COWPEA

COWPEA

1. COWPEA SUBMITTED BY M. Vinekar RAM /16-07. M.Shravan RAM /16-03.

2. INTRODUCTION Botanical name : Vigna unguiculata (L) Family : Fabaceae Annual herbaceous crop Commonly called as black eyed pea,, China pea, marble pea Well developed tap root system Origin : Central Africa or India

3. COWPEA Vigna unguiculata (L)

4. well adapted to relatively dry environments - India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Southern Europe and Central and South America Africa 1 st in area and production followed by Nigeria . India - It is grown in small areas throughout the country for green pods as vegetable, grain and fodder purposes Global production is around 5.5 Mt from an area of14.5 M ha . India accounts for 0.5 M t from around 1.5 M ha. Average productivity in India is 600 to 750 kg/ ha .where as in world it is 450 kg/ha . Grown all over India, more particularly in Central and Peninsular India. Karnataka, Maharastra, M.P ,Bihar , etc are major states.

5. Uses As a nutritional supplement to cereals and an extender of animal proteins The tender green leaves are prepared as a pot herb, like spinach Green cowpea seeds, Dry mature seeds are boiled as a fresh vegetable, canned ,frozen used green or as dry fodder a green manure crop, or as cover crop for erosion control N –Fixer .

6. Cultivated forms of Cowpea Sub genus : Vigna Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. (1) Sub –species : unguiculata cultivars can be roughly grouped into 4 cultivar groups (a) cv.gr. biflora and ( b) cv.gr. catjang These bear small seeded erect pods and are grown mostly in south and south –east Asia. (c) cv.gr. sesquipedalis Also called yard long bean or asparagus bean .Very long drooping pods eaten as green vegetable

7. cv.gr. textilis :These are very long ,stout peduncles ,which are used for extracting textile fibre . (2) Sub-species : dekentiana var. dekentiana : Most common wild form . var. menensis : Large flowers and long calyx lobes. var. pubescens: Short pubescence on leaves and stalks . var. protracta : Small leaf let with long inflorescence. (3) Sub –species : tennis : Small glabrescent lobed leaflets . (4) Sub –species : stenophylla :Small glabrescent lobed leaflets .

8. Morphology Growing 15-80 cm high   Roots : Very strong tap root system Stem : Is mostly procumbent often tinged with purple colour . Leaves : - A lternate ,  trifoliate ,with petioles 5-25 cm long .The lateral leaflets are opposite and asymmetrical ,central  leaflet is symmetrical . Leaflets are ovoid to rhombic in shape ,may be entirely or slightly lobed ,with acute apex .     Inflorescence -Raceme. Seed : Globular to reniform ,smooth and wrinkled Seed colour varies from red , black ,brown , green white to buff white . Seeds may be fully coloured or spotted ,marbled ,speckled ,eyed ,or blotched .

9. Flower - White , cream, yellow, mauve or purple.   Pods -10-23 cm long with 10-15 seeds/pod. Seed : Globular to reniform ,smooth and wrinkled. Seed colour varies from red , black ,brown , green white to buff white . Seeds may be fully coloured or spotted ,marbled ,speckled ,eyed ,or blotched .

10. Nutritive content (Per 100g of edible portion) Water : 11% Protein : 23.4% Fat : 1.8% Carbohydrate : 63.3% Calcium : 76mg Iron : 5.7mg

11. Soils Cowpea grown on a wide range of soils -sandy loam to clay soils ranging from acidic to basic (pH 4.5 - 8.0). The primary soil requirements are good drainage and presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria Sandy to clay loam soils with well drained conditions and having the pH of 6 to 7 are best suited for getting good yields. The crop is moderately susceptible to soil salinity

12. Climatic r equirement Requires 300 to 400 mm. It tolerates heat and dry conditions and susceptible to waterlogging . Temperature : 25°C – 35°C. It is senisitive to cold and frost The optimal photoperiod for induction of flowering is 8 to 14 hrs.

13. Land Preparation One ploughing followed by a harrowing ensures good weed control and a suitable seed bed It depends on the season , soil type etc.

14. Seed rate 25 - 30 kg/ha (for grain purpose ) and 40 kg /ha ( fodder purpose ). Seed treatment with Captan or Thiram @ 2.5 gm/kg seed . Rhizobium strains Cowpea 109, TAL 169,DC 6,GMBS 1. Spacing : 45X10 cm when sowing is done at optimum time ,,under late sown conditions spacing of 30x10 cm is recommended . For spreading types - 45 X 10 -15 cm and for non –spreading types 30 X 5 -15 cm .

