consonants for english departement teachin and learning.ppt

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1. A. Place (also called place of articulation): Where is the breath
stream impeded, constricted, diverted, or obstructed? For
example:
lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, …
(These are the articulatory landmarks that we reviewed earlier. More on place later.)
B. Manner: How is the breath stream impeded, constricted,
diverted, or obstructed? For example:
1. stop or plosive: complete obstruction of air stream


(glottal stop, as in “uh-oh”)
2. fricative: air passed thru a narrow channel, creating
turbulence.


(as in “shoe”), 

(as in “theory”) [h],


(as in “Zsa Zsa”), 

(as in “this”).
3. nasal: air stream redirected through the nasal cavity.


(as in “sing”)

2. Manner categories (continued)
4. affricate: complete obstruction of air stream followed by
fricative release.
[t ]
ʃ
(as in “choke”), [d ] (as in “
ʒ
joke”)
5. approximants: consonants that are almost like vowels
[r] [l] [w] [j](as in “yellow”)
These are the “open-est” of the closed-ish sounds – breath
stream is fairly unimpeded. But, these sounds “pattern” like
consonants; i.e., speakers treat them like consonants not
vowels.
a rat or an rat? a lake or an lake ?
a walk or an walk? a yak or an yak ?
So, these are consonants and that’s that, even if we can’t
supply a neat definition separating vowels from consonants.

3. Manner categories (continued)
Two Types of Approximants
Liquids Glides (also called semivowels)
[r] [l] [w] [j]
Why are [r], [l] called liquids and [w], [j]called glides?
Easy: They just are. If there’s a good reason for this I don’t
know it. But, you’ll have to learn it same as everyone else.
6. flap: Like a stop, but closure is very brief
[ ]
ɾ
(as in “kitty,” “butter,” “Betty,” “later”)
There are other manner classes, but the 6 I listed are the
ones needed for English.

4. Articulatory parameters for
English consonants (in ARPAbet)
h
q
glottal
dxflap
yl/r wapprox
ng n mnasal
jhchaffric.
zhsh z sdhth v ffric.
g k d t b pstop
velarpalatalalveolarinter-
dental
labio-
dental
bilabial
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
M
A
N
N
E
R

O
F

A
R
T
I
C
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
VOICING: voicedvoiceless