computer networking is equivalent to understanding the what, why, and how
of networking protocols.
1.2 The Network Edge
In the previous section, we presented a high-level overview of the Internet and
networking protocols. We are now going to delve a bit more deeply into the com-
ponents of the Internet. We begin in this section at the edge of the network and
look at the components with which we are most familiar—namely, the computers,
smartphones and other devices that we use on a daily basis. In the next section, we’ll
move from the network edge to the network core and examine switching and routing
in computer networks.
Recall from the previous section that in computer networking jargon, the com-
puters and other devices connected to the Internet are often referred to as end sys-
tems. They are referred to as end systems because they sit at the edge of the Internet,
as shown in Figure 1.3. The Internet’s end systems include desktop computers
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 9 11/02/20 10:54 AM

10 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
Figure 1.3 ! End-system interaction
Content Provider Network
National or
Global ISP
Datacenter Network
Datacenter Network
Mobile Network
Enterprise Network
Home Network
Local or
Regional ISP
(e.g., desktop PCs, Macs, and Linux boxes), servers (e.g., Web and e-mail servers),
and mobile devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones, and tablets). Furthermore, an
increasing number of non-traditional “things” are being attached to the Internet as
end systems (see the Case History feature).
End systems are also referred to as hosts because they host (that is, run) appli-
cation programs such as a Web browser program, a Web server program, an e-mail
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 10 11/02/20 10:54 AM

1.2 • THE NETWORK E DGE 11
client program, or an e-mail server program. Throughout this book we will use the
terms hosts and end systems interchangeably; that is, host = end system. Hosts
are sometimes further divided into two categories: clients and servers. Infor-
mally, clients tend to be desktops, laptops, smartphones, and so on, whereas
servers tend to be more powerful machines that store and distribute Web pages,
stream video, relay e-mail, and so on. Today, most of the servers from which we
receive search results, e-mail, Web pages, videos and mobile app content reside
in large data centers. For example, as of 2020, Google has 19 data centers on four
continents, collectively containing several million servers. Figure 1.3 includes
two such data centers, and the Case History sidebar describes data centers in
more detail.
DATA CENTERS AND CLOUD COMPUTING
Internet companies such as Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Alibaba have built
massive data centers, each housing tens to hundreds of thousands of hosts. These
data centers are not only connected to the Internet, as shown in Figure 1.1, but also
internally include complex computer networks that interconnect the datacenter’s hosts.
The data centers are the engines behind the Internet applications that we use on a
daily basis.
Broadly speaking, data centers serve three purposes, which we describe here in
the context of Amazon for concreteness. First, they serve Amazon e-commerce pages
to users, for example, pages describing products and purchase information. Second,
they serve as massively parallel computing infrastructures for Amazon-specific data
processing tasks. Third, they provide cloud computing to other companies. Indeed,
today a major trend in computing is for companies to use a cloud provider such as
Amazon to handle essentially all of their IT needs. For example, Airbnb and many
other Internet-based companies do not own and manage their own data centers but
instead run their entire Web-based services in the Amazon cloud, called Amazon
Web Services (AWS).
The worker bees in a data center are the hosts. They serve content (e.g., Web
pages and videos), store e-mails and documents, and collectively perform massively
distributed computations. The hosts in data centers, called blades!and resembling
pizza boxes, are generally commodity hosts that include CPU, memory, and disk
storage. The hosts are stacked in racks, with each rack typically having 20 to
40!blades. The racks are then interconnected using sophisticated and evolving data
center network designs. Data center networks are discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 6.
CASE HISTORY
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 11 11/02/20 10:54 AM

12 CHAPTER 1 • COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
1.2.1 Access Networks
Having considered the applications and end systems at the “edge of the network,”
let’s next consider the access network—the network that physically connects an end
system to the first router (also known as the “edge router”) on a path from the end
system to any other distant end system. Figure 1.4 shows several types of access
Figure 1.4
! Access networks
Content Provider Network
National or
Global ISP
Datacenter Network
Datacenter Network
Mobile Network
Enterprise Network
Home Network
Local or
Regional ISP
M01_KURO1557_08_SE_C01.indd 12 11/02/20 10:54 AM

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

French King 1848, Samson and Delilah 1852, The morning of
the duel 1860, The lady and the wasp 1866. d. London? 2 June
1866.
GRANT, Sir William Keir (son of Archibald Keir of H.E.I.C.S.) b.
1771; cornet 15 dragoons 30 May 1792; one of 8 officers who
saved Francis II. Emperor of Germany from being taken
prisoner by the French in the plains of Catau Cambresis 24
April 1794, received gold medal and was made knight of Maria
Theresa; lieut. col. 22 light dragoons 3 Dec. 1800; served in
India as adjutant general 1806–14; commander in chief and
second member of council in Java 1815–16; served in India
1819–21; col. 8 dragoons 1 Feb. 1833 to 24 Aug. 1839, and of
2 dragoons 24 Aug. 1839 to death; general 23 Nov. 1841;
K.C.H. 1821, G.C.H. 1835; K.C.B. 3 Dec. 1822; G.C. of Lion
and Sun, Persia. d. 20 Chapel st. Belgrave sq. London 7 May
1852. G.M. June 1852 pp. 619–20; Dod’s Peerage 1852 p. 258.
GRANTHAM, George. Entered Madras army 1823; col. 5 Madras
N.I. 4 Nov. 1856–61; col. 39 Madras N.I. 1861–69; L.G. 6
March 1868; drowned in collision between steamers Mary and
Normandy about 20 miles from the Needles, Isle of Wight 17
March 1870 aged 67. Times 18–26 March 1870.
GRANTHAM, Rev. George Peirce (son of George Grantham of firm
of Gosling and Sharp, bankers, London). b. Finsbury, London
11 Jany. 1833; educ. King’s coll. Lond. and Univ. of Lond.; C. of
Allhallows East, Exeter 1859–61; C. of Rame, Cornwall 1861–
65; C. of Hotham 1865–67; senior C. of St. Saviour’s, Leeds
1867–76; precentor and senior curate of St. Michael’s,
Swanmore, Ryde 1876–79; V. of Llanbadoc near Usk 1879–81;
C. of Holy Cross mission ch. Bedminster 1881–83; C. of St.
Augustine, Kensington 1883; V. of Ston Easton with Farrington
Gurney 1885; author of Holy Songs 1866; The mysteries of
holy church and other verses 1871; History of St. Saviour’s,
Leeds 1872; Carols for yule tide, with original music 1877;
editor of Ecclesiastical Art Rev. 1878. d. The Elms, Farrington

Gurney 13 Oct. 1885. bur. Arnos vale cemetery, Bristol.
International Mag., Oct. 1885 pp. 110–11.
GRANTHAM, JoÜn. Educ. Guy’s and St. Thomas’ hospitals; L.S.A.
1823; M.R.C.S. 21 Feb. 1823, hon. fellow 26 Aug. 1844; author
of Facts and observations on medicine and surgery 1844. d.
Crayford, Kent 14 Nov. 1873 in 73 year.
GRANTHAM, JoÜn (2 son of John Grantham, surveyor). b.
Croydon 1809; managing partner of firm of Mather, Dickson &
Co.; one of founders of Polytechnic society, Liverpool; a naval
architect and consulting engineer at Liverpool; planned and
executed several of the largest iron sailing and steam ships;
took out patents for screw propellers, and invented a system
of sheathing iron built ships with copper; practised in London
1859 to death; constructed the first tramway in Copenhagen
1863; patented a steam tramway car; one of founders of
Institution of naval architects Jany. 1860, member of council
Jany. 1860 to death; A.I.C.E. 11 Feb. 1840, M.I.C.E. 29 Nov.
1864; author of Iron as a material for ship building 1842; Iron
ship building 1858, 5 ed. 1868. d. Croydon 10 July 1874. Min.
of proc. of Instit. of C.E. xxxix, 266–68 (1875).
GRANVILLE, Augustus Bozzi (3 son of Carlo Bozzi, postmaster
general Milan). b. Milan 7 Oct. 1783; studied at Univ. of Pavia
1799–1802, M.D. 28 Aug. 1802; assistant surgeon in British
navy March 1807, retired as surgeon on half pay 1813;
assumed maternal name of Granville; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1813;
L.R.C.P. 1817; studied at La Maternité, Paris, and qualified as
an accoucher 1816–17; settled at 8 Saville row, London 1818;
F.R.S. 1817; physician accoucher Westminster general
dispensary 1819; introduced use of prussic acid for chest
affections; established a West-end infirmary for young
children; pres. of Westminster medical soc. 1829; visited
Kissingen 1840–68 and set the fashion of drinking its waters;
confidential friend of ex-king Joseph Bonaparte 1832–44;
author of St. Petersburg, a journal of travels 2 vols. 1828, 2

