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consumers can quickly and easily see how the product would alter appearances, without
the risk of actually buying the product.
(5 minutes, chapter Objective 2, AACSB: Reflecting Thinking)
6-4.Have ideals of beauty in the United States changed over the last 50 years? If so, how?
A study of almost 50 years of Playboy centerfolds shows that the women have become
less shapely and more androgynous since Marilyn Monroe graced the first edition with a
voluptuous hourglass figure of 37–23–36. However, a magazine spokesman comments,
“As time has gone on and women have become more athletic, more in the business world
and more inclined to put themselves through fitness regimes, their bodies have changed,
and we reflect that as well. But I would think that no one with eyes to see would consider
playmates to be androgynous.”
(10 minutes, Chapter Objective 4, AACSB: Reflective Thinking)
6-5.What is fattism?
Fattism is an obsession with weight.
(5 minutes, Chapter Objective 5, AACSB: Reflective Thinking,)
6-6.What does “the looking glass self” mean?
This process of imagining the reactions of others toward us is known as “taking the role
of the other,” or the looking glass self. According to this view, our desire to define
ourselves operates as a sort of psychological sonar: We take readings of our own identity
by “bouncing” signals off others and trying to project what impression they have of us.
(5 minutes, Chapter Objective 1, AACSB: Reflective Thinking)
6-7.How do Eastern and Western cultures tend to differ in terms of how people think about
the self?
The emphasis on the unique nature of the self is much greater in Western societies. Many
Eastern cultures instead stress the importance of a collective self, where a person derives
his identity in large measure from his social group. Both Eastern and Western cultures
see the self as divided into an inner, private self, and an outer, public self. However,
where they differ is in terms of which part is seen as the “real you”—the West tends to
subscribe to an independent construal of the self that emphasizes the inherent
separateness of each individual.
(5 minutes, Chapter Objective 1, AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding)
6-8.How did tattoos originate?
Tattoos have a long history of association with people who are social outcasts. For
example, the faces and arms of criminals in sixth-century Japan were tattooed as a
means of identifying them, as were Massachusetts prison inmates in the nineteenth
century and concentration camp internees in the twentieth century. Marginal groups,
such as bikers or Japanese yakuze (gang members) often use these emblems to express
group identity and solidarity.
(5 minutes, Chapter Objective 6, AACSB: Reflective Thinking)