CONTEMPORARY WORLD.pptx

CONTEMPORARY WORLD

1. The Co nte m po r a ry World NGEC 3 JOJEAN MARIE D. PONDANG, LPT Instructor

2. Module 1 Introduction to Globalization NGEC 3 – The Contemporary World

3. What is globalization?

4. Topic 1: Defining Globalization

5. Globalization – Many scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the concept. It cannot contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization.

6. Defining Globalization – Since its first appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in 1961, many opinions about globalization have flourished. The literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either (1) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow and exclusive. The one offered by Ohmae in 1992 stated, “…globalization means the onset of the borderless world…” (p.14). This is an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition. If one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with overcoming traditional boundaries. However, it does not shed light on the implications of globalization due to its vagueness.

7. Defining Globalization – On the other hand, it can be said that some view globalization to be a positive phenomenon. For instance, Swedish Journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as "the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world."

8. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

9. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION – ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION refers to the widespread international movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labour.

10. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. That system includes national governments, their governmental and intergovernmental organizations as well as government-independent elements of global civil society such as international non-governmental organizations and social movement organizations. One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene. The creation and existence of the United Nations has been called one of the classic examples of political globalization.

11. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.

12. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY Technological developments are conceived as the main facilitator and driving force of most of the globalization processes. Before elaborating on the consequences of several technological developments, we must go through the definition of technology as a sociological term, so that we can further explore the social and political role of technology in the globalization process.

13. THE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY Technology can be defined as the socialized knowledge of producing goods and services. We can describe the term technology with five important elements: production, knowledge, instruments, possession and change. Our definition of technology as a socialized knowledge can be better conceived with these elements.

14. Can you give more supporting ideas about these dimensions of Globalization?

15. RESOURCES: Aldama, P. (2018). The contemporary world. 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. Street Recto Avenue Manila P h ili pp i n es: Rex B oo ks to re. Claudio, L. & Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing. Globalization. (2019). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys through our contemporary world. 1253 G. Araneta Avenue cor. Ma. Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City: Vibal Group. • •

16. Topic 2: Metaphors of Globalizations

17. Metaphors of Globalizations Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states if matter – solid and liquid –will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structure and flow will be elaborated.

18. SOLID The epochs that preceded today‘s globalizatio n paved way for people, things, information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer 2015). The social relationships and objects remained where they were created. Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man- made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water.

19. L I QUID Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease if movement of people, things information, and places in the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman‘s (2000) ideas were the ones that have very much to say about the characteristics of liquidity. First, today ‘s liquid phenomena change quickly and its aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. In global finance, for instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop.

20. L I QUID – For example, the videos being uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are hard to halt once they become viral. The so-called internet sensations become famous not just in their homeland but to the entire world as well. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015) regarded as the most important characteristics of liquid: it ―tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids). The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation state.

21. SOLID AND LIQUID – Liquidity and solidity is constant interaction. Liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor which could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids to flow and this idea of flow (Appadurai 1996; Rey and Ritzer 2010) will be the focus of the next discussion. Also, it should be expected that this concept will appear in the succeeding lessons. The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of flows.

22. F L OWS . Flows are the movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing ―porosity of global limitations (Ritzar 2015). Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from local dishes, many of us are found eating sushi, ramen hamburger, and French Fries –foods introduced to us by foreign culture. Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another example of flows are global financial crises. As landler (2008:C1) put it: ―In global financial system, national borders are porous. This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world.

23. What do you think is the importance of defining globalization?

24. Do you agree with the idea that the contemporary world is characterized by highly liquidity? Why or why not?

25. REFERENCES Claudio, L. & Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing. San Juan, D. (2018). Journeys through our contemporary world. 1253 G. Araneta Avenue cor. Ma. Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City: Vibal Group.

26. Topic 3 & 4: Globalization Theories

27. Hom oge n e ity – Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, some economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism.

28. Het e rog e n eit y . . This pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of their lasting differences of the hybrids or combinations of cultures which can be produced through the different transplanetary processes. Contrary to the cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural hybridization. A more specific concept is ―glocalization coined by Roland Robertson (1992). To him, as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the ―glocal is being produced.

29. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLO B ALIZA T I O N

30. Where did it start?

31. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION – HARDWIRED. According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is our basic human need to make our lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our Ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continents in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all- known continents today, roughly after 50,000 years. Chanda mentioned that commerce, region, politics, and warfare are the ―urges‖ of people toward a better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures, and concepts.

32. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION – CYCLES. For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task. What is important, are the cycles globalization has gone through (Scholte 2005). Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.

33. E P OCH Ritzer (2005) Cited Therborn‘s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called ―waves and each has its own origin. Today ‘s globalization is not unique if this is the case. The difference of this view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning. The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:

34. EPOCH Globalization of religion (4th-7th Centuries) European colonial conquest (late 15th century) Intra-European wars (late 18th – early 19th centuries) Heyday of European imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918) Post-World War II period Post- Cold War period

35. E V EN T S Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. If this case, then several points can be treated as the start of globalization. Gibbon (1998), for example, argued that Roman conquest centuries before Christ are its origin. In an issue of the magazine the Economist (2006, January 12), it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteen century. Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery Christopher Columbus ‘s discovery of America in 1942, Vasco Da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and Ferdinand Magellan ‘s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

36. EVENTS – The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to specific technological advances in transportation and communication. Some examples, include the first transatlantic telephone cable (1962), the founding of the modern interest in 1988, and the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001). Certainly, with this view, more and more specific events will characterize not just the origins of globalization but more of its history.

37. PROCESS QUESTIONS:

38. What are the similarities and differences of homogeneity and heterogeneity?

39. Are there advantages and disadvantages of homogeneity and heterogeneity? What are those?

40. REFERENCES Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society, London: Sage. Castells, M. (2001) 'Information technology and global capitalism' in W. Hutton and A. Giddens. (eds.) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage. Frank, T. (2002) One Market Under God. Extreme capitalism, market populism, and the end of economic democracy, London: Vintage. Fox, J. (2001) Chomsky and Globalization, London: Icon Books. Gray, J. (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta. Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations - politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press. Hutton, W. and Giddens, A. (eds.) (2001) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage. Klein, N. (2000) No Logo, London: Flamingo. Leys, C. (2001) Market-Driven Politics. Neoliberal democracy and the public interest, London: Verso Books. Monbiot, G. (2000) Captive State. The corporate takeover of Britain, London: Pan. Scholte, J. A. (2000) Globalization. A critical introduction, London: Palgrave. Sen, A. (2002) 'How to judge globalization', The American Prospect Online, [13]. Wolf, A. (2002) Does Education Matter. Myths about education and economic growth, London: Penguin.

41. Recent Changes – Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of the twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we know today. They are as follows: The emergence of the United States as the global power (Post-World War II) The emergence of the multinational corporations (MNCs) The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

42. Recent Changes – Through its dominant military and economic power after WWII, the US was able to outrun Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Both Axis powers and Allies falls behind economically as compared to the new global power. Because of this, the US soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film (as in the Hollywood), and many more.

43. Recent Changes – Before MNCs came into being, their roots are from their countries of origin during the eighteen to early nineteenth centuries. The US, Germany, and Great Britain had their homeland great corporations which the world knows today. However, they did not remain there as far as their production and market are concerned. For example, Ford and General Motors originated in the US but in the twentieth century they exported more automobiles and opened factories to other countries.

44. Recent Changes – More recent than the first two would be the fall of the Soviest Union in 1991. This event led to the opening of the major parts of the world for the first time since the early twentieth century. Many global processes-immigrations, tourism, media, diplomacy and MNCs-spread throughout the planet. This paved way for the so-called ―free‖ world. China, even though the government remains communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in global government remains communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in global capitalism (Fishman 2006). Moreover, China is also globalizing terms of other aspects such as their Hosting of the Olympics in 2008.

45. PROCESS QUESTION:

46. Which of the aforementioned views on the history of globalization you find most appealing? Why?

47. REFERENCES Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society, London: Sage. Castells, M. (2001) 'Information technology and global capitalism' in W. Hutton and A. Giddens. (eds.) On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage. Frank, T. (2002) One Market Under God. Extreme capitalism, market populism, and the end of economic democracy, London: Vintage. Fox, J. (2001) Chomsky and Globalization, London: Icon Books. Gray, J. (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta. Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations - politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.

48. Congratulations! You did it! Tap your shoulder or give yourself a treat for a job well done.