ed. 1829; The spas of Germany 2 vols. 1837, 2 ed. 1838; The
spas of England and sea-bathing places 3 vols. 1841 and 31
other works. d. 20 Folkestone ter. Dover 3 March 1872.
Autobiography of A. B. Granville (1874), portrait; Munk’s Coll.
of physicians, iii, 174–7 (1878); Physic and physicians, ii, 269–
71 (1839).
GRATTAN, Sir Edmund Arnout (son of Thomas C. Grattan 1792–
1864). b. 1818; British consul at Boston for state of
Massachusetts 4 Aug. 1848 to 1858; consul at Antwerp 11
Jany. 1858 to 1883; consul general for Belgium 28 Nov. 1883
to 1888; British commissioner Antwerp exhibition 1885; V.P.
Royal Geog. soc. Antwerp; F.R.G.S.; knighted by patent 18
Nov. 1889. d. Ostend Aug. 1890 aged 72.
GRATTAN, Henry Plunkett, stage name of Henry Willoughby
Grattan Plunkett. b. Dublin 1808; made his début at Milton st.
theatre London in The Rake’s Progress; author of The Minerali,
or the dying gift, a drama by H. Plunkett, produced at Cobourg
theatre; The Dumb Conscript produced at Astley’s 1835; Faust
or the Demon of the Drachenfels produced at Sadler’s Wells 15
Sep. 1842; wrote the first few numbers of Punch with Henry
Mayhew and 4 others 17 July 1841 et seq.; edited The Squib
June to Dec. 1842 30 numbers; played Hamlet at Park theatre
New York 11 May 1843; built the first theatre at Memphis;
editor and owner of The Age newspaper; author of The Bottle,
a poem, New York 1848; sometimes used name of Harry
Plunkett as a stage name; founded the Actors’ Fund; produced
many plays; spent 23 years in America; author of The Fairy
Circle, The Sisters, Glory, Orson and other pieces all produced
in England. d. 25 Dec. 1889. bur. Fulham cemetery 30 Dec.
GRATTAN, Mrs. Henry Plunkett (dau. of Mr. M’Phain). b. London
1811; acted in the provinces and then at Garrick theatre,
London; made first appearance in America at St. Charles
theatre, New Orleans, as lady Anne in Richard iii, 1836; at the
new Chatham theatre, America, was the original Madelon in

the Carpenter of Rouen 16 Nov. 1840. m. (1) H. P. Grattan;
sang in the role of Pollio in Norma at Adelphi, London Oct.
1842; m. (2) Mr. Barker; m. (3) Mr. Madison; returned to
America, at Chatham theatre 8 July 1850, retook name of Mrs.
Grattan when appearing as Amelia in Wild Oats; travelled
throughout the United States and the West Indies playing chief
roles in standard dramas; final engagement at Arch st. theatre,
Philadelphia 18 Sept. 1876 in Led Astray. d. 101 West Twenty-
ninth st. New York 14 Dec. 1876. Era 7 Jany. 1877 p. 5; The
Squib 22 Oct. 1842 p. 92.
GRATTAN, James (eld. son of right hon. Henry Grattan 1746–
1820). b. 7 April 1787; cornet 20 light dragoons 9 Aug. 1810;
lieut. 9 light dragoons 4 July 1811 to 18 Aug. 1814 when
placed on h.p.; M.P. for co. Wicklow 1821–41; P.C. Ireland
1841. d. Tinnehinch, co. Carlow 21 Oct. 1854.
GRATTAN, JoÜn. Ensign 18 foot 8 July 1813, lieut. col. 25 May
1853 to 31 July 1854 when placed on h.p.; col. 17 foot 1 May
1868 to death; L.G. 15 Sep. 1870; C.B. 24 Dec. 1842. d.
Brussels 29 April 1871 aged 75.
GRATTAN, TÜomas Colley (son of Colley Grattan, solicitor). b.
Dublin 1792; settled at Bordeaux 1818, Paris 1820?; proprietor
and editor of The Paris monthly review Jany. 1822 to April
1823, 15 numbers; produced Ben Nazir the Saracen, a tragedy
at Drury lane 21 May 1827; removed to Brussels 1828; British
consul to state of Massachusetts 1839–46; assisted Lord
Ashburton in treaty of Washington 1842; author of Highways
and byways or Tales of the roadside 2 vols. 1823, second ser. 3
vols. 1825, third ser. 3 vols. 1827; The history of the
Netherlands 1830; Legends of the Rhine 3 vols. 1832; Civilised
America 2 vols. 1859, and about 15 other works. d. Jermyn st.
London 4 July 1864. Dublin Univ. Mag. Dec. 1853, pp. 658–65,
portrait; Colburn’s New Monthly xxxii, 77–80 (1831), portrait.
GRATWICKE, William Gratwicke Kindlesides (son of rev. William
Kindlesides, R. of Angmering, Sussex, who took name of

Gratwicke, d. 1820). b. Angmering 1794; began racing 1825;
won the Derby with Frederick 1825, with Merry Monarch 1845;
won One thousand guineas and Oaks with Governess 1858. d.
Ham near Arundel 5 Dec. 1862. Baily’s Mag. iv, 55–9 (1862),
portrait; Sporting Review xlix, 179–80 (1863); Sporting Times
11 July 1885, p. 2.
GRAVATT, William (son of Wm. Gravatt lieut. col. R.E. who d. 13
June 1851 aged 80). b. Gravesend 14 July 1806; apprenticed
to Bryan Donkin C.E. 1822; placed under I. K. Brunel; F.R.S.
1832, F.R.A.S. 1832; worked on the Thames tunnel 1826–32
when works stopped; engineer to Calder and Hebble
navigation 1832; examined the county for original scheme of
London and Dover railway 183-; invented a level which
generally bears his name but which he called the ‘dumpy,’ also
the level staff universally employed, and a pocket instrument
called a nadir; traced the line for the Bristol and Exeter railway
75 miles in about a month 184-; printed “Companion to the
mountain barometer,” which was translated into Chinese;
A.I.C.E. 1826, M.I.C.E. 1828. d. 15 Park st. Westminster 30
May 1866, having been poisoned by an overdose of morphia
given inadvertently by his nurse. Min. of proc. of Instit. of C.E.
xxvi, 565–75 (1867).
GRAVES, Francis (son of Robert Graves d. 1825 and grandson of
Robert Graves of Catherine st. Strand, both of them
printsellers). b. 25 Dec. 1802; with A. Molteno of Pall Mall at
age of 13, removed to M. Colnaghi’s in Cockspur st. 1826;
printseller with his brother, Henry Graves 1838 to death. d. 6
Pall Mall, London 15 Oct. 1859.
GRAVES, James (eld. son of rev. Richard Graves, R. of Coolcullen).
b. Kilkenny 11 Oct. 1815; educ. Trin. coll. Dublin; B.A. 1839; C.
of Skeirke, Queen’s county 1840–46; C. of St. Patrick’s,
Kilkenny 1846–54; R. of Maine 1854–60; V. of Kilsheelan,
Clonmel 1860–66; R. of Inisnag near Kilkenny 1863 to
decease; with J. G. A. Prim established Kilkenny archæological

soc. 1849, which became R. Hist, and Archæol. assoc. of
Ireland 1869; awarded civil list pension of £100, 19 June 1878;
had finest collection of ferns in Ireland; edited A Roll of the
proceedings of the King’s council in Ireland 1392–3, (Rolls
Series 1877); author of A brief memoir of the Lady E.
Fitzgerald, The Fair Geraldine 1874; with G. A. Prim issued
History of cathedral church of St. Canice, Kilkenny 1857. d.
Inisnag 20 March 1886. Journal R. Historical Assoc. of Ireland
vii, 465–69 (1887); Academy 25 Dec. 1886, p. 427.
GRAVES, Rev. JoÜn. Scholar of Christ’s coll. Cam. 1852; B.A.
1855, M.A. 1858; lecturer in history Trinity coll. Battersea
1857–59; assist. master Kensington gram. sch. 1859–61;
classical master Cheltenham coll. 1861–74; chaplain to H.M. at
Kensington palace 1884 to death. d. Kensington palace 4
March 1888 aged 56.
GRAVES, JoÜn Crosbie . b. 19 Sep. 1820; cornet 3 Bombay cavalry
3 May 1837; lieut. col. Bombay cavalry 1866, col. 1878 to
death; L.G. 7 May 1882; C.B. 14 Aug. 1868. d. Poonah 27 Nov.
1882.
GRAVES, JoÜn TÜomas (eld. son of John Crosbie Graves of Dublin,
barrister). b. Dublin 4 Dec. 1806; entered Trin. coll. Dublin
1823, classical gold medallist and B.A. 1827, M.A. 1832;
incorporated in Oriel coll. Ox. 1830, M.A. 1831; barrister King’s
inns, Dublin 1830 and of Inner Temple 10 June 1831;
professor of jurisprudence in Univ. coll. London 1839; examiner
in laws in Univ. of London; F.R.S. 1839, member of council;
assist. poor law commissioner 7 April 1846; poor law inspector
1847 to Feb. 1871; elucidated the subject of the logarithms of
negative and imaginary quantities 1826, and sent contributions
to Philos. Trans., British Association Reports and Philos. Mag.;
bequeathed his mathematical library of 10,000 volumes and
5,000 pamphlets to Univ. coll. London. d. Cheltenham 29
March 1870. Proc. of royal society, xix, 27–28 (1871);
University coll. Gazette, vol. i, No. 12, pp. 189–90.

