concept of theories of aging ppt

this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.

1. CONCEPTS OF THEORIES OF AGING PRESENTED TO: MRS MAMTA TOPPO CLASS COORDINATOR COLLEGE OF NURSING RIMS PREESENTED BY : SAKSHI KUMARI BASIC BSC NURSING ,3 rd YEAR COLLEGE OF NURSING ,RIMS

2. CONTENT Introduction Definition Historical aspects Classification of aging Concepts of aging Chronologic aging Biologic aging Psychologic aging Social aging Cognitive aging Theories of aging Biologic theories Psychosocial theories Summary

3. INTRODUCTION Aging is the process of becoming older .The process of aging is a complex one that can be described chronologically, physiologically and functionally . Various theories have been proposed to explain the process of normal aging and help dispel some of the myths . A set of biological and psychological theories of aging provide guidelines to determine how well a patient is adjusting to aging .

4. DEFINITION Aging is defined as a maturational process that creates the need for individual adaptation because of physical and psychological declines that occur during a lifetime .

5. HISTORICAL ASPECTS Research on aging began around twentieth century. Metchnikoff introduced concept that aging was caused by continuous absorption of toxins from intestinal bacteria ,and received nobel prize in 1908 . Systematic studies that described the aging phenomena in terms of all morphology, physiology and biochemistry began about 1950 .

6. Current modified versions of aging theories have been introduced that involve the immune system ,the neuroendocrine system,failure in DNA repair ,mutation of cells ,errors in protein and damage from free radicals .

7. CLASSIFICATION OF AGING Chronological age: Refers to the number of years a person has lived . It is the most commonly used objective method . Physiologic age : Refers to the determination of age by body function Functional age : Refers to a person’s ability to contribute to society and benefit others & himself .

8. Chronological categories : In an attempt to further define the aging population , old age has been divided into chronological categories. Young-old (ages 65-74) Middle –old (ages 75-84) Old-old (ages 85 &older )

9. CONCEPTS OF AGING Chronologic aging Biologic aging Psychologic aging Social aging Cognitive aging

10. CHRONOLOGIC AGING Chronological age refers to the actual amount of time a person has been alive. In other words ,the number of days , months or years , a person has been alive.

11. BIOLOGIC AGING Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of body function. Biological aging refers to the physical changes that “slow us down” as human get into middle and older years. Example : arteries might clog up ,or problems with lungs might make it more difficult for us to breathe . It is also known as “physiologic aging” .

12. PSYCHOLOGIC AGING Psychologic aging refers to the psychological changes ,including those involving mental functioning and personality. Chronological age is not always the same as biological or psychological age . Some people who are 65 , can look and act much younger than some who are 50.

13. SOCIAL AGING Social aging refers to changes in a person’s roles and relationships, both within their networks of relatives and friends and in formal organizations such as the workplace . Social aging differ from one individual to another .

14. COGNITIVE AGING Cognitive aging is the decline in cognitive processing that occurs as people gets older. Age related impairments in reasoning , memory and processing speed can arise during adulthood and progress into the elder years.

15. THEORIES OF AGING Each theory of aging attempts to provide a framework to understand aging from different perspectives. Each theory is useful to the clinician because a framework and insight into differences among elderly patients are provided .

16. The theories of aging are classified into: Biologic theories Psychosocial theories

17. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING Biological theories attempt to explain physical aging as an involuntary process, which eventually leads to cumulative changes in cells , tissues & fluids. Intrinsic Biological Theory: Intrinsic biological theory maintains that aging changes arise from internal, predetermined causes.

18. Extrinsic Biological Theory: Extrinsic biological theory maintains that environmental factors lead to structural alterations , which in turn, causes degenerative changes.

19. THE FREE RADICAL THEORY This now very famous theory of aging was developed by Denham Harman MD at the University of Nebraska in 1956. The term free radical describes any molecule that has a free electron , and this property makes it react with healthy molecules in a destructive way . Increased unstable free radicals produces effects harmful to biological systems , such as chromosomal changes ,pigment accumulation and collagen alteration.

