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1. CURRICULUM CONCEPT GIAN C. RAMON MAEd Student

2. “More important than the curriculum is the question of the methods of teaching and the spirit in which the teaching is given” - Bertrand Russell

3. Introduction: The concept of curriculum is as dynamic as the changes that occur in society. In its narrow sense, curriculum is viewed merely as a listing of subject to be taught in school. In a broader sense, it refers to the total learning experiences of individuals not only in schools but also in society.

4. Meaning & Definition of Curriculum: The term curriculum has been derived from a Latin word “ Currere ” which means a „race course‟ or a runway on which one runs to reach a goal. Curriculum is the instructional and the educative program by following which the pupils achieve their goals, ideals and aspirations of life.

5. The traditional curriculum was subject- centered while the modern curriculum is child and life-centered. (education is uni -polar, bipolar and tri-polar) Aims of education (Dr.B.S.Blooms-1956) are reflected in the curriculum. In other words, the curriculum is determined by the aims of life and society.

6. Traditional & Modern forms

7. Definitions: Curriculum is tool in the hand of the artist (teacher) to mold his material in accordance with his ideals in the school – Cunningham The curriculum includes all the learners’ experience in or outside school that are included in a program which has been devised to help him developmentally, emotionally, socially, spiritually and morally”.- Crow and Crow All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school- Kerr…

8. ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS OF THE CURRICULUM The major components or elements in Curriculum are: 1 . Aims, Goals and Objectives ( which should be fulfill ) 2. Subject Matter/Content ( What Syllabi to be covered ) 3. Learning Experiences ( What type of Activities to be performed ) 4. Evaluation Approaches ( Strategies & Techniques )

9. Types of Curriculum Operating in Schools Allan Glatthorn (2000) describes seven types of curriculum operating in the schools. Recommended curriculum- proposed by scholars and professional organizations. Written curriculum- appears in school, district, division or country documents. Taught curriculum- what teachers implement or deliver in the classrooms and schools.

10. Types of Curriculum Operating in Schools Supported curriculum- resources textbook computers, audio visual materials which support and help in the implementation of the curriculum. Assessed curriculum- that which is tested and evaluated. Learned curriculum- what the students actually learn and what is measured Hidden curriculum- the unintended curriculum.

11. Need and importance of curriculum development (or construction) Well planned & Developed Curriculum should be fulfill the gapes like… Clear purpose and goals Continuous assessment and improvement of quality A rational sequence Making strategy in teaching and learning Helps in the selection of learning experiences

12. Curriculum Authors & Developers

13. Ralph Tyler (1940) Known as the "Father of Modern Curriculum Theory" Developed the Tyler Model

14. The brilliance of Tyler’s model is that it was one of the first models and it was and still is a highly simple model consisting of four steps. Determine the school’s purposes (aka objectives) Identify educational experiences related to purpose Organize the experiences Evaluate the purposes The Tyler Model

15. Hilda Taba ( 1902 – 1967) Estonian-American educator and curriculum theorist Advocated for a grassroots approach to curriculum development Developed the Taba Model, which emphasizes a bottom-up approach Believed in the importance of teacher involvement in curriculum design

16. Under the Taba Model teachers are expected to begin each curriculum by creating specific teaching-learning units and building to a general design. According to Khwaja , Akhtar, & Mirza ( n.d. ), "the Taba model was an attempt to ensure that decisions about curriculum are made on the basis of valid criteria and not whim or fancy."

17. John Dewey American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer One of the most influential figures in education in the 20th century Emphasized experiential learning and the role of education in democratic society Wrote "Democracy and Education" (1916), which shaped progressive education

18. In Dewey's view : C hildren should be allowed to explore their environments. He believed in  an interdisciplinary curriculum , or a curriculum that focuses on connecting multiple subjects . The role of the teacher in this setting would be to serve more as a facilitator than an instructor.

19. Franklin Bobbitt(1918) One of the pioneers of curriculum studies in the United States. Focused on the scientific approach to curriculum design. Introduced the concept of "social efficiency" in education. Authored " The Curriculum " (1918), advocating for curriculum as a tool for social efficiency.

20. Social Efficiency is an educational theory that focuses on preparing students to fulfill specific roles in society, particularly in the workforce. Bobbitt argued that education should be designed to produce individuals who are efficient, productive, and able to contribute to the needs of society. His ideas were heavily influenced by the industrial revolution and the emerging needs of a modern, industrialized society.

21. Maria Montessori Italian physician and educator Developed the Montessori Method Focused on child-centered education and developmental stages Curriculum emphasized independence, hands-on learning, and collaborative play

22. The Maria Montessori Theory is an educational approach that emphasizes individualized instruction and self-paced learning. It is based on the belief that children are naturally curious and capable of learning independently.  she believed that education should be tailored to each child’s unique needs and interests. An approach that has been shown to promote children’s academic success and social-emotional development.  Maria Montessori Theory

23. Jerome Bruner American psychologist who made significant contributions to cognitive psychology and educational theory Introduced the concept of the " spiral curriculum " – Emphasized the importance of structure and readiness in learning

24. A spiral curriculum is one in which there is an iterative revisiting of topics, subjects or themes throughout the course. A spiral curriculum is not simply the repetition of a topic taught. It requires also the deepening of it, with each successive encounter building on the previous one.

25. Jerome Bruner identified three stages of cognitive representation. Enactive , which is the representation of knowledge through actions. Iconic , which is the visual summarization of images. Symbolic representation, which is the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.

26. Paulo Freire Brazilian educator and philosopher Best known for his work on critical pedagogy Authored "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" (1968) Advocated for education as a tool for social change and empowerment

27. Paulo Freire created “critical pedagogy”, where the teacher doesn't teach, but is learning while in dialogue with the students. And the students learn while teaching. In critical pedagogy, the student's actions aren't limited to receiving, sorting and storing the teacher's banking deposit.

28. Pedagogy of the Oppressed Freire highlights how the objectification of the oppressed in society, alongside uncritical models of education, results in the internalization of oppression. The oppressed internalize “the image of the oppressor and [adopt] his guidelines”, and become fearful of freedom.