GRAVES, JoÜn Woodcock (son of Joseph Graves, plumber). b.
Wigton, Cumberland 9 Feb. 1795; worked with his uncle Geo.
Graves a sign painter at Cockermouth; connected with woollen
mills at Caldbeck; landed at Hobart Town, Tasmania, June
1833; invented a machine for preparing New Zealand flax;
author of the hunting song D’ye ken John Peel with his coat so
gray 1824 and other poems. d. Liverpool st. Hobart Town 17
Aug. 1886. Sidney Gilpin’s Songs of Cumberland (1866) 408–
15; I.S. and D. News 30 Oct. 1886 pp. 182 190.
Note.—John Peel, hunter died 1854. Graves wrote on hearing of the death of
his friend 2 poems “Monody on John Peel” and “At the grave of John Peel.”
GRAVES, Rev. RicÜard Hastings (son of Richard Graves, D.D., dean
of Armagh 1763–1829). b. 1791; educ. Trin. coll. Dublin, B.A.
1812, M.A. 1818, B.D. and D.D. 1828; R. of Brigown, Cloyne
1812; preb. of Cloyne 30 July 1832; edited The whole works of
Richard Graves, D.D., Dublin 4 vols. 1840; author of Daniel’s
Great period of 2300 days discovered and determined 1854;
Terminal synchronism of Daniel’s two principal periods 1858
and 10 other books. d. 118 Upper Leeson st. Dublin 26 Dec.
1877. Cotton’s Fasti Hibernici (1878) pp. xii, 27.
GRAVES, Robert (brother of Francis Graves 1802–59). b.
Tottenham court road, London 7 May 1798; pupil of John
Romney, line engraver 1812; studied in the life school, Ship
yard, Temple Bar; exhibited 25 engravings at R.A. and 13 at
Suffolk st. 1824–73; member of Soc. of British Artists, Suffolk
st.; assoc. engraver of R.A. 1836; engraved Lord Byron after T.
Phillips 1836, The Whiskey Still after Landseer 1842, the Hon.
Mrs. Graham after Gainsborough 1866, the Blue Boy after
Gainsborough 1868, and many other subjects besides
engravings for books. d. 20 Grove ter. Highgate road, London
28 Feb. 1873. I.L.N. 8 March 1873 p. 235, 15 March pp. 247,
249, portrait; Sandby’s History of Royal Academy ii. 222–3
(1862).

GRAVES, Robert James (younger brother of Richard Hastings
Graves 1791–1877). b. Dublin 27 March 1797; ed. at Trin. coll.
Dublin, B.A. 1815, M.B. 1818, M.D. 1841; spent 3 years visiting
chief continental schools 1818–21; settled in Dublin 1821; one
of founders of Park st. school of medicine 1821; one of
physicians of Meath hospital 1821; professor of institutes of
medicine to King and Queen’s college of physicians in Ireland
1827, president 1843 and 1844; started with Robert Kane
Dublin Journal of medical science 1832 and was one of the
editors to his death; F.R.S. 1849; substituted adequate
nourishment and stimulants for the old lowering treatment in
fevers; author of Clinical lectures 1834–35, 1836–7; A system
of clinical medicine 1843; Clinical lectures 1848, 2 ed. 2 vols.
1884, much praised by Trousseau the great French physician.
d. 4 Merrion sq. south, Dublin 20 March 1853. Studies in
physiology and medicine, ed. by W. Stokes (1863) pp. ix-lxxiii,
portrait; Medical Times and Gazette, viii, 1–5 (1854); Dublin
Univ. Mag. xix, 260–73 (1842), portrait.
GRAVES, Samuel Robert (2 son of William Graves of New Ross). b.
Blackwell lodge, co. Kilkenny 1818; merchant and shipowner at
Liverpool; chairman of Liverpool shipowners’ association 1856
and local marine board 1856; mayor of Liverpool 1860–61;
M.P. for Liverpool 15 July 1865 to death, on 19 Nov. 1868
polled 16,766 votes, largest number polled by any borough
member; commodore of Royal Mersey yacht club; author of A
letter on National dangers 1860; A yachting cruise on the Baltic
1863. d. Euston hotel, Euston sq. London 18 Jany. 1873,
personalty sworn under £180,000. I.L.N. l, 165, 166 (1867),
portrait, lxii, 91, 113, 114 (1873), portrait.
GRAVES, TÜomas. Entered R.N. 9 March 1816; in the Adventure
surveying vessel 1827; surveying in the Mediterranean 1832–
50; captain 3 Aug. 1846; F.R.A.S., F.G.S.; port officer Malta;
stabbed by a boatman in the street at Malta 29 Aug. 1856.
United Service Gazette 6 Sept. 1856 pp. 5, 6, 8.

GRAVES-SAWLE, Sir JoseéÜ Sawle, 1 Baronet (son of admiral John
Graves d. 6 May 1811 aged 68). b. Exeter 10 Dec. 1793; took
surname of Sawle by royal license 7 April 1815, took additional
name of Graves by r.l. 30 Nov. 1827; cr. baronet 22 March
1836. d. Ashfield house, Honiton, Devon 13 Jany. 1865.
GRAY, JoÜn Gray, 16 Baron. b. Aberdeen 12 May 1798;
succeeded 20 Aug. 1842; a representative peer for Scotland,
March 1847 to death. d. 18 Champs Elysees, Paris 31 Jany.
1867.
GRAY, Rev. Andrew (eld. son of William Gray, stocking-maker). b.
Aberdeen 2 Nov. 1805; educ. Marischal coll. 1820, M.A. 1824;
presbyterian minister at Woodside near Aberdeen 1 Sept.
1831; minister of West church, Perth 14 July 1836; minister of
the Free church, Perth 1843 to death; convenor of Glasgow
evangelisation committee 1855; author of The present conflict
between civil and ecclesiastical courts examined 1839; A
catechism of the principles of the Free church 1845; Gospel
contrasts and parallels 1862, and some pamphlets. d. Perth 10
March 1861. A. Candlish’s Memoir of A. Gray (1862), pp. ix-civ,
portrait; Wylie’s Disruption Worthies (1881); J. Smith’s Our
Scottish Clergy 3 ser. (1851), 281–8.
GRAY, CÜarles . b. Anstruther, Fifeshire 10 March 1782; second
lieut. R.M. 10 Oct. 1804; capt. 9 April 1829 to 13 Nov. 1840,
when he retired on full pay; a founder of Musomanik soc. at
Anstruther which existed 1813–17; Memb. of Soc. of
Antiquaries of Scotland; author of Poems and songs, Cupar
1811, 2 ed. Edin. 1814; Lays and Lyrics 1841; A familiar epistle
to P. M’Leod Edin. 1845; contributed to J. F. Wood’s Songs of
Scotland 3 vols. 1848–9. d. Archibald place, Edinburgh 13 April
1851. Wilson’s Poets of Scotland ii, 41–3 (1877); Conolloy’s
Eminent Men of Fife (1866) p. 207; Whistle Binkie (1878) pp.
28–32.
GRAY, David. b. Kirkaldy, Fifeshire; professor of natural
philosophy Marischal coll. Aberdeen 1845 to death. d.

Aberdeen 10 Feb. 1856 aged 45.
GRAY, David (eld. son of a hand-loom weaver). b. Merkland,
Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire 29 Jany. 1838; educ. Glasgow
univ.; private tutor; sent verses to the Glasgow Citizen; went
to London 5 May 1860 and spent his first night in Hyde park,
then lived in a garret with R. W. Buchanan; befriended by
Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and Sydney Dobell; returned
to Merkland, Jany. 1861; in Sudbrook park hydropathic
establishment, Richmond 1861; author of The Luggie and
other poems 1862; Poems, with memoirs by Lord Houghton
and others 1863, another ed. Glasgow 1874. d. of
consumption and in poverty at Merkland 3 Dec. 1861. David
Gray and other essays by Robert W. Buchanan (1868) pp. 63–
174, with portrait; J. G. Wilson’s Poets of Scotland (1877) ii,
485–88; Cornhill Mag. ix, 164–77 (1864).
GRAY, Edmund Dwyer (2 son of Sir John Gray, M.P. 1816–75). b.
Dublin 29 Dec. 1845; stockbroker; connected with the
Freeman’s Journal, became manager on his father’s death
1875, converted it into a limited co. 1887; proprietor of Belfast
Morning News; contested Kilkenny 1875, M.P. Tipperary 1877–
80, M.P. county Carlow 1880–85, M.P. St. Stephen’s Green,
Dublin 1885 to death, supported Mr. Parnell; lord mayor of
Dublin 1880, organised a famine relief fund amounting to
£180,000; high sheriff of Dublin 1882, sent to prison for 3
months for comments in Freeman’s Journal on trial of Francis
Hynes. d. Pembroke house, Upper Mount st. Dublin 27 March
1888. Freeman’s Journal 28, 29 March and 2 April 1888; Pall
Mall Gazette 28 March 1888 p. 10, portrait.
GRAY, Edward William. b. 1787; cheese factor and mealman,
Bartholomew st. Newbury, Berks. 1823; mayor of Newbury
1839–40; edited The history of Newbury, including 28 parishes
in Berks., also a Catalogue of Plants, Speenhamland 1839. d.
Woodspeen, Berks. 19 June 1860 aged 73. N. and Q. 4 ser. iii,
554, 607 (1869); Money’s Newbury (1887) pp. 410, 552.