15. Time of planting Generally as kharif crop . But in cropping systems in rabi also it is cultivated . Plant cowpea when there is sufficient soil moisture for germination. Kharif – Depending on the onset of monsoon Early June- end of July. Rabi – October to November. summer :Before April.

16. Recommended Varieties Traditional var. are shy bearers and susceptible to viral and bact. Diseases. Highly photosensitive, late maturing with viny growth habit(indeterminate For grain, recommended varieties are NP 2,NP 7, C 32, T 1,K 11 and K 14. For fodder purpose- Russian giant,T 2, K 397, C 22 and C 55. For Vegetable – Pusa Phalguni, Pusa Barsati, and FS 68. As the grain types are shy bearers and late maturing, through breeding Programmes - Short duration, high yielding disease resistant varieties viz . C 9, C 10, C 13, C 152 etc were developed . Pusa barsathi – Rainy season , Pusa phalguni –Summer , Pusa dofsali – Both seasons.

17. Recommended Varieties State Varieties Tamilnadu Co 6, Vamban , Co 5, paiyur 1, Co Vu 702 Kerala Krishnamani , Kanakamani Undevided A.P Pusa barsathi ,Pusa phalguni ,Pusa dofasli,GC2,JC 5,Co 2, Co 3 , Paiyur 1. Karnataka Subhadra , KBC 2, S 488 Maharashtra Durga kranthi , Pusa Swarna Madhya Pradesh Pusa Sampada (V 585), Pusa Rashmai,UPC 9202,8705, GC 3, Pusa 152 Gujarat Pusa Sampada (V 585), V 240,GC 5, GC 4, GC 2,GC 3, Rajasthan Pusa Sampada (V 585), Pusa Rashmai , Rambha (V 240) UPC 9202, UPC 8705, UPC 607, Shubra, RC 101, RC 19 Bihar Pusa Sampada (V 585), Pusa Rashmai , Rambha (V 240), P 152 U.P Pusa Sampada (V 585), Pusa Rashmai , Rambha (V 240) UPC 9202, UPC 8705, UPC 607, Shubra, UPC 4200

18. Planting method Rain-fed flat raised beds Plant manually or with a row seeder on ridges or flat beds depending on field drainage Plant one plant / hill Indeterminate Types : 45- 90 cm( Seed rate- 10 to 20 Kg ha -1

19. Crop Management

20. Fertilizer Highly responsive Basal FYM @ 5 to 10 t/ha . N - 20 -25 kg/ha     P -30 to 40 kg/ha   K -20 -25 kg/ha    Balanced application of 25 – 50 -25 kg/ha of N-P-K improves the performance of crop.

21. Water management Around 300 to 400 mm 1 or 2 at critical stages in the case of monsoon failure for kharif crop . Summer crop needs frequent irrigation. IW /CPE ratio of 1.5 with 60 mm water per irrigation recorded more than double the yield of crop irrigated at seeding , flowering and pod development stages ..

22. Weed control Upto 75 % losses if left like that . Critical period : 10 to 40 DAE of crop. Clean cultivation , use of weed free seeds , optimum plant population one hand weeding at 30 DAS , and one inter cultivation reduces the weeds Herbicides : Pre emergence application Pendimethalin @0.75 kg a.i . /ha PPI of Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i ./ha

23. Pruning When cowpea is grown on very fertile soil or when irrigation is excessive during the vegetative phase Irrigation should be reduced or vine pruned

24. Harvesting Harvested at three different stages of maturity green snaps 45-60 days after planting green-mature 60-90 days after planting Dry 90-110 days after planting Depend on Temperature Use mechanically harvesters and manually

25. Post harvest technology Dry cowpea seed Cleaned graded fumigated packed in small plastic bags for sale to consumers Moisture content reduced up to 8-9% safe storage

26. Pest and diseases Diseases Collar rot   ( Pythium aphanidermatum Rhizoctonia sp, Selerotium rolfsii , Fusariam) Control i. soil drench with coc @ 3 gm / litre . ii. Avoid continuous cropping of cowpea on the same field iii. Avoid excessive N 2 application.