20. Oxidation of fat , protein and carbohydrates within the body produces free radicals . Over time ,this damage accumulates and causes us to experience aging . Environmental pollutants are external sources of free radicals. Substances including fried foods ,alcohol , tobacco ,smoke , pesticides , air pollutants , etc generate free radicals .

21. CROSS LINK THEORY The cross –linking theory , also referred to as the glycosylation theory of aging, was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in 1942. According to this theory , an accumulation of cross –linked proteins damages cells and tissues , slowing down bodily processes resulting in aging . In this theory ,it is the binding of glucose (simple sugars ) to protein ,( a process that occurs during the presence of oxygen) that causes various problems.

22. Once this binding has occurred the protein becomes impaired and is unable to perform efficiently. Living a longer life is going to lead to the increased possibility of oxygen meeting glucose and protein and known cross linking disorders include senile cataract and the appearance of tough , leathery and yellow skin .

23. IMMUNOLOGICAL THEORY Some theorists suggest that the immune system is responsible for aging . An aging immune system is less able to distinguish body cells from foreign cells ; as a result , it begins to attack and destroy body cells as if they were foreign. Over time, cells involved in immune function are less self regulatory , resulting in cells being misidentified as foreign material and being attacked by the immune system’s own defenses . Example : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

24. ERROR THEORY Originally proposed in 1963 . Errors can occur in the transcription in any step of the protein synthesis of DNA. Error causes the reproduction of an enzyme or protein that is not an exact copy. As transcription error occurs , the end product would not even resemble the original cell ,thereby compromising its functional ability.

25. More recently the theory has not been supported by research . - not all aged cells contain altered or misspecified proteins. - nor is aging necessarily accelerated if misspecified proteins or enzymes are introduced into a cell.

26. WEAR AND TEAR THEORY Proposed first in 1882. Body is similar to a machine ,which loses function when its parts wear out . As people age ,their cells , tissues and organs are damaged by internal or external stressors ,including trauma , chemicals & buildup of naturally occurring waste. Good health maintenance practices will reduce the rate of wear and tear , resulting in longer and better body function.

27. SOMATIC MUTATION THEORY The somatic mutation theory proposes that aging result from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by exposure to chemicals or radiation and this damage causes chromosomal abnormalities that lead to disease or loss of function later in life. Exposure to x-ray radiation and chemicals induces chromosomal abnormalities.

28. DNA DAMAGE THEORIES Aging is caused by accumulated damage to DNA ,which in turn, inhibits cells’ ability to function and express the appropriate genes. This leads to cell death and overall aging of the organism.

29. PROGRAMMED CELLULAR AGING THEORY The programmed theory proposes that every person has a “biologic clock” that starts from the time of conception. In this theory each individual has a genetic program specifying an unknown but predetermined number of cell divisions . As the program plays out ,the person experiences predictable changes such as atrophy of the thymus , menopause , skin changes and graying of the hair . Aging has a biological timetable or internal biological clock .

30. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING Psychosocial theories of aging attempt to explain age-related changes in cognitive function , such as intelligence, memory, learning and problem solving . It attempts to explain changes in behavior, roles and relationship that occur as an individual age .

31. The psychosocial theories of aging are as follows: -The Disengagement Theory -The Continuity Theory -The Activity Theory -The Adjustment Theory

32. THE DISENGAGEMENT THEORY This theory was formulated by Cummings and Henry in 1961. It states that aging people withdraw from customary roles and engage in more introspective , self focused activities . Progressive social disengagement occurs with age . Decreased participation in society resulting from age related changes in health, energy ,income and social roles.

33. This theory includes 4 basic concepts: - Aging person & society mutually withdraw from each other. - Disengagement is biologically & psychologically intrinsic and inevitable. -Disengagement is considered necessary for successful aging. - Disengagement is beneficial for older adults and society .

34. CONTINUITY THEORY The continuity theory was proposed by Neugarten in 1964. It states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors , relationships as they did in their earlier years of life . According to this theory , older adults try to maintain this continuity of lifestyle by adapting strategies that are connected to their past experiences. This theory focuses more on personality and individual behavior over time.