GRAY, George Robert (youngest son of Samuel Frederick Gray,
chemist d. 1836). b. Chelsea 8 July 1809; educ. at Merchant
Taylors’ sch.; assistant zoological department British Museum
1831, assistant keeper 1869; F.R.S. 1866; author of
Entomology of Australia 1833; A list of the genera of birds
1840, 2 ed. 1841, 3 ed. 1855; Genera of birds 3 vols. 1844–
49; Hand-list of the genera and species of birds 1869–72 and
13 other books. d. London 5 May 1872. Annals of Natural
History 4 ser. ix, 480 (1872).
GRAY, Henry. F.R.C.S.; lecturer on anatomy St. George’s hospital;
took triennial prize of R. coll. surgeons 1849 for essay on
anatomy of the eye; took triennial Astley Cooper prize of £300
for researches on the spleen 1853; resident Fellow Med. Chir.
Soc. 1850; F.R.S. 1852; author of Anatomy descriptive and
surgical 1858 11 ed. 1887; The pocket Gray or anatomist’s
vade mecum 1879, 6 ed. 1886 and other books. d. of small
pox 8 Wilton st., Belgrave sq., London 8 June 1861 aged 36.
Proc. Royal Soc. xii, p. xi (1863); Proc. R. Med. Chir. Soc. iv,
78–79 (1862).
GRAY, JoÜn. b. Aberdeen 1805; educ. Gordon’s hospital; with
White and Whitmore, solicitors, London; barrister Middle
Temple 26 Jany. 1838, bencher 1863; Q.C. 4 Nov. 1863;
solicitor to the Treasury March 1871, conducted prosecution of
Arthur Orton, the Tichborne claimant 1873; author of Gray’s
Country Attorney’s practice 1836; The Country Solicitor’s
practice 1837; Gray’s Law of costs 1853. d. 16 Gloucester road,
Regent’s Park, London 22 Jany. 1875 in his 68 year. I.L.N. lxvi,
109, 110 (1875), portrait.
GRAY, Sir JoÜn (3 son of John Gray). b. Claremorris, co. Mayo
1816; M.D. practised in Dublin 1839; editor and part proprietor
of Freeman’s Journal 1841, sole proprietor 1850; indicted with
D. O’Connell for conspiracy against the queen and imprisoned
in Richmond bridewell Feb. to Sept. 1843; contested
Monaghan 1852, M.P. Kilkenny city 1865 to death; knighted by

the earl of Carlisle 30 June 1863 for his services in procuring
water for Dublin from the Vartry river; declined to serve as lord
mayor of Dublin 1868; originated movement which led to
Gladstone’s disestablishment of Irish church, and was
presented with £3,500 Aug. 1863; author of The Irish church
establishment 1866. d. Bath 9 April 1875. bur. Glasnevin
cemetery, Dublin, marble statue erected in Sackville st. Dublin
1879. I.L.N. xliii, 248 (1863) lxvi, 379 (1875); Medical Times
17 April 1875, p. 431.
GRAY, JoÜn Edward (elder bro. of George Robert Gray 1809–72).
b. Walsall, Staffs. 12 Feb. 1800; educ. St. Bartholomew’s and
Middlesex hospitals; blackballed at Linnean soc. 1822, elected
Fellow 1857; F. Entom. soc. 1824; assistant British Museum
1824, keeper of zoological department 31 March 1840,
resigned Dec. 1874, edited many catalogues of the contents of
his department; on natural history, zoology, social, educational
and sanitary questions, wrote 1162 books, papers and
memoirs 1824 to death; F.R.S. 1832, vice president; Dr. Philos.
of Munich univ. 1852; author of A hand catalogue of postage
stamps 1862, 2 ed. 1863; Handbook of British waterweeds
1864; Lizards of Australia and New Zealand 1867; Synopsis of
star fishes in British Museum 1866 and other books. d. British
Museum 7 March 1875. Athenæum 13 March 1875, p. 363;
Portraits of Men of Eminence (1863), portrait.
GRAY, Rev. JoÜn Hamilton (only son of Robert Gray of Carntyre,
Lanarks., who d. 1833). b. Glasgow 29 Dec. 1800; ed. at
Glasgow, Magd. coll., Ox. and Gottingen; B.A. Ox. 1824, M.A.
Ox. 1826; member of Scottish bar 1824–28; a constant visitor
to the continent and Italy; V. of Bolsover and Scarcliff, co.
Derby 1833–66; rural dean of Chesterfield 1847; R. of Walton-
le-Wald, co. Leicester 1866; author of On the ordaining
influence of the Holy Ghost 1837; Sermons in Rome during
Lent 1838, 1842; Bolsover Castle 1838 and other books. (m.
23 June 1829 Elizabeth Caroline eld. dau. of James Raymond
Johnstone of Alva, co. Clackmannan, she was author of Tour to

the sepulchres of Etruria 1841, 3 ed. 1843 and 3 other books,
and d. 21 Feb. 1887 aged 87), he d. 91 Sloane st. London 20
April 1867. bur. crypt of Glasgow cath. Autobiography of Rev. J.
H. Gray (1868), portrait.
GRAY, Venerable JoÜn Henry. Educ. Christ’s coll. Camb.; B.A. 1847,
M.A. 1850, LLD. 1876; D.D. of Lambeth, March 1881; C. of
Rothley, Leicester 1850–52; H.M. consular chaplain, Canton
1852–78; archdeacon of Hong Kong 1867–78; R. of Hunsdon,
Herts. 1881–84; author of China, a history of the laws,
manners and customs of the people 2 vols. 1878; Walks in the
city of Canton 1875; A journey round the world 1879;
contributed to the London and China Express a series of
papers on Chinese customs 1889–90. d. St. Leonard’s, Sussex
16 March 1890 aged 62.
GRAY, JoseéÜ Bowers (eld. son of Joseph Gray of Chelmsford). b.
1820; matric. from Magd. hall, Oxf. 24 Feb. 1848 aged 28;
principal of Berwick college, Maine, U.S.; M.A. and D. Med. d.
South Berwick 1 Nov. 1856 aged 39. G.M. ii, 247 (1887).
GRAY, Rev. JosÜua Taylor (5 son of Rev. J. Gray, pastor of College
st. church, Northampton). b. Devonport 9 Feb. 1809; educ. Mill
Hill gram. sch. and Bristol coll.; Ph.D.; pastor at Cambridge;
kept schools at North Brixton and at South Crescent, Bedford
sq. London; pastor Wellington sq. ch. Hastings 1849; tutor in
Stepney coll. 1850; author of Exercises in logic 1845;
Immortality, its real and alleged evidences 1843, 2 ed. 1847. d.
1 Stuart villa, Sydenham road, Bristol 13 July 1854. S. A.
Swaine’s Faithful men of Bristol coll. (1884) pp. 315–17.
GRAY, Louisa M. (dau. of Rev. Thomas Gray of Freech, Inverurie).
Author of Ada and Gerty, a story of school life, Edin. 1875, 2
ed. 1878; Mine own people 1884; Dunalton, the story of Jack
and his guardians 1886. d. Dec. 1888 or Jany. 1889.
GRAY, Maria Emma (dau. of Henry Smith, lieut. R.N.) b. Greenwich
hospital, Kent 1787. (m. (1) 1810 Francis Edward Gray of

