CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION - UNIT 3 (B.Ed. 1 YEAR - 1 SEMESTER)

Educational demands of individuals and diverse communities

1. CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION – UNIT 3 Prepared by Mrs. DHANALAKSHMI B Asst. Prof. in Commerce Lisieux College of Education

2. Unit - III Educational demands of individuals and diverse communities Universalisation of primary education. Programs to achieve Universalisation of education. SSA - Sarva Siksha Abhiyan RMSA - Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan RUSA - Rashtriya Uchchatar Siksha Abhiyan Integrated education and inclusive education Education for collective living and peaceful living

3. UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION Article 45 of the Indian Constitution states, “It is the endeavor of the state to provide free and compulsory education to all children from age 6 to 14 and this should be realized within 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution.” This constitutional directive of providing universal primary education implies the following: Primary education of 8 years should be made free to all children.

4. All 5 year old children should be compulsorily enrolled in class I of primary schools. Primary education should be made compulsory. All children of age 6 to 14 should go to school . Children admitted in Class I Should be retained in schools till they complete Class VIII.

5. Challenges in achieving Universalisation of education Economic Factors - poverty Ignorance of parents – No Interest Communal and Ethnic Barriers – Tribal Obstacles Due to Social and Religious Practices – Adult Girls Geographical Locale as a Barrier – not near to school Educational Reasons – no recent life curriculum Paucity of Funds – basic facilities Administrative Lapses - school time Individual Related Problems – physical & mental Population Explosion

6. Efforts Taken to Provide Universal Primary Education Expansion in Primary Education Enrollment of Pupils Curriculum & Attractive Teaching Method Preference in Education for the children from weaker section of the society Student Scheme – Food, Transport, Medical Women’s Education – Awareness Financial Allocation – State & Central Govt. Some of the New Schemes Attempted Minimum needs Programme SSA Operation Blackboard To avoid the twin problem of “Wastage & Stagnation”

7. Programs to achieve Universalisation of education SSA - Sarva Siksha Abhiyan RMSA - Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan RUSA - Rashtriya Uchchatar Siksha Abhiyan Integrated education and inclusive education

8. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (S.S.A) The English equivalence of S.S.A is “ The Education for All Movement”, Which is sometimes referred to as ‘each one teach one’.

9. It is a flagship programme of India, launched during the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997 – 2002), for the achievement of Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86 th amendment to the constitution of India, making free and compulsory education to children of ages 6 to 14 a fundamental right.

10. Aims of S.S.A To achieve the goal of universalisation of elementary education of satisfactory quality by 2010. To bridge social, regional and gender gaps, with the active participation of the community in the management of schools.

11. Objectives of S.S.A Admit all children school Education Guarantee Centre or Alternate School by 2003. All children complete five years of primary schooling by 2007 . All children complete eight years of schooling by 2010. Focus on elementary education of satisfactory quality with emphasis on education for life . Bridge all gender and social category gaps at primary stage by 2007 and at elementary education level by 2010. Universal retention by 2010.

12. Operational Strategy   The programme seeks to open new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling facilities and strengthen existing infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water , maintenance grant and school improvement grants. Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with additional teachers, while the capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened by extensive training , grants for developing teaching-learning materials and strengthening of the academic support structure at cluster, block and district level.

13. SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills. SSA has a special focus on girl’s education and children with special needs. SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide.

14. Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan – RMSA (National Secondary Education Scheme) This scheme was launched in March, 2009 with the objective to enhance access to secondary education and to improve its quality. The implementation of the scheme started from 2009-10.

15. Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan - RMSA (National Secondary Education Scheme) The Scheme, briefly refered as RMSA was designed to admit all eligible children in secondary schools and also improve the quality of secondary education. Vision of Secondary Education To provide quality education to all the youth in the age group 14 to 18. To make easily accessible. To make it economical.

16. To achieve the above mentioned vision statement, the following steps should be taken. There should be a secondary school within a radius of 5 kilometres and a higher secondary school within 7 to 10 kilometres of every habitation. 100% Enrolment of this age group (14 to 18) should be achieved before 2017. By the year 2020, all those who joined secondary schools should complete the course. There should be no dropouts .

17. More opportunities as for the under mentioned sections of society to join and complete the secondary education course. Economically weaker sections Girls Handicapped Children living in rural areas. Marginalised sections of society – Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes and educationally backward minority communities . RMSA covers Stds VI to XII

18. Goals and Objectives Goals Secondary Education should have a new design . For this purpose several guidelines are suggested: Easy access to secondary education to all eligible persons. Equality and social justice.

19. Making secondary education to suit the changing times and to be in tune with the development needs and over all structure of education. Encouraging Common School System to achieve the goals of equity . (Same schools for all children – rich or poor) To assure that all youth , particularly the underprivileged and people living below poverty line, get secondary education.

