CSP_Study - Notes (Paul McNeill) 2017.pdf

CSP STUDY NOTES

Management Styles/Theories
•Matrix:
–rows and columns w/
projects and managers
•Leikert:
–“participation” at all levels
–BHR Theory: worker
productivity and supervisor
control are inversely
proportional
–Exploitive-authoritative;
Benevolent-authoritative;
Consultative
•Herzberg:
–“Motivation” Hygiene
Theory:
•hygiene factors: salary,
status, challenging work,
benefits
•motivation factor:
achievement, promotion,
recognition; responsibility
•McGregor:
–Theory “X”: lazy
employees
–Theory “Y”: motivated
employees

Management Styles/Theories
•Argyris:
–Employees treated like
children and/or adults
will act like such
–Conflict theory:
–Leveling: boss doesn’t
make all the decisions
–Incongruence theory:
mature workers desire
independence
•Drucker: MBO
•Span of Control:
–# of employees reporting to one
manager should be limited
•TQM:
–philosophy and technique that
uses statistical theoryto improve
production quality and
performance
–Every employee is responsible for
product quality
–*Shewhart Cycle: Plan, Do,
Study Act
•Multiple Causation:
–accidents occur when causes and
sub-causes combine

HEINRICH
•Father of modern
safety
•1st textbook on safety
•Domino Theory of
Accident Causation(5
events): social, fault,
unsafe act, accident, injury
•3 “E’s” of safety:
Engineering, Education,
Enforcement
•88 (unsafe acts)/10 (unsafe
conditions)/2 % (Acts of
God)
•4 steps of accident
prevention
•4:1 ($ spent indirect vs direct)
•Pyramid [NM (300), Minor
Event (29), Major Events (1)]
MJE
MNE
Near Miss

DEMMING’S 14 STEPS
•Drive out fear
•Eliminate quotas and
numerical goals
•Breakdown barriers b/w
departments
•Eliminate inspection. Build
right the first time
•Institute a vigorous program
education and self-
improvement
•Institute Leadership: help
people do a better job
•Eliminate slogans and product
targets
•Adopt a new philosophy
w/ new age
•Base long term relationship
on loyalty –single
suppliers
•Continual improvement
•Put everybody to work to
accomplish transformation
•Institute job training
•Create constancy of
purpose toward
improvement

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
•Pyramid w/ SA at top
Self Actualization
Self -Esteem
Belonging-Love
Safety
Physiological

Blake Mouton Grid
•Conceptualized management styles by
number sequenceCountry ClubTeam Leader
ImporverishedAuthoritarian
Task
People
1
9
9
*BEST

BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY
•Geller:
–“The ABCs of Behavior”
•Antecedent
•Behavior
•Consequence

SAFETY MANAGEMENT
THEORY
•Most currentthinking
•Management ultimately
responsiblefor safety
•Unsafe behaviors,
conditions and accidents
symptomatic of
management failure
•Circumstances can be
predictedto produce injuries
•Safety should be managed
like any other business
function
•Key to effectiveness is
defining management
accountability
•Safe designis key to
preventing root cause of
many accidents
•Function of safety is to
locate and define
operation errorsthat
contribute to accidents

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
•Peter Principle:
–people promoted to level of incompetence
•Parkinson’s Principle:
–work expands to fill allotted time
•Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution:
–“80/20” Rule
•20% of employees responsible for 80% of work

TYPES OF COMMANDS
•Unity of Command:
–each employee report
to only one individual
•Span of Control:
–number of employees
reporting to one
individual
•Vertically Integrated:
–company owns all
aspects of the production
process (eg/ Ford)
•Horizontally Integrated:
–company owns little to
none of production
process (eg/ Dell)

ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMSMATRIX
(eg/ Special Projects)
ElectricalPropulsion Weapons Life Support
Project Manager

ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMSFUNCTIONAL
Finance ENGR HRD Production
PRESIDENT

ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMSDIVISIONAL
(eg separate opeating systems,
companies and procedures)
TractorGrader Doze Mower
PRESIDENT

ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMSGEOGRAPHIC
NorthSouthEastWest
GEN MANAGER

ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMSCUSTOMER
(eg/ Customer driven,
not production driven)
GovtT EDUC INDUSTRY Consumer
SALES MANAGER

ESH PROGRAM
•Line management is
actually responsible
•ESH should be a staff
function which advises
management
•Safety culture involves
behavioral,
environmental and
personal factors
•Cost of preventing accidents
must show a return on profit
line or avoid expenses
–Annual cost of accidents is $100
billion
–Cost of Loss:
•Where PM is profit margin
COL = (PM)($volume of business)
For recovery
COL = (PM)(#unit sold)(unit price)

ACCIDENT CAUSES
•BASIC:
–Poor management
practices
•INDIRECT:
–Unsafe acts or unsafe
conditions
–Can lead to direct
causes
•DIRECT:
–Unplanned release of
energy resulting in
fatality, injury, or
property damage

Safety Analysis Techniques -1
•Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
•Failure Mode & Effect
Analysis (FMEA)
•Functional Hazard
Analysis (FHA)
•MORT
•Technique for Human
Error Rate Prediction
(THERP)
•Zonal
•JHA/JSA
•HAZOP
•Critical Incident
Technique (CIT)
•Systems Hazard
Analysis (SHA)
•Event Tree Analysis
(ETA)

Safety Analysis Techniques -2
•Fault Tree Analysis (FTA):
–undesired event
–deductive(backward) analysis or
Top downlogic
–and/or logic gates (‘and’ multiply,
‘or’ add)
–graphical depiction
–Uses Boolean postulates, looking
for “minimal cut sets”
•Failure Mode & Effect Analysis
(FMEA):
–manner in which failure occurs
and their effect on the system
–good for reliability studies*
–Inductive or “Bottom Up” logic
–Criticality rankings; individually
•JHA/JSA:
–Analysis by task
•HAZOP:
–study, table/logic diagram
–PSM/PHA; failure modes
–Initial effort to identify
potentially hazardous
components w/I a system
during design phase
•Functional Hazard
Analysis (FHA):
–deductive
–“Top down”

Safety Analysis Techniques -3
•Technique for human Error
Rate Prediction (THERP)
–Calculates probability of human
errors
•Management Oversight and
Risk Tree (MORT):
–A logic tree to identify total risk
inherent in the system and arising
from operational/management
inadequacies
–Similar to FTA starts w/
undesirable event
•Zonal:
–Geographical; inspection of
hardware
•Systems Hazard Analysis
(SHA):
–Identifies physical and functional
incompatibilities b/w adjacent,
interconnected and interacting
elements
•Critical Incident Techniques
(CIT):
–Individuals are interviewed about
accidents, near misses and hazardous
conditions
•Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
–Forward analysis beginning with
initiating event to find consequences
–Evaluates success or failure of a
system

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)Intermediate Event
OXYGEN
Basic Events
OPEN FLAME
Basic Events
STATIC SPARK
OR
"add"
Intermediate Event
HEAT
Intermediate Event
FUEL
AND
"multiply"
Undesired Event
FIRE