Oporto and Blackheath, who d. 1814; m. (2) in 1826 John
Edward Gray 1800–75, whom she assisted in his works,
especially by her drawing); arranged Cuming collection of
shells in British Museum; author of Figures of molluscous
animals for the use of students 5 vols. 1842–74; arranged sets
of algæ for schools to encourage study; bequeathed her
collection of algæ to Cambridge univ. museum; the genus
Grayemma was called after her 1866; her husband struck a
bronze medal with their portraits on it 1863. d. 43 Russell sq.
London 9 Dec. 1876. Times 15 Dec. 1876 p. 7.
GRAY, Paul. b. Dublin; came to London 1863 aged 21; etched the
large cartoons for new series of Fun 1863; supplied the
illustrations to Kingsley’s Hereward the Wake 1866; connected
as an artist with London Journal, London Society, etc.;
illustrated Ghosts’ wives 1867 and Idyllic pictures 1867. d.
Brighton 14 Nov. 1866 aged 24. bur. R.C. cemetery, Kensal
green 17 Nov. Daily Telegraph 19 Nov. 1866 p. 5.
GRAY, Peter. b. Aberdeen 1807?; educ. Aberdeen univ.; studied
mathematics and life contingencies; hon. mem. Institution of
Actuaries; F.R. Astronom. Soc.; F.R. Micros. Soc.; consulting
actuary to Railway accident mutual assurance soc. 1874;
author of Tables and Formulæ for the computation of life
contingencies 1849; Tables for the formation of logarithms and
anti-logarithms to 12 places 1865, another ed. 1876; with H.
A. Smith and W. Orchard Assurance and annuity table on the
Carlisle rate of mortality 1851. d. 20 St. Augustine road,
Camden sq. London 17 Jany. 1887. Journ. of Instit. of
Actuaries, xxvi, pt. i, 301–2, 406; Walford’s Insurance
Cyclopædia, v, 540–41 (1878).
GRAY, RigÜt Rev. Robert (7 son of Dr. Robert Gray, bishop of
Bristol, d. 28 Sep. 1834 aged 70). b. Bishopwearmouth rectory,
Durham 3 Oct. 1809; ed. at Univ. coll. Ox., B.A. 1831, M.A.
1834, created D.D. 1847; P.C. of Whitworth, Durham 1834; V.
of Stockton on Tees, collated 30 Sep. 1845; hon. canon of

Durham cath., collated 3 Oct. 1846; the first bishop of
Capetown 28 June 1847 to death; consecrated 29 June 1847;
resigned his bishopric in order to have the diocese divided into
three parts 23 Nov. 1853; bishop of Cape Town and
metropolitan of South Africa 6 Dec. 1853; deprived Rev. W.
Long of Mowbray of his license for not attending a synod 1861,
privy council reversed the sentence 1863; deposed J. W.
Colenso, bishop of Natal for heresy 1863, privy council
reversed the sentence 1865; author of Journal of a visitation
tour in Cape Town 1850; Journal of a visitation of the diocese
of Natal 1864; Journal of a visitation of eastern portion of
diocese of Capetown 1866 and other books. d. Capetown 1
Sep. 1872. bur. Claremont ch. yard 3 Sep. Life of R. Gray,
bishop of Capetown 2 vols. (1876); Graphic, vi, 370, 372
(1872), portrait.
GRAY, Robert (son of Archibald Gray, merchant). b. Dunbar, co.
Haddington 15 Aug. 1825; clerk City of Glasgow bank 1845,
agent of branch St. Vincent st., Glasgow 1871, inspector of
branches to 1874; superintendent of branches, Bank of
Scotland 1874, cashier Edinb. 1882 to death; a great student
of ornithology; a founder of Nat. Hist. soc. of Glasgow 1851,
treasurer 1854–6, sec. 1858–71; F.R.S. Edin. 1875, vice
president 1882; sec. Royal Physical soc. Edin. 1877 which he
reformed. (m. 8 April 1856 Elizabeth dau. of Thomas Anderson
of Girvan, she made extensive geological collections and aided
her husband in his ornithological pursuits); author of The Birds
of the West of Scotland 1871. d. Bank of Scotland house,
Edinburgh 18 Feb. 1887.
GRAY, Venerable Robert. Lindsay scholar of Hatfield hall, Durham,
B.A. 1856, M.A. and B.D. 1864, D.D. 1871; C. of Leverbridge,
Lancs. 1856–8; head master of gram. schs. at Simonstown and
Georgetown, S. Africa 1858–63; head master of high sch. and
inspector of schs. of St. Helena 1864–68; archdeacon of Pieter-
Maritzburg 1868; dean of Pieter-Maritzburg 1869–70; chaplain
of Martley union, Worcs. 1878–84; V. of Toller Porcorum,

Dorset 1884 to death. d. Toller Porcorum about 15 Oct. 1887 in
56 year. Times 18 Oct. 1887 p. 6; Guardian 19 Oct. 1887 p.
1568.
GRAY, Rev. Robert Henry (eld. son of Robert Gray of Brompton).
Matric. from Ch. Ch. Oxf. 13 May 1836 aged 18, student 1836–
48, B.A. 1840, M.A. 1842; C. of Knowsley, Lancs. 1846–50; V.
of Kirkby, Liverpool 1850–77; hon. canon of Chester cath.
1867; R. of Wolsingham, Durham 1877 to death; author of
Inspiration of Holy Scripture 1859; On the difficulties of the
first chapter of Genesis 1860 and other books. d. Wolsingham
19 May 1885 aged 67.
GRAY, TÜomas (son of a schoolmaster at Westminster). Clerk in
marine department of board of trade at 30s. a week 1851,
permanent assist. sec. 1867 to death; auditor of Mersey dock
estate; especially clever in surveying steamships; author of
Rule of the road 1867; Diggles, a legend of the Victoria Docks,
By Arthur de Cripp Elgate i.e. T. Gray 1868; Under the red
ensign, or going to sea 1878; Fifty years of legislation in
relation to the shipping trade and the safety of ships and
seamen 1887; C.B. 1885. d. Rokesby house, 23 St. Michael’s
road, Stockwell, Surrey 15 March 1890 aged 58. Times 18
March 1890 p. 5; I.L.N. 29 March 1890 p. 390, portrait.
GREAM, George TÜoméson (son of Rev. Robert Gream, R. of
Rotherfield, Sussex, d. 1856). M.R.C.S. Eng. 1836; M.D. King’s
coll. Aberdeen 1850; M.R.C.P. Lond. 1859, F.R.C.P. 1867;
F.K.Q.C.P. Ireland 1867; physician accoucheur to Princess of
Wales 13 Jany. 1864; on the retirement of Sir C. Locock
became the leading west-end practitioner in midwifery; author
of Remarks on diet of children 1847; Remarks on the
employment of anæsthetic agents in midwifery 1848. d. The
Drive, Hove, Brighton 20 July 1888 aged 76. Lancet 28 July
1888 p. 189.
GREATHED, Sir Edward Harris (eld. son of Edward Harris
Greathed of Uddens near Wimborne, Dorset, d. 1 Dec. 1840

aged 63). b. South Audley st. London 8 June 1812; ed. at
Westminster 1825–9; ensign 8 foot 22 June 1832, lieut. col. 26
June 1858 to 28 Oct. 1859 when placed on h.p.; served in
India 1846–59, commanded eastern district of England 1872–
7; col. 108 foot 28 Jany. 1880 to death; general 1 July 1880;
C.B. 1 Jany. 1858, K.C.B. 28 March 1865. d. Uddens 19 Nov.
1881. Robertson’s Memorial of Sir E. H. Greathed (1885),
portrait.
GREATHED, William Wilberforce Harris (brother of the
preceding). b. Paris 21 Dec. 1826; 2 lieut. Bengal Engineers 9
Dec. 1844, lieut. col. 1 July 1867; served during Indian mutiny
1857–8; assistant military sec. Horse Guards 1861–65; chief
engineer 2 class D.P. works 7 Oct. 1870; constructed Agra
canal from the Jumna, and Lower Ganges canal 1873; general
7 July 1868; C.B. 1860. d. London 29 Dec. 1878. bur.
Hampreston ch. Dorset 4 Jany. 1879. Memorial of life of W. W.
H. Greathed (1879), portrait.
GREATHEED, Rev. Samuel SteéÜenson . Educ. at Trin. coll. Cam.,
scholar, fellow 1837; 4th wrangler 1835; B.A. 1835, M.A. 1838;
C. of West Drayton, Middlesex 1840; R. of Corringham, Essex
1862 to death; composer of The sequential book of church
music 1849; Enoch’s Prophecy 1854 an oratorio; The English
Gradual 1871 and several other works in sacred music. d.
Corringham 19 Jany. 1887 in 74 year.
GREATOREX, Henry Wellington (son of Thomas Greatorex 1758–
1831, organist of Westminster Abbey). b. Burton-on-Trent
1816; ed. by his father; went to New York 1839, teacher of
music there and organist of Calvary church; organist at St.
Paul’s chapel, New York; did much to advance the standard of
sacred music; published A collection of psalms and hymn
tunes, chants, anthems, and sentences, Boston 1851. d.
Charleston, South Carolina, Sep. 1858.
GREAVES, CÜarles (eld. son of Charles Greaves d. 1829). b.
Amwell, Herts. 19 Oct. 1816; articled to J. M. Rendel, civil

