Conversational Interaction The Embodiment of Human Society

Conversational Interaction The Embodiment of Human Society

1. Conversational Interaction The Embodiment of Human Sociality EMANUEL A. SCHEGLOFF Prepared by Junilyn c. samoya

2. Overview The central theme of this paper stresses that interaction is the primary fundamental embodiment of sociality From this point of view, human discourse – that is, talk-and-related-conduct-in-interaction – refers to those features of the organization of human interaction that provide the flexibility and robustness that allows it to supply the infrastructure that supports the overall or macro-structure of societies in the same sense that roads and railways serve as infrastructure for the economy, and that grounds all of the traditionally recognized institutions of societies and the lives of their members

3. 1 Generic Problems and Practice(d) Solutions

4. 1.1 The “turn-taking” problem: Who should talk or move or act next and when should they do so? How does this affect the construction and understanding of the turns or acts themselves?

5. Turn-taking  is a term for the manner in which orderly conversation normally takes place .  It's the notion that people in a conversation take turns in speaking

6. Turn-taking in Conversational Analysis H ow people know when it's their turn to speak? H ow much overlap there is between speakers? When it's OK to have overlap ? How to consider regional or gender differences?

7. What is at stake in turn-taking? Not the politeness or civility But the very possibility of coordinated courses of action between the participants

8. “The Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation" in the journal Language, in the December 1974 issue. The underlying principles of turn-taking were first described by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff , and Gail Jefferson

9. Competitive vs. Cooperative researchers might look at how one person dominates a conversation or how a listener might take some power back with different ways of interrupting. a listener might ask for clarification on a point or add to the conversation with further examples that support the speaker's point.

10. Interrupting vs. Interjecting Sometimes butting in while someone is talking may not be considered as interrupting , but only interjecting . For example : If your uncle is telling a long story at dinner, you may cut in to ask him to pass the salt. Most (but not all) people would say you aren’t really interrupting; you just asked for a temporary pause."

11. 1.2 The “sequence-organizational” problem: How are successive turns or actions formed up to be “coherent” with the prior one (or some prior one) and constitute a “course of action”? What is the nature of that coherence?

12. Central Question: Is human sociality a matter of knowing together or of doing together?

13. is the basis of this organization: two turns/actions, produced by different participants, where the first pair part (FPP) is followed in next position by a type-matched second pair part (SPP), which, were it not produced, would be ‘ noticeably absent ’ A djacency P air

14. Adjacency Pairs FPP Asking Requesting Inviting Offering Complaining Reporting SPP Answering Agreeing Disagreeing Accepting Rejecting Assessing

15. The property that unites FPPs and SPPs is called conditional relevance because the relevance of the second action is contingent upon the production of the first.

16. Preinvitation Clara: Hello Nelson: Hi. Clara: Hi Nelson: Whatcha doin ’ Clara: Not much Nelson: Y’ wanna drink? Clara: yeah Nelson: okay Preannouncement Jim: Y’ wanna know who I got stoned with a few( hh ) weeks ago? Hh ! Gimmy : Who? Jim: Mary Carter n her boy( hh )friend not nd . hh Example

17. 1.3 The “trouble” problem: How to deal with trouble in speaking, hearing or understanding the talk or other conduct such that the interaction does not freeze in place; that intersubjectivity is maintained and restored; and that the turn, sequence, and activity can progress to possible completion

18. address troubles in speaking, hearing, and understanding ( Schegloff , Jefferson , & Sacks, 1977 ). Repair Practices

19. 1. trouble source (e.g ., an unfamiliar word) 2. repair initiation (i.e., a signal that begins a repair procedure) 3 . repair solution (e.g., a rephrasing of the unfamiliar word) 3 Basic Components

20. Self-initiated self-repair H e didn’t take Sat- uh Friday off ), -in which the speaker of the trouble source initiates and executes the repair procedure independently O ther-initiated self-repair A: so he didn’t take Saturday off. B: Saturday ? A : Friday . -in which a recipient of the trouble source initiates the procedure and the speaker produces the solution. Example

21. 1.4 The “word selection” problem: How do the elements of a turn get selected? How does that selection inform and shape the understanding achieved by the turn’s recipients?

22. Turns composed of TCUs-sentential, clausal, phrasal, and lexical, in English and a great many other languages.

23. Turn design refers to how speakers format their turns to implement some action, in some position, for some recipient(s) (Drew, 2013).

24. For example Hyla and Nancy, 05:07–39 1 Nancy: How didju hear about it from the pape [r ? 2 Hyla : [⋅ hhhhh I sa:w 3 (0.4 ) 4 Hyla : -> A'right when was:(it,)/(this,) 5 (0.3) 6 Hyla : -> The week before my birthda :[y,] 7 Nancy: [Ye]a[:h, 8 Hyla : -> [I wz looking in the Calendar 9 -> section en there was u:n, (⋅) un a:d yihknow a liddle :: u10 thi:ng , ⋅ hh [ hh 11 Nancy: [Uh hu:h ,= 12 Hyla : =At- th '- th'theater's called the Met Theater it's on 13 Point[ setta .] 14 Nancy: [The Me]:t, 15 (⋅) 16 Nancy: I never heard of i [t.