Cause & Effect Diagram
(Fishbone )
Procedures
People
ENV EQUIP
EFFECT

SYSTEM SAFETY
•CLASSIFYING FAILURE
IMPACTS:
–Catastrophic
–Critical
–Marginal
–Negligible
•SYSTEM SAFETY:
–Fail Safe Passive:
•0 energy state
•equipment stops
operating
•eg/ circuit breakers and
fuses
–Fail Safe Active:
•eg/ emergency lights
–Fail Safe Operational:
•safest for people
•eg/ feed water valve

REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
•Single Parallel:
–Multiply failures
•Double Parallel:
•Standby:
–sensor
•Series:
–Multiply successes
–eg/ CGM: sample O2, Flam and Toxics
–P
f= 1 –(P
s)
x
A
B
FX
A
B
C
FX
A CB FX
B Sensor
FX

RELIABILITY
•Basic Equation:
•Reliability in Series:
•Reliability in Parallel:
1 -# of failures / total # of items exposed
R
1x R
2x R
3
1 -(1 -R
a)(1-R
b)(1-R
c) . . .

DEFECTS & PROBABILITIES
•Basic Equation:
•Redundant Series:
–P
f = 1 –(P
s)
x
•Redundant Parallel:
–P
s= 1 –(P
f)
x
P
f+ P
s= 1

Probability of Defect
•Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35% and C
produces 40%. Their rate of defects are .05, .04 and .02,
respectively. What is probability that machine A will produce a
defect?
•1. Construct probability table:
•2. Add up defects
–1.25 + 1.4 + 0.8 = 3.45
•3. Divide Machine A over total defect rate
–1.25/3.45 = 0.36A B C
25 35 40
.05 .04 .02
25*.0535*.0440*.02
1.25 1.4 0.8

Probability of Success
•Question: An airplane has two engines, each
with a probability of success of 0.90. What is the
probability that the airplane will arrive safely if
one or both engines working will ensure a safe
arrival?
–Both engines working means “and” therefore multiply
•P
f= 1-P
s= 1-0.9 = 0.1
•P
s= 1-[(0.1)(0.1)] = 0.99
P
s+ P
f = 1

Probability of Failure
•Question: a component has six parts connected
in series, each with a probability of failure of 0.05.
Determine probability of component failure.
–P
f= 0.05 therefore P
s= .95
–There are six parts therefore:
–P
f= 1-(.95)
6
= .26

Probability of Success
•Question: A widget is made of three components
called wiglets. Wiglet “A” has a P
sof .30, wiglet
“B” has a P
sof .45 and wiglet “C” has P
s of .60.
Calculate P
sif wiglets B and C are functionally
parallel and wiglet “A” is in series.
–Calculate P
s of (B+C)
•P
s(B+C)= 1 –P
f
•P
s(B+C)= 1-[(.55)(.40)] = .78
–Calculate P
sof A(B+C)
•P
s= (.30)(.78) = .23
B
C
A
.30
.45
.60

POISSON DISTRIBUTION
•Question: A group of 20 chips are in a piece of
equipment. What is the probability of two and
only two chips failing if the chips are known to
be 0.03 defective.
•P
2= (0.03)(20)
2
e
-(.03)(20)
/2!
–P
2= (.6)
2
ln
(-.6)
/ 2!
–P
2= (.36)(.55) / 2
–P
2= .099 or 1.0
P(r) = (λt)
r
e
-λt
/r!
•Where P is probability
•λ = average or rate
•t = time
•r = number of occurrences
•e = natural log base (ln)
•! = factorial (r!)

Probability Calculation
–1.) Set up diagram
–2.) Get individual Rates
a.Combo of 2 men
b.Combo of 2 women
c.Combo of 2 men and 2
women
–3.) Calculate probability
Solution:
1.[6/2]*[4/2]**/[10/4]
2a. 6 nCR2 = 15
2b. 4 nCR2 = 6
2c. 10 nCR4 = 210
3. [15][6]/[210] = 0.43
*Female, **Male
•Question: What is the probability that 2 men and 2 women will be
selected out of a group of 10 with 6 men and 4 women?

Statistical Sampling Techniques
•Random
–each item from a pop
n
has equal probability of being selected
•Cluster
–items from pop
n
are grouped by similar characterisitics and the sample
group is selected randomly
•Stratified
–items pop
n
grouped by similar characterisitcs and sample taken from
random selection in groups
–age groups such as: > 60, 20-60, <60
•Systematic
–items from pop
n
are selected based upon factors such as time or
location/position (eg/ every 5th one)
–good for QC

STATISTICS -1
•Coefficient of Correlation (r):
–relationship b/w two variables to determine “strength
and direction”
–+/-0.9-1.0 hi COC; +/-.4-.9 Lo COC; <.4 no COC
•Coefficient of Determination (cd):
–Explained variation divided by total variation
–Or COC (r) is the square root of (cd)
•Coefficient of Variation (cv):
–Compares % variations of two or more groups by
measures of central tendency
–eg/ salaries of managers to workers

STATISTICS -2
•Z score (Z):
–Determines the location of a single score in the normal distribution
–% area under the curve
–Eg/ your score compared to rest and % widgets that will fail
•T-test (t):
–compare populationmean to sample mean
–data sets < 30
–eg/ compares two groups
•Chi Square (X
2
):
–“goodness of fit” b/w observed and expected
–usually a frequency table

Coefficient of Correlation Calculations
•High COC: +/-0.9 -1.0
•Low COC: =/-0.4-0.9
•No COC: < =/-0.4

•Question: Calculate manager and employee
variation given the following:
–Managers paid $4800/mos
–Employees paid $780/mos
–SD
manager= $820
–SD
employee = $64
•SD
m= 820/4800 = .171 or 17%
•SD
e= 64/780 = .08 or 8%
–Conclusion: more variation in managers salary
STATISTICS
(Coefficient of Variation)
CV = SD/X
Where SD is std deviation
and X is the mean

Bell Curve
•1 SD: +/-68%
•2 SD: +/-95%
•3 SD: +/-99.7%
2.5%
13.5%
34% 34%
13.5%
2.5%
0-1-2-3 +1 +2+3
75 90 105 120 135 150 165
X = 120
SD = 15

Z score Calculation
(from previous curve)
•Question: Your score on the exam was 126. What %
of those taking exam did better than you?
–1.) Calculate Z-score
•Z = X-μ/σ 126-120/15 = 0.40
•where z = # SD, x = data point, μ = pop
n
and σ = pop
n
SD
–2.) Consult table p.2 of HO
•Z-score of 0.4 = .1554
–3.) 0.5 -.1554 = .3446 or 34%

Z score Calculation
(# of SDs from average χ)
•Question: Your facility made 1,000 widgets w/ an avg
life expectancy of 500 hrs and a SD of 100 hrs. What %
will fail in first 225 hrs?
–Need area under curve therefore Z:
•Z = x-μ/σ = 225-500/100 = -2.75 SDs from χ
–Refer to table p2:
•2.75 z-value yields .4970 or 49.7%
–Calculate %:
•50% -49.7% = 0.3%
Z = x-μ/σ