engineer, Plymouth 1831–7; was in India 1842–7 when he
made a survey for the Great Western railway of Bengal;
engineer of East London waterworks 1851–75, in Oct. 1872
was presented with £1000 for his services in carrying out
improved filter beds, pumping engines, etc. at cost of one
million; engineer at Westminster chambers, Victoria st. London
1875–78; M.I.C.E. 2 May 1848; F.G.S.; F.R. Meteorol. soc.
1851, president 1879; had a meteorological observatory Surrey
st. London 1878–83. d. Sunhill, Clevedon 4 Nov. 1883. Min. of
proc. of Instit. of C.E. lxxvi, 355–59 (1884).
GREAVES, CÜarles Sérengel (eld. son of Will. Greaves of Mayfield,
Staffs. M.D. 1771–1848). b. 18 July 1801; ed. at Rugby and
Queen’s coll. Ox., B.A. 1823, M.A. 1825; barrister L.I. 22 Nov.
1827, bencher 15 April 1850; Q.C. 28 Feb. 1850; one of secs.
to criminal law commission 1878; author of The proper time
for the publication of Banns 1867; A review of the statutes,
rubrics and canons relating to vestments 1867; edited Sir W.
O. Russell’s Treatise on crimes and misdemeanours 2 vols., 3
ed. 1843, 3 vols. 4 ed. 1865. d. 11 Blandford sq. London 3
June 1881.
GREAVES, Edward. b. 21 Sep. 1803; a banker at Warwick; mayor
of Warwick 1840; M.P. for Warwick 1852–65 and 1868–74. d.
Avonside, Barford, Warwickshire 6 July 1879.
GREAVES, Henley George (son of Geo. Greaves d. 1860). b. 9 Oct.
1818; master of the Cottesmore hounds 1847–52, of the Essex
1853–58, of the Warwickshire 1858–61, of the Vale of White
Horse 1861–63, of the old Berkshire 1863. d. Winslow, Bucks.
14 Aug. 1872.
GREAVES, RicÜard . Lieut. 7 foot 16 July 1812; major 34 foot
1828 to 21 Jany. 1837 when placed on h.p.; col. of 40 foot 15
Dec. 1851 to death; general 25 Oct. 1871. d. 69 Chester sq.
London 22 May 1872 aged 79.

GREEN, Rev. Aaron Levy (youngest son of Levy Green). b.
Middlesex st. Aldgate, London, Aug. 1821; ed. at Talmud Torah
sch.; minister of the Bristol congregation May 1838 to 1851;
second reader of Greek synagogue, Duke st. Aldgate, March
1851; minister of old Portland st. branch synagogue 1855;
hon. sec. to Jews’ coll. Finsbury sq. 1852; a founder of Jewish
assoc. for diffusion of religious knowledge 1860; a founder of
Anglo Jewish assoc. 1871; a scholar in many languages;
author of pamphlets; a writer in The Jewish Chronicle under
name of Nemo 1853–83; seized with apoplexy in Cornhill, and
on being taken to St. Bartholomew’s hospital was found to be
dead 11 March 1883. Jewish Chronicle 16 March 1883 pp. 9–
13.
GREEN, Sir Andrew Pellatt. Entered navy 14 April 1793; in the
Harrier sloop at capture of Coxhaven 1813, and as a volunteer
at Gluckstadt 1814; captain 12 April 1814, placed on h.p.
1820; naval A.D.C. to William iv. 1837 and to Victoria 1841;
V.A. on h.p. 31 Jany. 1856; K.H. 1818, K.C.H. 24 Aug. 1832. d.
9 James st. Buckingham gate, London 26 Dec. 1858 aged 81.
GREEN, Benjamin RicÜard (son of James Green, portrait painter
1771–1834). b. London 1808; studied in R. Academy sch. and
painted figures and landscapes; memb. Instit. of painters in
water colours 1834; teacher of drawing and a lecturer;
exhibited 40 works at R.A. and 38 at Suffolk st. 1832–62; sec.
of Artists’ Annuity Fund; author of A numismatic atlas of
ancient history 1829; A series of heads after the Antique 1836;
A guide to pictorial perspective 1851. d. London 5 Oct. 1876.
GREEN, Bevis Ellerby. Apprenticed to Mr. Hurst of Longman’s
1807, a partner 1824 to June 1865 when he retired; was only
remaining partner of the old firm of Longman, Hurst, Rees,
Orme, Brown and Green, publishers Paternoster row. d. 5
Kensington palace gardens 24 Jany. 1869 aged 75, will proved
March 1869 personalty under £200,000.

GREEN, CÜarles (son of Thomas Green, fruiterer d. 1850). b. 92
Goswell road, London 31 Jany. 1785; fruiterer with his father;
made first balloon ascent from Green park, London 19 July
1821 using carburetted hydrogen gas; went up on the back of
a pony 16 Aug. 1828; constructed Great Nassau balloon for
Vauxhall gardens 1836; went in the Nassau from London to
Nassau, Germany 7–8 Nov. 1836; ascended with Robert
Cocking 24 July 1837 when Cocking in coming down in a
parachute was killed; ascended to height of 5–1/4 miles 10
Sep. 1838; farewell and last of 527 voyages, at Vauxhall 13
Sep. 1852; invented the guide rope to regulate ascent and
descent of balloon. d. Ariel villa, 51 Tufnell park road,
Holloway, London 26 March 1870. Mason’s Aeronautica (1838)
1–98, portrait; Turnor’s Astra Castra (1865) 129 etc., 2
portraits; I.L.N. 16 April 1870 p. 401, portrait.
GREEN, CÜristoéÜer. b. near Wisbeach 1820; rode for Mr.
Willoughby, Ben Land and Earl Poulett 1850; a trainer at
Littleport, Isle of Ely, removed to Newmarket 1859; won the
Grand National on Abd-el-Kader 1850 and on Half Caste 1859.
d. Wisbeach 26 Feb. 1874. Illust. sporting and dramatic news,
i, 61–2 (1874), portrait.
GREEN, Eliza S. Craven (dau. of Mr. Craven). b. Leeds 1803; lived
for sometime in Isle of Man and in Manchester, then returned
to Leeds; a contributor of poetry and prose sketches to the
Phœnix 1828, Falcon 1831, both Manchester magazines, to the
Odd-fellows’ Magazine 1841, Leeds Intelligencer 1816, La
Follet 1846, Hogg’s Instructor and Chambers’s Journal; had a
grant from queen’s privy purse; author of A legend of Mona,
Douglas 1825; Sea weeds and heath flowers, Douglas 1858, 2
ed.; edited Flowers from the glen, By J. Waddington 1862. d.
Meanwood st., Little London, Leeds 11 March 1866. Biographia
Leodiensis (1867), Suppl. 610; W. Grainge’s Poets of Yorkshire,
ii, 505.

GREEN, Frank William. Author of Cherry and fair star, burlesque
at Surrey theatre 1874; Jack and the beanstalk, pantomime at
Garrison theatre, Woolwich 1874; Jack the giant killer,
pantomime Surrey theatre 1875; Cinderella, pantomime at
Prince of Wales’ theatre, Birmingham 1877; also wrote Gulliver
and the fair Persian, Lothair for Theatre royal, Liverpool, and
Hop o’ my Thumb for T.R. Brighton. d. 5 Staple inn, Holborn,
London 16 April 1884 aged 42.
GREEN, Rev. Henry (son of a paper maker). b. Penshurst, Kent 23
June 1801; educ. Glasgow univ., M.A. 1825; minister
Presbyterian ch. Knutsford, Cheshire, Jany. 1827, resigned
June 1872, also kept a school; one of founders of Holbein soc.
1868, member of council; a student of the early emblem
writers; author of Sir I. Newton’s Views on Trinitarian doctrine
1856; The cat in chancery, Manchester 1858, anon.; Knutsford
and its traditions 1859; edited 6 works for Holbein soc., and
about 15 other books. d. Knutsford 9 Aug. 1873. Unitarian
Herald 22 Aug. 1873.
GREEN, JoÜn (son of Mr. Green, agricultural implement maker).
b. Newton Fell house, Nafferton, Northumberland 20 June
1787; partner with his father, when they removed to
Corbridge; removed to Newcastle, architect there 1821;
designed and executed the chain bridge over the Tyne at
Scotswood 1831; built bridges over the Tees and the Ouse, the
theatre and Grey column at Newcastle, the Durham monument
on Pensher hill, and churches at Stockton and Middlesbrough;
M.I.C.E. 1840. d. Newcastle 30 Sep. 1852. Minutes of proc. of
Instit. of C.E. xiii, 138–40 (1854).
GREEN, JoÜn. Actor at old English opera house, London, and at
Covent Garden; manager of the Cider Cellars in Maiden lane,
Strand, London, and singer there; chairman and conductor of
music at Evans’ hall 43 King st. Covent Garden 1842–4;
manager and proprietor in succession to W. C. Evans (who d.
1855) of Evans’s hotel and music hall 1844 to 1865 when he