20. Objectives All secondary schools should have the prescribed school places , with adequate infrastructure, material resources and other facilities. In the case of government schools, municipal schools and aided schools, the additional expenditure should be borne by the government. Suitable controlling mechanism should be devised to ensure that private (unaided) schools also have all the prescribed facilities.

21. Establishing residential schools in tribal areas. School management should provide efficient transport system for the benefit of staff and students. No child should be deprived of secondary education because of gender, socio economic factors, physical handicap or other such reasons. The above mentioned objectives will indicate the progress towards a common school system.

22. Rashtriya Uchchatar Siksha Abhiyan - RUSA (National Plan for Higher Education) For Universalisation of secondary education, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was launched in 1997 and is being implemented with full vigour in all primary schools throughout India. For the next stage ( i.e ) Secondary School Stage the aim was to make it available to all children who complete the primary stage. To achieve this laudable aim a new scheme called RMSA ( Rashtriya Madhamik Siksha Abhiyan 2009) was launched and carried out.

23. As a natural development, higher education also calls for attention. A new plan called RUSA ( Rashtriya Uchchatar Siksha Abhiyan 2013) was planned by the Ministry of Human Resources and Development and is being implemented. Under the plan, a new central organisation will be created to suggest introduction of reforms in higher education, help in planning and supervising developmental schemes of all state administered universities. RUSA will provide help towards greater autonomy for state universities and also introduce examinations reforms.

24. Other salient functions of RUSA Upgrading selected universities to achieve international standard. Permitting the opening of new universities. Linking colleges in the neighbourhood of a university as its cluster colleges. Upgrading full fledged degree colleges into model colleges.

25. Creating State Councils of Higher Education. Funnelling Central aid to universities and colleges through these State Councils and not through U.G.C. 90% of the new expenditure will be borne by the Central Government and only 10% by State Governments. Even private (unaided) colleges and universities can get funds, subject to certain conditions.

26. integrated education

27. Integrated Education

28. MAINSTREAMING Mainstreaming, in the context of education, is the practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods based on their skills. This means regular  education  classes are combined with special education  classes.

29. The purpose of Mainstreming The purpose of mainstreaming is to help children with disabilities adjust to being with their non -disabled peers and to help them adapt to the demands of a regular-education class.

30. Inclusive Education

31. PHYSICAL DISABILED NORMAL CHILDREN BLIND DEAF HIV/AIDS ED

32. A Seminar on World Education Forum Dakar, Senegal, 26-28 April 2000 In April 2000 more than 1,100 participants from 164 countries gathered in Dakar, Senegal , for the World Education Forum . Ranging from teachers to prime ministers, academics to policymakers, non-governmental bodies to the heads of major international organisations , they adopted the Dakar Framework for Action, Education for All: Particular emphasis will be given to areas of concern identified at Dakar, such as HIV/AIDS, early childhood education, school health, education of girls and women, adult literacy and education in situations of crisis and emergency.

33. Education for collective living and peaceful living Four pillars of education as viewed by Delors ’ commission report(1996) Learning To Know Learning To Do Learning To Live Together  Learning To Be

34. Jacques Lucien Jean Delors

35. Who is Jacques Delors? Jacques Lucien Jean Delors was born 20th July 1925 in Paris. He’s a French economist and politician, the first person to have served two terms as President of the European Commission. ஜாக் லூசியன் ஜீன் டெலர் பாரிசில் ஜூலை 1925 20 பிறந்தார். அவர் ஒரு பிரஞ்சு பொருளாதார மற்றும் அரசியல்வாதி, ஐரோப்பிய ஆணையத்தின் தலைவராக இரு முறைகளும் பொறுபேற்ற முதல் நபர் ஜாக் லூசியன் ஜீன் டெலர் ஆவார் .

36. What are Delors other interests?   Delors has a long-standing interest in education. Initiator → French law 1971 requiring firms to set aside part of their profits for educational opportunities for their employees. டுலோர் கல்வி ஒரு நீண்ட காலமாக இருந்த துவக்கியவர் → பிரஞ்சு சட்டத்தின் 1971 தங்கள் நிறுவனங்கள் இலாபங்களை தேவையான பகுதியாக ஊழியர்கள் கல்வி வாய்ப்புகளை ஒதுக்கிவைத்தல.

37. Why is Jacques Delors simply the best ? First president served two times → European Commission. Other interests such as education. He ‘s the first man initiated a French law. He takes keen interests in people who don’t have the money to obtain a higher education. முதல் ஜனாதிபதி இரண்டு முறை பணியாற்றினார் . கல்வியில் ஆர்வம் அவர் 'ஒரு பிரஞ்சு சட்டத்தை முன்னெடுத்துச் செல்பவர்கள் முதல் மனிதன் . அவர் ஒரு உயர் கல்வி பெற எங்களிடம் பணம் இல்லை என்று சொன்ன மக்களிடம் ஆர்வம் காட்டினார்