T-Test
(Compares μ (popn) to χ(sample) w/ data sets < 30)
•Question: The BCSP just released latest exam results. The
average score was 125 and the SD 15. A group of 21 people
took the ASP prep workshop prior to above exam. Their score
was 133 and the SD was 11. Are the scores of the workshop
participants significantly better the the average score at the
p= .05 level?
•Calculate t: t = 133-125/11(21-1) = 3.25
•Use table p.3 to line p-value and df (N-1= 20) for value of 1.725
•Conclusion: Yes, reject null when t-test value is table value –3.25 
1.725
t = χ –μ/s(N-1)

CHI Square -1
(determines difference b/w observed and Expected frequencies)
•Question: As Safety Director, you are concerned about the
number of first aid and recordable cases involving new
employees vsnumber of cases involving more experienced
employees. A survey of employee incident/accident data is
revealed below. Can you be 99% sure that any differences
observed in above data are not due to chance?
NEW
EEs
OLD EEs TOTAL
FIRST AID 100 15 115
RECORDABLE 60 25 85
TOTAL 160 40 200

CHI Square -2
•Basic Equation:
–Where o
j= observed frequency
–e
j= expected frequency
–df = (rows-1)(columns-1)
–O
j equals:
•100, 60, 15 and 25
–e
j equals:
•(160)(115)/200 = 92
•(160)(85)/200 = 68
•(115)(40)/200 = 23
•(85)(40)/200 = 17
•Set-up Matrix Solution Table
X
2
= Σ(o
j–e
j)
2
/e
j

CHI Square -3
•Set-up Solutions Matrix:
O
j
E
j
O
j
-E
j
(o
j
-e
j
)
2/
e
j
100 92 8 .69
60 68 -8 .94
15 23 -8 2.78
25 17 8 3.76
Total (Σ) 8.18

CHI Square -4
•Refer to X
2
table on BCSP handout
–df = 1,
–p = 0.01 (100 -.99 = .01)
–Table value is 6.635
•Conclusion:
–Reject null H
0b/c X
2
> table or 8.18 > 6.635

Present Value of Money
•One trip to the bank:
•Many payments/trips to the bank:
P = F(1 + i)-
n
where F is future value
P = A [(1+i)-
n
/i(1+i)
n
]
where A is amount of monthly payment
and n is # of time periods

Present Value of Money
•Question:
–What is better deal, 1M over term or $3K
monthly?
•Answer:
–for 1M investmentup front:
–for $3K monthly:
P = F(1+i)-
n
Where F = 1M, i = interest rate and n= periods (eg/25)
P = A[(1+i)
n
-1/i(1+i)
n
]
where A = periodic payments (eg/ $3K) and i = monthly interest (/12)

Future Value of $ from Present Value
•Question: $10K returns $5K over 5 years,
what is APR?
•Answer:
–15K = 10K(1+i)
5
–15K = 10K(x)
5
–1.5k = x
5
–1.5 = x
–x = 1.08
F = P(1 + i)
n
x = 1 + i
1.08 = 1 + i
.0845 = i
or 8.45%

PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $
•Question: You need to purchase a new machine. Two options: (1) lease a
machine for 10 years @ $2K/yr; or, (2) purchase the machine for $10K with a
maintenance agreement of $500/yr. After 10 yrs you can sell the machine for a
salvage value of $5K. Interest will be 15% for 10 yrs. Which option is best?
–Option 1 -Lease (PV regular payments):
•P = (2K)[(1+.15)
10
-1/(1.5)(1+.15)
10
] = 3.05/.607 (2K) = $10,038
–Option 2 -Buy (PV lump sum):
•(a) Calculate Maintenance Costs = $10,038 x (500/2000)* = 2509
•(b) Initial cost plus maintenance = 10K + 2509 = $12,509
•© calculate salvage: P = F(1+i)-
n
= (5K)(1.15)-
10
= $1236
•© Cost minus salvage = 12509 -1236 = $11,273
•*maintenance agreement is 1/4 of original monthly lease amount
–Option 1 is better as $10,038 < $11,273
P = A[(1+i)
n
-1/i(1+i)
n
]
P = F(1+i)-
n

PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $
•Question: The initial cost of a safety project will be $15K.
The project will cost $2K/yr to maintain, but will save
$4K/yr over 6 yrs @ 7%. Should the company invest in
the startup?
–(a) Calculate PV of maintenance cost: $9533
–(b) Add maintenance cost to project cost: 15K + 9533 = $24,533
–© Calculate PV of savings: use eqn (a) substituting 4K = $19,066
–© Cost is > than Savings
P = A[(1+i)
n
-1/i(1+i)
n
]

PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING
•Conductive Loss:
–interfere w/ transmission involving outer and middle ear
–mechanical
•Sensorineural Loss:
–damage to “organ of corti” (inner ear)
–degeneration of neural elements of auditory nerve
–irreversible
•Mixed:
–combination of above
•Central (CNS) Impairment:
–lack of ability to interpret what is heard

LIFTING EQUATION
•Basic Equations:
–where RWL is recommended weight limit
–LC is load constant
–HM is horizontal multiplier
–VM is vertical multiplier
–DM is distance multiplier
–AM is angular multiplier/displacement (twist)
–FM is frequency multiplier
–CM is coupling multiplier
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM

LIFTING INDEX
•Basic Equation:
–where LI is index
–and L is load
–and RWL is
recommended weight
limit
–Most lifted is either 51
lbs or 23 kg
•Static Loads may
aggravate disorders
such as:
–Tendonitis
–Bursitis
–CTS
LI = L/RWL

Safety Factor Calculations
•Basic Equation:SF = allowable/actual

Chemistry Terms
•Molarity:
–moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution
•Molality:
–moles of solute/kg of solvent
•Equivalent:
–qty of acid/base that yields 1 mole H
+
•Normality:
–# of equivalents dissolved in a liter

BENZENE
•Sampling Media -charcoal tube
•Bioanalysis -urine test after work shift to
detect presence of phenols

TOXICOLOGY -1
•Bysinossis: cotton dust
•Leptospirosis: bacteria
in animals
•Erysipeloid: fish
processing
•Trichinosis: pork
processing
•Pulmonary Edema:
acid/gas exposure
•Pnuemoconiosis:
hardening, scarring and
inability to transfer
oxygen form tissues to
blood in lung
•Emphysemsa: smoking
•Tetanus: bacillus
bacteria

TOXICOLOGY -2
•Hantavirus: rat
droppings
•Anthrax: bacterial
infection
•Histoplasmosis:
pigeon/bird droppings
•Brucellosis: bacterial
infection in farmers,
vets and lab workers
•Tularemia: carried by
rats; Rabbit fever
•Raynaud’s Disease:
vibration-induced;
“white fingers”
•Newcastle Disease:
viral infection in birds