sold it for £30,000 to a joint stock company which took
possession 24 June 1865; gave evidence before committee on
theatrical licences 1866; his theatrical portraits were sold at
Christie’s 22 July 1871; always known as Paddy Green; author
of Odds and Ends about Covent Garden 1866. d. 6 Farm st.
May Fair, London 12 Dec. 1874 aged 73. House of Commons
Papers, xvi, 200–204 (1866).
GREEN, Sir JoÜn. Vice consul at Nauplia 1 May 1835; agent and
consul general for united principalities of Moldavia and
Wallachia 12 Jany. 1867 to 16 Feb. 1874 when he retired on a
pension; C.B. 25 Oct. 1865; knighted at Windsor Castle 7 July
1874. d. Marienbad 18 Sep. 1877 aged 69.
GREEN, JoÜn (son of John Green of Greenville, co. Kilkenny). b.
1815; lieut. 5 light dragoons; lieut. 4 dragoon guards; M.P. co.
Kilkenny 1847–65. d. London 16 June 1883.
GREEN, JoÜn George. b. Buckden, Hunts.; gentleman usher to
William iv. and Victoria 1832 to death; probably last surviving
military officer who was on duty at Nelson’s funeral in St. Paul’s
cathedral 9 Jany. 1806. d. in same room in which he was born
at Buckden 5 Jany. 1882 aged 94.
GREEN, JoÜn PÜilié (only son of Rev. Henry Green). b. 1830; ed.
at Univ. college, London, B.A. London 1849, LL.B. 1853;
barrister M.T. 17 Nov. 1856; went to Bombay 1862; judge of
high court of judicature Bombay 22 Feb. 1873 to 1881; lived at
or near Naples 1881 to death; edited Bombay High Court
Reports 1862–65, 1870. Killed by an earthquake at
Casamicciola in the island of Ischia 28 July 1883.
GREEN, Rev. JoÜn RicÜard (elder son of Richard Green of St.
Aldates, Oxford, parish clerk of St. Mary the Virgin, d. 1849). b.
Oxford 12 Dec. 1837; educ. Magdalen coll. sch.; scholar of
Jesus coll. 1853–60, B.A. 1860, M.A. 1862, hon. fellow 1877–
83; LLD. Edin. 1878; C. of St. Barnabas, King’s sq. London
1860–3; C. of Holy Trinity, Hoxton 1863–6; P.C. of St. Philip,

Stepney 1866–9; hon. librarian Lambeth palace 1869 to death;
author of A Short history of the English people 1874, numerous
editions; History of the English people 4 vols. 1877–80; The
making of England 1881 and other books; edited History
primers 6 vols. 1875–84; Literature primers 6 vols. 1875–9;
Classical writers 7 vols. 1879–82. d. Mentone 7 March 1883.
The conquest of England, finished by Mrs. Green (1883),
portrait; Contemporary Review xliii, 732–46 (1883); Fortnightly
Review xxxiii, 734–47 (1883); Macmillan’s Mag. May 1883 pp.
59–74.
GREEN, JonatÜan. b. 1788; M.R.C.S. Eng. 7 Dec. 1810; M.D.
Heidelberg 1834; F.R. Med. Chir. soc. 1835; surgeon R.N.;
introduced and established fumigating baths 5 Bury st. St.
James’, London 1823, removed to 40 Great Marlborough st.
1825, but the baths were not successful; author of The utility
of fumigating baths 1823; A practical compendium of diseases
of the skin 1835 and other books. d. in the Charterhouse,
London 23 Feb. 1864.
GREEN, JoseéÜ Henry (only son of Joseph Green, merchant d.
1833). b. London 1 Nov. 1791; M.R.C.S. 1815, member of
council 1835, president 1849, 1858, delivered Hunterian
orations 1840 and 1847; in practice at 22, then at 46 Lincoln’s
inn fields 1815–36; surgeon St. Thomas’ hospital 1820–53,
consulting surgeon 1853; gave sir Astley Cooper £1000 for half
of his anatomical preparations 3 Aug. 1820; professor of
anatomy R.C. Surgeons 1824, and Royal academy 1825–52;
F.R.S. 1825; a great lithotomist, in 1827 he operated on 40
cases, with only one death; professor of surgery King’s coll.
London 1830–6; resided Hadley, Middlesex 1836 to death;
D.C.L. Oxf. 9 June 1853; the companion and friend of
Coleridge; author of The dissector’s manual 1820; A manual of
modern surgery 1828; Spiritual philosophy 2 vols. 1865 and
other works. d. The Mount, Hadley 13 Dec. 1863. bur.
Highgate cemetery. Spiritual Philosophy by J. H. Green, Memoir

by J. Simon in i, pp. i-lx (1865), portrait; Waagen’s Treasures
of Art ii, 458–61 (1854).
GREEN, RicÜard (son of George Green, partner in firm of Green,
Wigram and Green, owners of a line of East India ships). b.
Blackwall Dec. 1803; partner in his father’s business, which on
G. Green’s death was dissolved; partner with his brother Henry
Green, commenced a line of Australian ships 1850, and a line
to China 1862; established a sailors’ home 1830 and instituted
a course of navigation for his officers and men; chairman of
committee of Thames marine officers training ship ‘Worcester.’
d. at his sister’s residence 7 Hanover ter. Regent’s park,
London 17 Jany. 1863; left the site and a perpetual
endowment for Sailors’ Home at Poplar; personalty sworn
under £350,000 14 March 1863. I.L.N. Jany. 1863 pp. 120,
126, portrait; Times 20, 27 Jany. 11 Feb. 1863.
GREEN, RicÜard . b. Islington, March 1783; bookseller at
Framlingham about 1824 to death; postmaster 1853 to death;
author of The history of Framlingham 1834; The strangers’
guide to Framlingham 1853, 3 ed. 1878. d. Framlingham 8
June 1873.
GREEN, Robert. A baritone vocalist at Canterbury and Oxford
music halls London, where he appeared in selections from
Offenbach and other composers 1865 etc.; sang at the
Alhambra. d. Clayton hospital, Wakefield 14 March 1882 from
hydrophobia.
GREEN, Roger. b. Youghal, co. Cork 4 Nov. 1798; M.D. Edin.,
Aug. 1826; founded Youghal literary and scientific institution
1833. d. Youghal 4 Oct. 1851. Medical Directory 1852 pp. 661–
2.
GREEN, TÜomas Hiden. Kept cows and a milk shop in Cato st.
Edgware road, London; betrayed Arthur Thistlewood and the 4
other conspirators to the government, they were arrested 23
Feb. 1820 and executed 1 May; changed his name from Hiden

to Green; rewarded with a place in the stamping department
Somerset house, and a retiring pension; murdered his landlord
Louis Keyzor at Whitton near Hounslow 11 Oct. 1869, shot
himself through the heart at 13 Keyzor place, Whitton same
day aged 81. Times 14 Oct. 1869 p. 7.
GREEN, TÜomas Hill (youngest son of Valentine Green, R. of
Birkin, Yorkshire). b. Birkin 7 April 1836; educ. Rugby 1850–5
and Ball. coll. Oxf., B.A. 1859, M.A. 1862, fellow 1860–82,
senior dean 1865, ethical lecturer and tutor 1869, dean 1871–
72, classical tutor 1875, Whyte professor of moral philosophy
21 Dec. 1877 to death; assist. commissioner on middle class
schools 1864–6; set up a coffee tavern in St. Clement’s, Oxford
1875; his character is described in Mrs. Ward’s Robert Elsmere
1888 under the name of Mr. Gray; edited The philosophical
works of David Hume 1874. d. at house of H. P. Symonds,
F.R.C.S., 35 Beaumont st. Oxford 26 March 1882. The works of
T. H. Green (1888), memoir in iii, pp. xi-clxi, portrait;
Macmillan’s Mag., May 1882 p. 87.
GREEN, Rev. TÜomas Louis (5 son of John Green of Solihull,
Warws.) b. Stourbridge, Worcs. 1799; ed. at Sedgley Park sch.
and Oscott coll.; R.C. priest at Tixall, Staffs. 1830–46; chaplain
at St. Mary’s priory, Princethorpe near Coventry 1848–58;
chaplain to Lord Acton at Aldenham park near Bridgnorth
1860–82; created D.D. in Shrewsbury cath. 20 Oct. 1866;
author of The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, The Catholic Church vindicated 2 vols. 1838–40 and 6
other books. d. Salter’s hall, Newport, Salop 27 Feb. 1883.
Gillow’s English Catholics iii, 27–32 (1887).
GREENALL, Ven. RicÜard (4 son of Edward Greenall of
Wilderspool near Warrington, Lancs. brewer and banker d. 20
Nov. 1835). b. 11 May 1806; educ. Brasen. coll. Ox., B.A. 1828,
M.A. 1831; P.C. of Stretton, Cheshire 1831 to death; rural dean
1839 to death; hon. canon of Chester 1865 to death;