27. Collar rot in cowpea

28. Web blight - Rhizoctonia solani Symptoms Small circular reddish brown spots on leaves Mycelia of Rhizoctonia solani are visible on the under surface of leaves young stems Control 1. Use disease free seed 2. Avoid dense planting 3. Use fungicides like Mancozeb @ 2. gm /l or carbendazim @ 3 gm/ litre of water

29. web blight

30. Cowpea yellow mosaic virus Symptoms Leaf symptoms vary from green mottle to severe mosaic Leaf distortion blistering and plant death Control 1. Use resistant cultivars. 2. Plant disease free seeds. 3. Control vectors with insecticides like Acephate @ 1.5 gm / litre 0r Monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml/ litre

31. Cowpea yellow mosaic virus

32. Other diseases Anthracnose  Fungal wilt 

33. PESTS Leaf hoppers     -Dimethioate 40% E.C    2ml/ litre water. - Acephate @ 1. 5 gm / litre . Pod borers - Chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml/ litre . spinosad @ 0.3 ml / litre .

34. Cont’d Leaf hopper Pod borer Aphids

35. Cont’d Aphids Scale bugs Mealy bugs     Dimethoate     910 - 1820 ml Scale bugs Mealy bugs

36. Cowpea cropping systems Grown as sole crop or Inter cropping or Mixed cropping or Sequence cropping with other crops. It is grown as intercrop in most of the kharif crops A significant control of Cyperus rotundus and higher net profit in Maize + Cowpea –Potato +Mustard sequence has been reported Inter cropping systems : Sorghum + Cowpea Maize + Cowpea Pearl millet +Cowpea Pigeon pea + Cowpea

37. Cropping sequences of cowpea followed in India Rice –Wheat – Cowpea Pearl millet –Wheat –Cowpea Red gram - Wheat – Cowpea Rice –Rice – Cowpea Sorghum – Red gram –Cowpea Cowpea – Wheat – G. gram Maize – Potato – Cowpea Rice – Mustard – Cowpea Maize – Potato – Wheat – Cowpea ( fodder) Cowpea –Cotton – Wheat

38. Effect of Herbicides on WD , WDW,at harvest ,green fodder yield and crude total protein yield Treatment Dose ( kg /ha ) Weed density ( No/m2) Weed dry weight (g/m2) Maize green fodder yield (t /ha ) Cowpea green fodder yield ( t/ha) Total crude protein yield (kg /ha) Atrazine 1.0 108 26.0 22.6 698 Pendimethalin 1.0 89 15.5 15.0 12.8 996 Alachlor 1.0 76 10.3 16.0 14.3 1031 Metalachlor 1.0 43 6.9 17.7 14.9 1065 Butachlor 1.0 94 12.5 15.0 13.6 1023 Oxyflourfen 1.0 107 23.6 19.5 7.8 849 Fluchloralin 1.0 116 19.6 15.5 11.3 897

39. Effect of Herbicides on WD , WDW,at harvest ,green fodder yield and crude total protein yield Treatment Dose ( kg /ha ) Weed density ( No/m2) Weed dry weight (g/m2) Maize green fodder yield (t /ha ) Cowpea green fodder yield ( t/ha) Total crude protein yield (kg /ha) Hand weeding 123 22.8 12.4 11.5 857 Inter cultivation 143 24.4 10.6 10.3 833 Weedy 198 41.7 7.6 9.7 766 LSD (P=0.05) 59 18.1 2.5 2.7 24 Source :IJ Weed science ,2005 Laxmi praveen et al ,2000 , ANGRAU ,Hyd.

40. Effect of potassium and cobalt levels on growth parameters and seed yield of cowpea Treatment Effective nodules /Plant Dry matter accumulation /plant (g) Pods /plant Test weight (g) Seed yield (q/ha) Potassium levels (kg /ha ) K -0 16.2 4.8 14.7 74.4 7.8 K-10 18.3 5.8 15.5 75.3 8.6 K-20 18.8 6.3 15.7 76.0 9.1 SE mean 0.456 0.09 0.25 0.32 0.20 C.D (p=0.05) 1.46 0.30 0.81 1.06 0.67

41. Effect of potassium and cobalt levels on growth parameters and seed yield of cowpea Treatment Effective nodules /Plant Dry matter accumulation /plant (g) Pods /plant Test weight (g) Seed yield (q/ha) Cobalt levels (mg /kg ) M -0 15.0 5.1 14.8 74.6 7.8 M -250 18.1 5.6 15.3 75.3 8.6 M -500 20.0 6.2 15.7 75.7 9.0 SE mean 0.27 0.08 0.16 0.25 0.16 C.D (p=0.05) 0.79 o.23 0.46 0.73 0.46 Source : IJ of Pulses ,2005 Balai et al , RAU campus ,2002 -03 ,Jobner , Rajasthan .