MISC. Industrial Hygiene
•Absorption: capture of a
gas or vapor by passing an
airstream containing gas
or vapor through a liquids
•Adsorption(adheres):
retention of gaseous
substance chemically
unchanged on surface of
sorbent such as activated
charcoal retaining organic
vapors (eg/ APR)
•Pyrophoric: materials that
ignite spontaneously when
exposed to air (eg/
fireworks)
•Hpergolic: violent rxn
which occurs when two
materials come in contact
with each other
•Pyrrolysis: process where
materials decompose in
presence of heat
•Deflagration: rapid burning
fire which produces flames
that travel slower than speed
of sound
•Detonation:rapid burning
fire which produces flames
that travel faster than speed
of sound

GRAM-MOLES
•Question: What is the
volume of 100 grams of
N
2at 25°C and one ATM?
–NTP conditions
–Convert from grams to
liters for calculation
•100 g x 1 mole/gram x
24.42 L/moles = 87.32 L
•Question: How many
molecules are present in
100 grams of N
2at 25°C
and one ATM?
–Molecules relate to
Avogadro’s number,
therefore:
•100 g x 1 mole/28g x
6.02 x 10
23
molecules/1
mole = 2.15 x 10
24Element G/mole
Hydrogen 2
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 28
Oxygen 32

DILUTION VENTILATION
•Question: MIBK solvent based paint is used in a spray booth at steady
evaporation rate of 1 qt/hr. How many CFM of dilution ventilation is required
to maintain a concentration at or below the TLV? (TLV = 50 ppm; s.g. = .7;
MW = 100 and assume K = 6)
–Basic Equation:
•where Q is flow
•SG is speicific gravity
•ER is evaporation rate in pts/min
•K is safety factor
•MW = molecular weight
•C = TLV concentration
–Convert qt/hr to pts/min for ER:
•1 qt/hr x 2 pts/qt x 1 hr/60 min = .03 pts/min
–Dilution calulcation:
•Q = 403 x 10
6
x .7 x .03 pts/min x 6 / (100)(50 ppm) = 11,300 CFM
Q = 403 x 10
6
x SG x ER x K / MW x C

TWA -Chemical Exposure
•Question: What is the TWA of the following exposure: 2 hrs @
5 ppm, 1 hr @ 2.0 ppm, 3 hrs @ 1 ppm and 2 hrs @ 1.5 ppm?
–Basic Equation:
•where C = concentration
•T = time
–TWA = (2)(5) + (1)(2) + (3)(1) + (2)(1.5) / 480
minutes = 1.1 ppm
TWA = C
1T
1+ C
2T
2 + C
nT
n/ ΣT

MIXTURES -
Exceeding the TLV
•Question: Given the following exposure: Toluene 5.5 hrs @
50 ppm (TLV 50 ppm), MC 1.9 hrs @ 75 ppm (TLV 50 ppm)
and Xylene .3 hrs @ 250 ppm (TLV 100 ppm). Has the TLV of
the mixture been exceeded?
–Set up ratio: Actual/Allowed
–Can add because all FX same target organ
–TLV = (5.5)(50) + (1.9)(75) + (.3)(250) /(8)(50) +
(50)(8) + (100)(8) = 1.175
–1.175 is > than 1 therefore overexposed
TLV = C
1T
1/TLV
1(8hrs) + C
2T
2/TLV
2(8hrs)

CALCULATING [UNK]
•Question: 1-L of benzene breaks and evaporates in a
20x20x10m closed room at NTP. If the MW is 78 and the sg
is .6, what is the concentration?
•Calculate mg:
–1L of benzene = 600 g (60% of L of H
20 is 1)
–600g x 1000mg/g = 600K mg
•Calculate area: 4000 m
3
•Calculate ppm: (600Kmg/4000m
3
)(24.45)/78 = 47 ppm
ppm = mg/m
3
x 24.45/ MW

REDUCING CONCENTRATIONS
•Question: A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of a
solvent. If the volume of the room is 100Kft
3
, the ventilation
rate 2,000 cfm, how long to reduce the [solvent] to 25 ppm?
–Where C
1is initial [ ]
–C
2is final [ ]
–Q’ is ventilation rate in cfm
–V is volume of room in ft
3
–t
1is start time
–t
2 is end time
•Looking for t
2:
•t
2= ln(C
2/C
1)(V/Q’)
•t
2= ln (.25)(100Kft
3
)/(-2000ft
3
/min) = 69.31 min
ln(C
2/C
1) = -Q’/V(t
2-t
1)

SAMPLING SAEs
•Question: A sample reveals xylene exposure for an 8-hr
period was 105 ppm. The PEL for xylene is 100 ppm. The
SAE is 0.10. What can you conclude from these results?
–Where Y = standardized [ ]
–X = given concentration
–CL = confidence limits
•Y = X/PEL = 105/100 = 1.05
•UCL = Y + SAE = 1.05 + 0.1 = 1.15
•LCL = Y -SAE = 1.05 -0.1 = .95
•Therefore a possible overexposureexists because UCL> 1 and
LCL < 1.
Y = X/PEL
UCL = Y + SAE
LCL = Y -SAE

TLV of MIXTURES
•Question: What is the TLV of the following mixture? 50% heptane (TLV 400
ppm or 1640 mg/m
3
), 30% methyl chloroform (TLV 350 ppm or 1,910 mg/m
3
)
and 20% perchloroethylene (TLV 25 ppm or 170 mg/m
3
).
–Calculate mg:
•TLV = 1/(.5/1640) + (.3/1910) + 9.2/170) = 1/34 = 610 mg/m
3
–Calculate MW:
•(610)((.5) = 305 mg/m
3
•(610)(.3) = 183 mg/m
3
•(610)(.2) = 122 mg/m
3
–Calculate ppm:
•305 mg/m
3
x 400 ppm/1640 mg/m
3
= 74.39 ppm
•183 x 350/1910 = 33 ppm
•122x 24/170 = 18 ppm
–Calculate total PPM:
•74 + 33 + 18 = 125 ppm
TLV
m= 1/(f
1/TLV
1) + (f
2/TLV
2) + (f
n/TLV
n)

4 Elements of Risk Management
•Insurance
•ESH
•Contracts
•Avoidance
Risk Management
INS
ESH
CONTRACTS
AVOIDANCE

RISK MANAGEMENT
•Pure Risk:
–expectation of an event that
will only produce loss should it
occur (eg/ FIRE)
•Speculative Risk:
–result of an event which will
produce a gain or loss should it
occur (eg/ business venture)
•Societal Risk:
–# of incidences/consequences
that occur per year
•Individual Risk:
–Probability of a single
consequence occurring to an
individual in a given year
•Types of Companies
–Captive:
•self-insured; pools, can’t
get public insurance
–Stock:
•for profit
–Mutual Company:
•Company owned by policy
holders
•eg/ State Farm, USAA
–Lloyds of London:
•syndicate (not insurance
company)

INSURANCE
•Items covered under basic
policy:
–“WHARVES”
•Wind
•Hail
•Aircraft
•Riot
•Vandalism
•Explosion
•Smoke
•WC organization’s pay
“insured cost” of accidents
only
•An accident resulting in
hospital TX is “insured”
cost of accident
•Uninsured costs are
“deductible” part of policy