25. For example Hyla and Nancy, 05:07–39 17 Hyla : [I hadn't either.⋅ hhh But anyways,-en 18 theh the moo- thing wz th '↓Dark e'th ' ↓Top a'th '↑ Stai [: rs .] 19 Nancy: [Mm-h]m[:, 20 Hyla : [En 21 I nearly wen'chhrazy cz I [: I: l o: v e ]that ] mo:vie .] 22 Nancy: [y: Yeah I kn ] ow y] ou lo:ve ] tha ::t .= 23 Hyla : = s:So ::, ⋅ hh an' like the first sho:w ,= 24 Nancy: =M[m hmm, ] 25 Hyla : [ wz g'nna ] be:, 26 (⋅) 27 Hyla : on my birthday .= 28 Nancy: =Uh hu [h,] 29 Hyla : [I'm] go'[n awhh whould hI love 30 Nancy: [(So-) 31 (⋅) 32 Hyla : yihknow fer Sim tuh [take me tuh that.] 33 Nancy: [ Y a y u : : h, ]

26. For example Hyla and Nancy, 05:07–39 17 Hyla : [I hadn't either.⋅ hhh But anyways,-en 18 theh the moo- thing wz th '↓Dark e'th ' ↓Top a'th '↑ Stai [: rs .] 19 Nancy: [Mm-h]m[:, 20 Hyla : [En 21 I nearly wen'chhrazy cz I [: I: l o: v e ]that ] mo:vie .] 22 Nancy: [y: Yeah I kn ] ow y] ou lo:ve ] tha ::t .= 23 Hyla : = s:So ::, ⋅ hh an' like the first sho:w ,= 24 Nancy: =M[m hmm, ] 25 Hyla : [ wz g'nna ] be:, 26 (⋅) 27 Hyla : on my birthday .= 28 Nancy: =Uh hu [h,] 29 Hyla : [I'm] go'[n awhh whould hI love30 Nancy: [(So-) 31 (⋅) 32 Hyla : yihknow fer Sim tuh [take me tuh that.] 33 Nancy: [ Y a y u : : h, ]

27. Using “words” or “usages” or “formulations ” is a generic organization of practices for talk in interaction because that talk is designed to do things, things that fit with other things in the talk – most often the just preceding ones.

28. 1.5 The “overall structural-organization” problem: How does an occacion of interaction get structured? What are those structures? And how does placement in the overall structure inform the construction and understanding of the talk and other conduct as turns, as sequences of actions, and so forth?

29. …consists straightforwardly in its provision of the practices for launching and closing episodes of interaction with the commitments of attention that they place on their participants. The generic character of the overall structural organization of the unit “a single conversation”

30. Greetings and good-byes are the most obvious exemplars, being positioned at the beginning and ending of interactional occasions, respectively Example

31. 2 Interactional Practices at the Roots of Human Sociality

32. 2.1 Candidate universals in human interaction and cultural variability Analysis is not averse to finding, indeed celebrating, what appear to be differences in interaction in other cultures, societies, and languages

33. The capacity of travelers, missionaries, conquerors, and so forth to get on with host populations they are visiting while ignorant of the language and culture – both historically and contemporaneously – is, at the very least, commonsense grounds for this as a starting position

34. 2.2 Implications for human cognition: action recognition and Theory of Mind Conversation Analysis is that talk in interaction is about action and courses of action (requesting, complaining, asking, answering , (dis)agreeing, correcting, aligning, etc.).

35. A good starting point for exploring the fit of human cognition with Conversation Analysis is to remark on the obvious point that, whatever is to be found in the cognitive apparatus , it is not working on a blank field in its engagement with the world .

36. A ToM has in the first instance to be furnished with methods for designing talk to do recognizable actions and methods for recognizing the actions so designed by co-participants.

37. “Are you doing anything tonight?” “Yeah, I’ve got a paper to write” …. warns the prospective inviter that an invitation will be rejected. That is what it is designed to do and do recognizably. A recipient hears it as something asked not for itself, not in its own right, but as a harbinger of something contingently to follow, depending on the response .

38. For myself, I believe that human social life is ours to study naturalistically, sub specie aeternitatis . From the perspective of the physical and biological sciences, human social life is only a small irregular scab on the face of nature, not particularly amenable to deep systematic analysis. And so it is. But it’s ours. Erving Goffman’s Presidential Address to the American Sociological Association, “The interaction order” (1983: 17).

39. Each human being is design intricately thus, how we think, speak, act, and communicate varies in a lot of ways. For this, as social beings we need to embrace these sketches of organizations and orders to sustain the etiquette of sociality. - Junie

40. Thank You for Listening! Prepared by: Junilyn C. Samoya