42. Effect of irrigation schedule and genotypes on yield ,WUE ,WEE, and water extraction pattern of Cowpea Treatments Seed yield ( kg /ha) Haulm yield ( kg /ha ) IW /CPE 0.6 1310 3914 0.8 1524 4624 1.0 1640 5099 C.D at 5 % 53 153 GC 2 1533 4544 GC 4 1704 5146 Pusa Falguni 1238 3950 C.D at 5 % 69 153

43. Effect of irrigation schedule and genotypes on yield ,WUE ,WEE, and water extraction pattern of Cowpea Treatments Consumptive use (mm) WUE (kg /ha –mm) WEE (kg /ha –mm) IW /CPE 0.6 310.9 4.21 3.73 0.8 379.3 4.02 3.39 1.0 432.0 3.80 2.98 GC 2 373.3 4.11 3.41 GC 4 389.9 4.37 3.79 Pusa Falguni 358.5 3.46 2.76 Source : IJ of Food Legumes,2008 Patel et al ,2006 ,Sardarkrishinagar ,Gujarath

44. Effect of FYM and P application on grain yield ,stover yield ,protein content and protein yield of cowpea . Treatment Grain yield (kg /ha ) Stover yield (kg /ha) Protein (%) Protein yield ( kg /ha ) FYM level (t /ha ) 731 2083 21.14 158.9 5 840 2296 21.7 186.0 10 917 2456 22.14 207.2 15 938 2486 22.27 214.0 SE mean 18.5 46.7 0.18 1.15 CD (P=0.05) 53.3 134.0 0.52 3.70

45. Effect of FYM and P application on grain yield ,stover yield ,protein content and protein yield of cowpea . Treatment Grain yield (kg /ha ) Stover yield (kg /ha) Protein (%) Protein yield ( kg /ha ) Phosphorus level (t /ha ) 572 2014 20.84 123.0 20 815 2175 21.97 186.1 40 1004 2531 22.10 223.1 60 1035 2561 22.34 234.1 SE mean 18.5 46.7 0.18 1.25 CD (P=0.05) 53.3 134.0 0.52 3.70 Source : IJ of Pulses ,2005 Vikranth et al ,2002 and 03,CCHAU ,Hisar ,Haryana. .

46. Effect of fertility levels and foliar nutrition on Cowpea productivity Treatment Pods/plant Seeds/pod Test weight Grain yield (kg/ha) H .I Fertility levels (N-P ) Control 6.1 6.1 80.3 876 32.1 50 % RDF 7.4 7.2 88.8 1114 34.3 75 %RDF 8.1 7.9 90.5 1256 34.7 100 % RDF 8.6 8.5 91.5 1337 34.9 CD(P=0.05) 0.4 0.6 6.9 52 1.9 Foliar spray Water spray 6.3 6.8 85.5 990 32.1 2 % Urea spray 8.0 7.7 88.1 1189 34.7 2 % DAP spray 8.3 7.8 90.1 1227 34.7 2 % KCL spray 7.6 7.5 87.4 1177 34.6 CD (P=0.05) 0.4 0.6 NS 52 1.9 Source : IJ of Food Legumes 2011 Choudary et al ,,2009,Jaipur ,Rajasthan

47. Effect of irrigation levels and varieties on seed yield ,haulm yield ,net realization and B:C ratio in cowpea Treatment Seed yield (kg /ha ) Haulm yield (kg /ha ) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Irrigation levels ( IW /CPE ) ratio 0.6 1310 3914 8904 10730 2.21 0.8 1524 4624 9538 13377 2.40 1.0 1640 5099 10172 14607 2.44 SE mean 19 55 CD (P=0.05) 59 153

48. Effect of irrigation levels and varieties on seed yield ,haulm yield ,net realization and B:C ratio in cowpea Treatment Seed yield (kg /ha ) Haulm yield (kg /ha ) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Varieties GC 2 1533 4544 9538 13407 2.41 GC 4 1704 5746 9538 16056 2.68 Pusa Falguni 1238 3950 9538 9268 1.97 SE mean 19 55 CD (P=0.05) 53 153 Sources : IJ of Pulses ,2005 . Patel et al ,2000,PRS , Sardarkrishinagar,Gujarath .