CALCULATING PREMIUMS
–Basic Equation:
Gross Premium = Pure Premium / 1-Load Percent

Worker Compensation Definitions
•Premiums:
•Retrospective:
–immediate past year’s loss experience
•EMR:
•WC Loss Ratio:
–ratio of 0.6-0.7 is reasonable
PR = (manual rating)(EMR)(earnings/100)
EMR = actual expenses/expected expenses
LR = losses (or benefits paid)/premium received

WC Miscellaneous
•Schedule Rating:
–Assigning companies credits
and debits based upon safety
performance compared to a
baseline
•Manual Rating:
–Rate based upon hazard
associated with occupation
•Premium Discounting:
–Large employers receive
discounts based upon their
size
•No fault system provides
“exclusive remedy”
•Retrospective rating based
upon immediate past year’s
lossexperience
•Manual rate based upon avg
rate per $100 of payroll
•EMR based upon loss
experience over 3 yrs
–adjust company’s premium
based upon losses compared
to like industry
–Uses an average of 1 for
industry (eg/ >1 worse than
industry std and <1 better)

WC Calculation
•Questions:
–Employee earns $1000, manual rating of 3.50
and EMR of 1.5. What is WC premium?
•Answer:
–$3.50 (rate per $100 of payroll)x 10 ($1000/100)x 1.5 (b/c
above avgEMR of 1.0)= $40.25

OSHA Incident Rate Calculations
•Basic Equations:
–Incident Rate (IR)
–Days Away, Restricted, Transfer (DART)
•*exposure hours is the # of ee’s x 2000 hrs/yr
•Record Maintenance:
–I&I Logs must be maintained for 3 years
–Medical records must be maintained for 30 yrspast date
of employment
IR = # cases x 200,000/exposure hours
DART = #cases x 200,000/exposure hours*

CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY
COMMISSION (CPSC)
•Established as a result of
the CPS Act of 1972
•Operates a national info
network called the NEISS
•Products regulated:
–Apparel and non-apparel
fabrics
–Hazardous substances
–Materials required child-
resistant packaging (eg/
food, drugs, cosmetics and
fuels)
–Household/educational /
recreational products
•MFRs, Distributors and
Retailers must report to
CPSC when product:
–Fails to comply with
standards
–Contains a defect which
creates hazards
–Poses unreasonable risk of
serious injury or death
–Subject to 3 or more civil
actions in one year

HYDROSTATICS
•Basic Equation:
–where Q is volume in gpm
–where d is distance in inches
•Question: The VP in a 2” pipe w/ 1000
gpm flowing is?
–Answer:
•P
v= (1000)
2
/(891)(2)
4
or 70.14 psi
P
v= Q
2
/891d
4

HYDROSTATICS
•Question: A 4’x 6’ container is 10’ deep and
contains 50% water and 50% oil with a sg of 0.8.
What is P ½ distance from surface if oil and water
remain separated?
–Where P is pressure
–H is height
–Sg is specific gravity
•Ph20 = (.433psi/f)(5ft)(.8) = 1.732 psi
P = .433 psi/f (h)(sg)
Oil
Water
10 ft
5 ft

ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law
•Basic Equations:
–where P is power
–V is volts
–I is current
–R is resistance
P = VI
V = IR

ELECTRICITY
(Resistance -1)
•Question: Given the below diagram, what is the
total Resistance R?
–Rules of Thumb:
•w/ parallel R, total R must be < the smallest R
•w/ combination series and parallel, do series first than parallel
–1/R
p= 1/50 + 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/.22
–2.) Invert: 1/.22 = 4.54 ohms1/R
p= 1/R
1+ 1/R
2+ 1/R
n
Note: always invert final answer
R
series= R
1+ R
2+ R
n
110V 50Ω
5Ω
5Ω
5Ω
5Ω
R

ELECTRICITY
(Resistance -2)
•Question: What is the current in B (on previous
page)?
–Where V is voltage
–I is amps
–R is resistance in ohms
–V= IR I = V/R = 110V/10ohms = 11 amps
•Rule of thumb:
•Voltage doesn’t change thru system in parallel/series
V = IR

Bonding and Grounding
•Bonding:
–connecting two
conducting bodies by
means of a conductor
•Grounding:
–provides a conducting
path b/w charged
objects and the earth
–flam liquids build up
electrostatic charge
when agitated or
during transfer

ELECTRICITY MISC
•Interlocks used in electrical
equipment must meet “fail-
safe” criteria
•An electrical “open knife”
switch cannot be used in
hazardous locations because:
–Live parts are exposed
–It has sharp edges
•“Snap switches” enclose live
parts and are safer than open
knife switches
•Electrical circuit protective
devices (eg/ fuse or circuit
breaker) open the circuit
•Electrical bonding eliminates
the potential difference b/w
two conductors
•Electrolytic fluid in in lead-
acid batteries during
changing can produce
hydrogen gas
•An electrical system is “de-
energized” only after it has
been shut off and tested
•Conductive(protective)
clothingis used for
electrostatic hazards

Flammable/Combustible Liquids
•Flammable Liquids
–Class IA:
•FP < 73F and BP <
100F
–Class IB:
•FP < 73F and BP >
100F
–Class IC:
•FP > 73F and < 100F
•Combustible Liquids
–Class II:
•FP> 100F and < 140F
–Class IIIA:
•FP > 140F and < 200F
–Class IIIB:
•FP > 200F

Electrical Classifications (NEC 500)
•Class I:
–Div. 1:ignitable [flam. Gases and vapors] normally exist,
(eg/open systems)
–Div. 2: volatile liquids or gasesconfined
•Class II:
–Div. 1:comb. dustunder normal conditions
–Div. 2: sufficient qty of dustnot normally present
•Class III:
–Div. 1:ignitable fibersare handled and/or processed
–Div. 2: ignitable fibers are handled only

FIRE MISCELLANEOUS -1
•Extinguisher Requirements
–Visual inspection monthly
–Maintenance checks annually
–Hydrostatic testing every 5 and
12 years
–Travel distance to Class A is
75 feet
–Travel distance to Class B &C
is 50 ft
•2 TYPES OF SMOKE
DETECTORS:
–Ionizing
•smallersmoke particles
•incipient stage of fire
–Photoelectric
•largerparticles
•smoldering fires

•TETRAHYDRAN OF COMBUSTION:
–Requires the following 4 elements:
•Fuel
•Oxygen
•Ignition
•Chain Reaction
FIRE MISCELLANEOUS -2

Fire Prevention
(Basic Principles)
•Combustion
–rapid chemical rxn of 0
2w/
a fuel
–produces CO and CO
2plus
heat
–elements include 0
2, heat,
ignition
•Convection
–a result of movement of air
and combustion products
–determines direction which
a fire will spread
•Conduction
–mechanism of thermal
E transfer b/w
materials
–materials have high
conduction (metals) or
low (plastics)

Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids -2
•Flash Point
–lowest temp at which a liquid can
generate enough vapor above its
surface to support combustion in
presence of ignition source
•Vapor Pressure
–Pressure exerted by a vapor on
its liquid at equilibrium
–strongly affected by Temperature
•Equilibrium
–Vaporization and condensation
of molecules until the rates of the
two become equal
–strongly affected by Temperature
•Fire Point
–lowest temp at which a flam
liquid in an open container
gives off enough vapors to
continue to burn once ignited.
•Explosive/flammable Range
–Concentration of flam vapor or
gas in air that can ignite in
presence of ignition source
–LFL: min conc of vapor in air
below which flame will not
propagate (eg/ 1.4 for gas)
–UFL: max conc of vapor in air
below which flame will not
propagate (eg/ 7.6 for gas)

Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids -2
•Autoignition Temp
–lowest temp that will produce
combustion w/o an ignition
source
•Specific Gravity
–density of liquid relative to
density of water
•Vapor Density
–measure of relative densities of
vapors and gases compared to
air
–most flam liquids VP> air
therefore ventilation needed at
floor level
–most flam gases VP<1 therefore
ventilation needed above floor
level
•Evaporation Rate
–rate at which liquid is converted to
vapor at given T and P
–ER reported in relation to
butylacetate
•Water Solubility
–many flam liquids (ROHs, ethers,
ketones) completely soluble in water
–mixture reduces flammability and
static charge
•Boiling Point (BP)
–temp at which the liquid transforms
into vapor at given P
–a strong function of P and always
decreases with a decrease in P
•Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor
Explosion (BLEVE)
–failure of a container at atm P holding
a liquid above it’s B

FLAMMABLE GASES
•Definition:
–Must satisfy either:
•a UFL of 13% or
less at ambient T
and P
•Flammability range
wider than 12% at
ambient T and P
•Can be liquified by T
and P
•Wider explosive range
than vapors
•Usually lighter than
air

FIRE GASES
•CO
–results from incomplete
combustion of C
12
-containing
compounds
–large amounts produced in fires
–210 times more reactive with
blood than O
2
–Simple Asphyxiant
•CO
2
–large amounts produced in fires
–not toxic gas but reduces
concentration of O
2
•HCN
–deadly, produced from wool,
silk, acrylonitrile, ag chems,
rodenticides and polyurethane
•SO
–from sulfur-containing materials;
strong irritant
•Ammonia
–generated from wool, silk, fertilizers,
explosives, nylon
•HCL
–generated by PVC, dyes, perfumes,
ag chems
•HS
2
–generated via incomplete
combustion of sulfur-containing
compounds such as wool and rubber
•NO
2
–generated via N
2-containing cmpds
such as fabrics, cellulose, catalysts
and polymerase inhibitors

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
AGENTS
•CO
2
–flammable liquids, ordinary
combustibles, electrical fires
–forms barrier b/w O
2and flammable
vapors
•Dry Chemical
–Regular/Ordinary Chems: for flam
liquid fires
–Multipurpose Dry Chems: flam
liquid fires and electrical fires
–Use dilution, cooling, radiation,
shields and flame-retardant actions
to extinguish
•Foam
–flam liquid fires
–use mechanical or chemical means
–forms cooling blanket that prevents
transfer of flam vapors from surface
of liquid
•Halogenated Agents
–HC with one or more atoms of H
2
replaced with halogens
–replacement w/ halogen eliminated
flammability characteristics and
imparts flame-retardant capability
–known as Halons
–Halonsstop combustion rxns by
interfering w/ progress and
development of combustion
intermediate free radicals
–Halon numbering system:
•eg/1301 (1st place indicates
number of C atoms, 2nd is Fl,
3rd is Cl, 4th is Br and 5th is I
•Dry Powder
–Used on combustible metals

4 CLASSES OF FIRES AND
EXTINGUISHERS
•Class A
–ordinary combustible materials;
use water
–eg/ wood, cloth, paper, rubber and
plastics
•Class B
–flam or comb liquids, flam gases,
greases
–can use water but recommend dry
chem and halon
•Class C
–energized electrical equipment
–use halons
•Class D
–comb metals (eg/ Mg, Ti, Zi, Na,
and K)
•Numerical rating on
Class A and B:
–the larger the #, the
more the capacity
•Should be visible from
3 feet away
•OSHA required travel
distances:
–Class A: 75 feet
–Class B: 50 feet
–Class D: 75 feet

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
•Regular Dry Pipe
–sprinkler heads attached to
piping containing air or N
2
–sprinkler head opens due to heat
•Wet Pipe
–heads attached to piping
containing water under P at all
times
–head opens due to heat
•Pre-Action Automatic
–control fire when possibility of
damage to piping or heads
–water valve added to dry pipe
system
–operates like “wet system” w/o
water in piping at all times
•Deluge
–sprinkler heads are open at
all times
–air in piping
•Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-
action
•Special and Limited Water
Supply
–special situations only

COLOR CODING FOR
SPRINKLER HEADS
•Max. Ceiling T (°F):
–100 Uncolored
–150 white
–225 blue
–300 red
–375 green
–425 orange
–475 orange

Sprinkler Calculations
•Question: what is the required pressure for a
fire protection sprinkler with a K value of 5.6,
protecting 120ft
2
with a density of .22 gpm per
ft
2
?
•Q = (.22 gal/min/ft
2
)(120 ft
2
) = 26.4 gpm
•P = (Q/K)
2
= (26.4 gpm/5.6)
2
= 22.2 psi
Q = gpm/ft
2
x ft
2
where Q is flow
P = (Q/K)
2
where P is pressure
and K is factor

FIRE DETECTION
INSTRUMENTS
•Fixed T Thermal Detectors
–bimetallic element with two metals
having different coefficient of
expansions
–*thermal lag
•Rate-Compensation
–respond to fixed pre-determined T
in air
•Rate-of-Rise
–respond to pre-determined rate of
rise of T in air
•Pneumatic
–increase of air P inside bulb due to
increase in T
–completely mechanical and good for
explosive environments
•Smoke Detectors
–respond to products of combustion
based upon less or more light
reaching them
•Flame Detectors
–respond to either UV or IF portion
of light generated by flame
•Combustible Gas Indicators
–resistance of heated element
increases w/ contact w/ gas
•Fire Alarms
–Type A: operator receives alarm
and transmits to FD
–Type B: alarm automatically
transmitted to FD

BUILDING FIRE SAFETY
•Flame Spreading Rate
–measure of burning
characteristicsof a material
•Fire Loading
–max amount of heat
generated in given area as
result of a fire
•Fire Proofing
–insulating steelin structures
from heat generated during
fire
•Fire Safe
–area designated such that fire
will not spreadto other areas
•Fire doors
–classified by hourly rating
–Classes A, B, C, D, and E
•Hot Work Permits
–authorization to perform work
w/ equipment or devices
capable of igniting
combustible materials
–Most important step is a
“policy statement”

HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) -1
•Scaffolds should be designed
to 4X anticipated load
•Scaffolds > 20 ft require
safety belt and lifeline
•Rope on scaffold must be at
least 6X >than load
•Ladders position at 4:1 ratio
•Cranes should be at least 30
feet apart
•3” b/w cranes and overhead
structures
•Hydrostatic Pshould not
exceed 1.5X maximum
working P
•Max value of a slope is
15°;never exceed 20°
•VP and T increase in
closed containers of
volatile liquids
•Fuel containers for LPG
FL trucks conform to
DOT/ASME
•FL Truck confirms to
ANSI

HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) -2
•Treating Cold Contact
Burns:
–water b/w 105°and
115 F°
•Treating 3rd Degree
Burns:
–keep hands elevated
above heart
•System grounding
protects “system”
•Capacitors pose hazard
“on” or “off”
•GFCI protects people
and equipment by
opening an electrical
circuit& line to ground
contact
•“Explosion-Proof”
electrical equipment
withstands “internal”
explosion

HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) -3
•3 Types of Electrical
Fuses:
–link
–plug
–cartridge
•2 Main Categories of
Circuit Breakers:
–magnetic
–thermal
•High T welding air
contaminant is No
x
•Cutting and welding
generates O
3and UV
•Trenchis a:
–narrow excavation
–deeper than wide
–never wider than 15 feet
–Bracing ad shoring required
at 5ft or > unless sloped to
angle of repose or stable
rock

Block and Tackle Systems
(Mechanical Advantage or MA)
•1 part system -1 rope: 0 MA
•2 part system -2 ropes: 2:1 MA
•3 part system -3 ropes: 3:1 MA
•4 part system -4 ropes: 4:1 MA
•5 part system -5 ropes: 5:1 MA
•Question: Lifting 2500 lbs with 5 part rope system. How
many pounds of force are required for equilibrium lifting
conditin?
•Answer:5 ropes are 1:5 ratio therefore 2500/5 = 500 lbs.

Block and Tackle
•Question: A 5-part B&T is used to lift 500
lbs. If friction loss is %10 for each sheave,
what force is required?
–F = (100)(1.1)
5
= 160 lbs.
F = P(1+i)
n

Compression
•Questions: What is the compression in
member BC?
–980 lbs/1.5 ft = x/ 3 ft = 1960 lbs
1.5 ft
3 ft
980 lbs
A
B C

COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)
•Cats crawl across the roof
•Turtles crawl along the
ground
•Cis compression and Tis
tension
•If you cut at center and it
falls “inward” then
compression
•If you cut at center and it
falls “outward” then
tension
•Inverted trusses act the
same
•Compression members
can be replaced by I/H-
beams, channel/angle iron
or pipe/solid dowels
•Tension can be replaced
by cables, chains, or
turnbuckles (because
pulling action)

COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)
A
E
D
B C
Compression (c) Tension (T)
Load
A D
B C
E
C
C
C
T T
T T
C C
C C
T
T
T

Definitions -Material Properties
•Bending Moment
–tendency of loaded beam to
bend when acted upon by a
force operating through a
distance
–tendency to rotate about a
point
–must be able to resist
bending or failure
•Section Modulus
–measure of capacity of a
section to resist any
bending moment to which it
is subjected
•Dangerous Section
–cross section of beam
where bending moment
is greatest
•Flexure Stress
–indicates stress caused
by bending

HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
•Basic Equations:
–Friction Force
•where F = frictional force
•μ = coefficient of friction
•N = total weight
–Distance for Presence Sensing Device
•where D = distance
•V = velocity
•T = time
F = μN
D = V x T

FRICTION
•Question: How much pressure is lost to friction
for 200 ft of 6-in steel pipe when providing a
flow rate of 1850 gpm. Assume a C factor of
100.
•P
d = (4.52)(1850)
1.85
/(100)
1.85
(6.065)
4.87
= 5005023/32537637 =
.1538
•Factor drop for 200 ft:
–(.1538)(200ft) = 30.1 psi
P
d= 4.52Q
1.85
/C
1.85
d
4.87

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE -1)
•Question: The coefficient of friction is .5 b/w the 100-lb box
and the upper ramp and .3 b/w the 40-lb box and the lower
portion of the ramp, and the pulley is frictionless. Will the
boxes remain on the ramp?
•Equation:
F
f = μN
where F
f= pushing/pulling force (parallel force)
μ = coefficient of static friction
N = normal force (perpendicular to surface)
40
100
30°
20°
40
30°
40
R
N
30°

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE -2)
•Three parts of ramp question: (1) friction(stick), (2) non-friction
(slide) and (3) F
net.
•40-lb weight:
–Friction calculation(stick):
•F = μN = (.3)(N) and N = cah (from SOHCAHTOA) therefore: cos30
A/40 = 34.6 lbs.
•F = (.3)(34.6) = 10.38 lbs.
–Non-Friction calculation(slide):
•Solve for R where R = SOH or sin30°= O/H or R/H = 20 lbs.
–Calculate F
net:
•20lbs -10.38lbs = 9.6 lbs
•More slide than stick

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE -3)
•100 lb weight:
–Friction calculation(stick):
•F
f= μN = (.5)(N) = cah = cos20°N/100 = 93.96 lbs.
•F
f = (.5)(93.96 lbs) = 46.98 lbs. Stick
–Non-Friction calculation(slide):
•F
R= SOH = sin 20°R/100 = 34.20 lbs.
–Calculate F
net:
•46.98 -34.20 = 12.78 lbs
•More stick than slide

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE -4)
•Set up Solutions Table:
•Solution:
–Will the boxes remain on the ramp?
–9.6 lbs (slide) compared to 12.78 lbs (stick) = 12.78 -9.6 = 3
–Yes, by 3 lbs.Solutions Table
N Ff = N Ramp Result
40-lb box 34.6 10.38 20 lbs 9.6 lbs slide
100-lb box 93.96 46.98 34.20 12.78 lbs stick

HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
•Breaking Strength:
–where B is rope breaking strength
–S = # of parts of sheaves in rope
–W = weight
–F = Safety Factor
B = [W + 0.1WS/S]F

Calculating Dikes -1
•Question:
–What is min. height dike required in a 50’x80’ area containing
3 tanks (one 100K gal w/ 35’ diameter and two 20K gal w/ 20’
diameters)?
•Answer:
–1. ) Convert largest tank from gal to ft
3
•100Kgal x 1 ft
3
/7.48 gal = 13,369 ft
3
–2.) Calculate tank farm area
•A = hw = 50*80 = 4000 ft
2
–3.) Subtract out area for other tanks from #2
•2(Π)(10ft
2
)= 628 ft
2
•4000 ft
2
-628 ft
2
= 3372 ft
2
–4.) Solve for H (height) of dike
–V = ah or h = V/a = 13369/3372 ft
2
= 3.96 or 4 ft

Floor Loading and Tank Sizing
•Question: A5000 lb capacity tank weighs 6500 lbs.
Floor loading is 200 PSF. How high can tank be?
•Answer:
–1.) Convert tank size (in gal) to lbs. x sg
•eg/ 5000gal x 8.34 lb/gal x 0.8
–2.) Add tank volume (in lbs) to tank weight
•eg/ 33.360 lbs + 6500lbs = 39860 lbs
–3.) Convert lbs to ft
2
for area eqtn a = Πr
2
•39860 x 1ft
2
/200 lb = 199 ft
2
–4.) Solve for radius: a = Πr
2
so
–r
2
= a/Π = 1.99/3.14 = r = 63 r = 7.9 of 8 ft