archdeacon of Chester 26 Sep. 1866 to death; author of
sermons. d. Wilton house, Northwick, Cheshire 27 Nov. 1867.
GREENE, JoÜn Baker Stafford (eld. son of John Alfred Greene,
barrister of King’s inns, Dublin). b. 1833; B.A. and M.B. Trin.
coll. Dublin 1853; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1853; assist. surgeon 1 foot
1854–56, served in Crimean campaign, present at Alma,
Inkerman and Sebastopol; barrister of M.T. 7 June 1858; LL.B.
London univ. 1859; a writer for periodicals; was with Sir Rich.
M’Cormack’s ambulance during siege of Paris 1870; author of
The Hebrew migration from Egypt 1879, 2 ed. 1883; Notes on
Ireland 1886. d. suddenly 13 Clements’ inn, Strand, London 22
June 1888. Times 26 June 1888 p. 10.
GREENE, JoÜn Stock Turner (eld. son of Thomas Green of
Bedford, Lancs.) b. 12 Dec. 1803; ed. at Pemb. coll. Camb.;
barrister M.T. 27 Nov. 1829; judge of county courts circuit No.
10 (Lancashire) March 1847 to March 1872. d. Southworth
house near Wigan 16 June 1874.
GREENE, RicÜard Wilson (son of Sir Jonas Greene, recorder of
Dublin d. 1828). b. Dublin 1792; ed. at Trin. coll. Dublin; called
to bar in Ireland 1814; K.C. 13 July 1830; bencher of King’s
Inns 1834; first sergeant 23 May 1835; solicitor general for
Ireland Nov. 1842 to Dec. 1845; attorney general Jany. to July
1846; received a patent of precedence 1851; a baron of court
of exchequer in Ireland 1852–61; P.C. Ireland 1846; author of
A report of the King against W. O’Grady respecting office of
clerk of the pleas 1816; A report of the trial of D. Waring for
perjury 1817. d. 49 Stephens green, Dublin 23 March 1861.
GREENE, TÜomas (eld. son of Thomas Greene of Slyne, Lancs.
1737–1810). b. 19 Jany. 1794; educ. Oriel coll. Ox., B.A. 1814,
M.A. 1817; barrister G.I. 12 May 1819, but never practised,
bencher 1838 to death; M.P. for Lancaster 1824–52 and 1853–
7; chairman of committees of house of commons 17 Sep. 1841
to 1847; sheriff of Lancashire 1823. d. Whittington hall,
Westmoreland 8 Aug. 1872.

GREENE, TÜomas Webb (2 son of Thomas Webb Green of Lichfield
d. 10 Jany. 1842). b. 1804; ed. at Repton gr. sch. and Trin.
hall, Cam., LL.B. 1833, LL.M. 1859; barrister M.T. 23 Nov.
1832, bencher 1858; Q.C. Jany. 1858; leader in V.C. Stuart’s
court 1868–75; member of council on law reporting 22 Feb.
1865, chairman to death. d. 9 Upper Wimpole st. London 14
Nov. 1875.
GREENHOW, Edward Headlam. b. North Shields 1814; practised
with his father in North Shields and Tynemouth 1834–52; M.D.
King’s coll. Aberdeen 1852; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1859, censor 1880–
81, Croonian lecturer 1875; settled in London 1853; lecturer on
public health at St. Thomas’ hospital 1855, the first
appointment of the kind in England; physician Middlesex
hospital 1870; a founder of Clinical soc. 1867, treasurer 1867–
79, president 1879; F.R.S. 2 June 1870; retired to Reigate
1881; author of On diphtheria 1860; On Addison’s disease
1866; On bronchitis 1878 and other works. d. of syncope at
Charing Cross railway station 22 Nov. 1888. Lancet 1 Dec.
1888 pp. 1104–6.
GREENING, Henry. b. Bromsgrove, Worcestershire 1809; articled
to E. W. Oldaker of Pershore, solicitor; a special pleader about
1834; retired from practice 1880; author of A collection of
forms of declarations 1837, 2 ed. 1852; edited Chitty’s Treatise
on pleading, 7 ed. 3 vols. 1844. d. St. Leonards-on-Sea 31 July
1881 in 72 year. bur. Highgate cemetery.
GREENOUGH, George Bellas (son of George Bellas, proctor
Doctors’ Commons, d. 12 July 1784). b. 18 Jany. 1778; ed. at
Eton; took name of Greenough after his grandfather 179-;
entered Pemb. coll. Cam. 1795, resided 9 terms; active
member of Royal Institution 1801–7, sec. several years; M.P.
for Gatton, Surrey 1807–12; chief founder of Geological society
1807, president 1811–18, 1833–35; F.L.S. 1811; president R.
Geog. soc. 1839, 1840; author of A critical examination of the
first principles of geology 1819; Memoirs of a geological map

of England 1820; Addresses at meetings of Geological soc.
1834, 1835, 1840; published Geological map of England and
Wales 1819; General sketch of physical and geological features
of India, 9 sheets 1854; A physical and geological map of
England and Wales 1865. d. Naples 2 Aug. 1855, bust in Geol.
soc. apartments, bequeathed his books and maps to Geological
and R. Geographical societies. Quarterly journal of Geological
soc. xii, 26–34 (1856); Journ. R. Geogr. soc. xxv, p. lxxxviii.
GREENSTREET, JoÜn. Entered Bengal army 1795; colonel 60
Bengal N.I. 1 May 1824 to death; general 20 June 1854. d.
Frenchay near Bristol 9 April 1856 aged 74.
GREENWELL, DorotÜy (only dau. of William Thomas Greenwell of
Greenwell Ford, Durham 1777–1854). b. Greenwell Ford 6 Dec.
1821; known as Dora Greenwell; lived with her mother at
Durham 1847–65, resided 12 Great College st. Westminster
1874; author of Poems 1848; Stories that might be true 1850;
The patience of hope 1860, another ed. 1863; Songs of
Salvation 1873; Lacordaire, a memoir 1867; Camera Obscura
1876 and 12 other works. d. 8 Alma road, Clifton 29 March
1882. W. Dorling’s Memoirs of D. Greenwell (1885).
GREENWOOD, George (2 son of Wm. Greenwood of Brookwood
park, Hants., d. 1844 aged 80). b. 10 June 1799; ed. at Eton;
cornet 2 life guards 1817, lieut. col. 1837 to 1840 when he
retired; reduced weight of helmet from 8 lb. to 3 lb. 1840; the
best breaker in of horses of his day; published Hints on
horsemanship 1839, new ed. 1861, the best book on the
subject ever done; The tree lifter 1844, 3 ed. 1876; Rain and
rivers, or Hutton and Playfair against Lyell and all comers 1857,
2 ed. 1866. d. Brookwood park 3 Nov. 1875. River terraces
(1877), with memoir, pp. ix-xv.
GREENWOOD, JoÜn (brother of the preceding). b. 24 July 1800;
ed. at Eton and Jesus coll. Cam., B.A. 1822, M.A. 1825;
barrister L.I. and M.T. 8 Feb. 1828; Q.C. Dec. 1848; bencher of
M.T. 1848; recorder of Portsmouth 1847–8, of Devonport Dec.

1848–51; assist. solicitor to the Treasury 1851 to June 1866,
solicitor June 1866 to death; author of The Law Journal, a
digest of cases in the Law Journal and Reports 1823; The law
of loan societies 1846. d. 53 Chester sq. London 12 Feb. 1871.
I.L.N. lviii, 163, 315 (1871).
GREENWOOD, JoÜn (eld. son of Frederick Greenwood of Norton
Conyers, Ripon). b. Ryshworth hall, Yorkshire 20 Feb. 1830;
educ. Eton and Christ Church, Ox., B.A. 1851; M.P. for Ripon
1857–65. d. 7 Chandos st. Cavendish sq. London 21 Feb. 1874.
GREENWOOD, JoÜn Beswicke (eld. son of Abram Greenwood). b.
1796; ed. at Eton and Caius coll. Cam., B.A. 1818, M.A. 1821;
barrister L.I. 22 Nov. 1821; police magistrate at Clerkenwell
court, London 1837 to May 1847; chairman of West Riding
quarter sessions; author of The early ecclesiastical history of
Dewsbury 1859. d. Moor house, Dewsbury 9 Oct. 1879. I.L.N.
x, 332 (1847), portrait.
GREENWOOD, TÜomas. b. 1790; ed. at St. John’s coll. Cam., B.A.
1815, M.A. 1831; barrister G.I. 24 June 1817, bencher 1837 to
death, treasurer 1841–2; fellow of Univ. of Durham, reader in
history and polite literature there; author of Cathedra Petri, a
survey of the papal supremacy 1843, another ed. 1856;
Position and prospects of the churches of Great Britain and
Ireland with reference to the establishment of a Roman
Catholic hierarchy 1851. d. 14 Westbourne ter. Hyde Park,
London 1 Nov. 1871.
GREENWOOD, TÜomas. b. Gildersome near Leeds; a machine and
tool maker Leeds 1833; manager for Sir Peter Fairbairn at
Leeds to 1856; constructed machinery for manufacture of the
Enfield rifle and other war stores 1854; partner with John
Batley at Leeds 1856; established a small arms manufactory in
Russia 1871; A.I.C.E. 4 Feb. 1860. d. Gipsy hill near the Crystal
palace 9 Feb. 1873. bur. Woodhouse cemetery, Leeds. Minutes
of proc. of Instit. of C.E. xxxviii, 311–13 (1874); Leeds Times
15 Feb. 1873 p. 5.

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