35. ACTIVITY THEORY This theory was proposed by Lemon , Bengston and Peterson in 1972. According to this theory , the maintenance of optimal physical, mental and social activity is necessary for successful aging . This theory also assumes that older adults have the same needs as middle age persons . Activities and interactions that promote self esteem and improve overall satisfaction with life helps in successful aging.

36. ADJUSTMENT THEORY Adjustment theory defines aging as a series of adjustment to retirement ,to grand parenthood ,to changes in income , to changes in social life and marital status and to potential deterioration of health and well being .

37. RECENT RESEARCH Research article A comparative study to assess the quality of life among senior citizens residing at homes and old age homes of Pune city. Pravin Dani and Nilima Bhore Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Nursing, Deemed University,Sangli,Maharashtra , India

38. Abstract : The World Health Organization describes QOL as a broad-ranging concept that incorporates individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and their association to salient features of the environment. There is absence of information on quality of life among elderly Indian due to the absence of an appropriate QOL measure that would cover the basic concept and definition of health comprehensibly. The present study was aimed to compare quality of life between senior citizens residing in family or old-age home. A total of 100 senior citizens were participated in quantitative descriptive study. Quality of score was calculated using a questionnaire. All the participants in family group were in age group of 65-80 whereas 14% of the participants have age more than 80 years. There was no difference in number of female and male participants in both groups. All family group participants had good score while the other group participants have average score. There was significant difference in overall quality of score between both groups (P=0.000). Senior citizens residing in family have better quality of life than residing in old-age home. Keywords: Quality of life, senior citizens, old age homes, nursing.

39. Methods : It was a quantitative descriptive survey of senior citizens from family/home or old-age home group. All participants were more than 65 years old and provided their consent for participation in the study. After screening of inclusion criteria (age more than 65 year, residing at old age home and families at Pune city, willingness to participate in the study, can understand Marathi or English), a total of 100 participants were selected and each group consisted of 50 participants. Senior citizens who were critically ill or admitted to hospitals were excluded from study Tools and technique: A comprehensive Quality of Life (QOL) Scale was used. Every participant was interviewed at old age home and his/her residence and questionnaire was used to calculate the score. Final score was categorized in 3 category: Poor, average or good. Individual aspect of quality of life was calculated.

40. Conclusion : The present study concluded that senior citizens residing in family have much better quality of life than residing in old-age home. Further studies are required to evaluate if any individual's demographic relation affect their quality of life.

41. SUMMARY Aging can be seen as an irreversible ,time dependent , functional decline that converts healthy adults into frail ones, with reduced capacity to adjust to everyday stresses , and increasing vulnerability to most diseases , and to death. A set of biological and psychological theories of aging have been proposed to explain the process of normal aging such as the free radical theory ,immunological theory ,error theory ,programmed aging theory , the disengagement theory ,activity theory , continuity theory ,etc.

42. EVALUATION 1.Aging can be explained by which of the following theories ? a. Biological b. Psychosocial c. Free radical theory d.All of the above 2. The psychosocial theories include the following except : a.Disengagement theory b. Free radical theory c.Activity theory d. Continuity theory

43. 3. Basic concept of disengagement theory is : Aging person & society mutually withdraw from each other. b. Disengagement is biologically & psychologically intrinsic and inevitable. c. Disengagement is considered necessary for successful aging. d. All of the above

44. 4.Adjustment theory defines aging as a series of adjustment to: a. Retirement b. Changes in social life and marital status. c. Potential deterioration of health and well being d. All of the above

45. REFERENCES Book Internet Consultant teacher

46. BIBLIOGRAPHY Javed Ansari ; A textbook of medical surgical nursing -2 ;PV publication ; page no.-1068-1073. BT Basavanthappa “Textbook of medical surgical nursing’’; Third edition ;Jaypee Publication ;page no.1035-45. www.wikipedia.com www.slideshare.net www.nurseslab.com