PLANT LAYOUT
•Considerations during
design and operations:
–Direction of wind
–# of employees to run plant
–Cost of future revisions
•During design of
“outdoor” plant layout, all
equipment containing
flammable materials
should be located on the
“downwind” side such
that vapors do not re-
entrain
•“Flow” plant layout:
–Advantages:
•Minimization of length
of transfer lines
•Minimization of energy
requirement for transport
of materials
–Disadvantages:
•Requires more people
•“Grouped” Plant Layout:
–All similar equipment is
placed together

Safety Facts
•3 leading causes of
UST releasesare:
–Piping failure
–Corrosion
–Spilling/overflowing
•Code developed by ASME
requires pressure for
hydrostatic testat 150%
MAWP
•Per ANSI/ASME A17.2,
the recommended
frequency for inspections
for passenger elevatorsis
every 6 months

PPE Consensus Standards
•ANSI Z87.1 –1989
–Eyes
•ANSI Z41-1991:
–Shoes
•ANSI Z89.1-1986
–Head
•ANSI Z53.1
–Color coding for safety

Classes of Hardhats
•Class A:
–falling objects, electricity and lowvoltage
conductors
•Class B:
–falling objects, electricity and highvoltage
conductors
•Class C:
–falling objects

49 CFR 172 -Labeling
Hazardous Materials
•RED
•YELLOW
•GREEN
•BLACK & WHITE
•ORANGE
•BLUE
•Flammables
•Oxidizers
•NF gas
•Corrosive
•Explosive
•Dangerous

Classifying Hazardous Materials
•F List:
–finishing compounds,
solvents, TCDD,
plating
–“F for finishing”
•K List:
–special industrial
processes
–“K for special K”
•P List:
–acutely toxic chemicals
–“P” for potent
•U List:
–other toxic chemicals
-”U” for udder

Branches of the GovernmentEPA OSHRC
Review OSH cases
NTSB CPSC
NRC
NIOSH CDC
HHS
NHTSA
CDLs
RSPA
Haz Mat
FMCSA
FRA
FAA
Transportation
TSA USCG
Homeland Security
MSHA OSHA
Labor
EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA)
•Issue CDL
•Random alcohol testing 25%
•Controlled substance testing 50%
•Alcohol test required within 2 hrs of
accident
•Substance test required within 32 hrs of
accident

PLAYGROUND SAFETY
•Recommended use zones
for playground equipment
should extend a minimum
of 6ftin all directions
from perimeter of
equipment
•Minimum distance b/w
structuresw/ designated
play surfaces of 30” or >
is 9 ft
•Recommended diameter
of rungsand other hand
gripping components is
1.25.
–The younger the
children the > the grip
size due to motor skills

Communication
•4 Elements of Effective
Communication:
–Sender
–Message
–Receiver
–Feedback
•Berlo 7 steps:
–Communication Source
–Encoding
–Message
–Channel
–Decoding
–Receiver
–Feedback

4 ELEMENTS OF BHR-BASED
LEARNING/TRAINING OBJECTIVES
•A, B and C’s of
Learning/Training
Objectives:
–A for Audience
–B for Behavior
–C for Conditions
–D for Degree
•Learning Theories:
–Expectancy (eg/ value)
–Needs
–Adult learning
–Info processing
–Reinforcement
–Social learning
–Goal setting

Rules of Training
•People generally remember:
–10% of what they read
–20% of what they hear
–30% of what they see
–50% of what they see and hear
–70% of what they say
–90% of what they say and do

TRAINING CONCEPTS
•Reliability:
–consistency in measuring
employee’s knowledge and
abilities
–eg/ returns same basic
results time and again
•Validity:
–Effectiveness
–Relevance of test to job
knowledge and skills
–eg/ final test for maintenance
department on confined space
entry
•Norm-referenced:
–Grading system where
student’s performance is
compared to that of others
•Criterion-referenced:
–Performance is dependent
upon predetermined
standard of conduct or
behavior
–eg/ competency on
employee HazCom exam

LAWS OF LEARNING
•Law of Frequency:
–Repetition; practice makes
perfect,
•Law of Recency:
–Better learning w/ most
recent information
•Law of Readiness:
–When you have chance to
use it, you’re ready
•Law of Disuse:
–Use it or lose it
•Law of Effect:
–Will learn better if area
of interest
•Law of Primacy:
–Of prime importance,
high retention
•Law of Intensity:
–Increase involvement
level, increase
retention

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY -1
•3 Functions of a computer:
–Input
–Output
–Process (CPU)
•4 Major Types of Software Events (Hazards):
–Unwanted
–Prevents needed event
–Out-of-sequence
–Out-of-tolerance

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY -2
•Two Types of
Networks:
–Peer-to-Peer
•inexpensive
•simple
•centralized control
–Client-Server
•centralization
•expensive
•security
•DB classifications:
–Single User
–Multi-User

Computer Terminology -1
•ASCI
–American std code for info
interchange
•Buffer
–Memory area used for
temporary storage during
input/output operations
•DBMS
–Collection of data organized for
efficient storage, editing, etc.
•DNS
–Domain name system,
registration for domains
•Ethernet
–interconnects computers
•GIF/JPG
–Graphical interchange format
•HUB
–used to connect multiple
computers to an ethernet LAN
•GUI
–Graphical user interface
•HTML
–Hpertext markup language,
web language
•HTTP
–Hypertext transfer protocol

Computer Terminology -2
•LAN
–Local area network
•Protocol
–System of rules/procedures
governing communication b/w
devices
•RAM
–Random access memory,
temporary memory while power
is on
•ROM
–Read only memory; permanent
memory
•RAID
–Redundant array of independent
drives for data protection
•SQL
–Structured Query Language
•URL
–Uniform resource locator;
protocol for web address
•USB
–Universal serial bus;
connector replacing serial
port for printers, scanners,
cameras, etc.
•VPN
–Virtual private network
•WAN
–Wide area network

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
•Large quantity generators
must sign Uniform
Hazardous Waste Manifest
that includes waste
minimization certification
•Manifests must be
maintained for 3 years
•Open drum:
drum/container that has a
removable lid
•Small quantity generator
can store waste on-site w/o
permit for 180 days
•Environmental Risk Assessment
Techniques:
–Probability Analysis
–Systems Analysis
–Cost-Benefit Analysis
•Risk Assessment Process:
–Hazard Identification
–Hazard Accounting
–Risk Characterization
–Risk Evaluation

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
TX of Hazardous Waste
•Precipitation:
–Uses coagulants and
flocculants to TX waste water
–Heavy metals precipitate at
different pH levels
•Ion Exchange:
–Chemical process
•Distillation:
–Reduces volume of waste
stream by separation into haz
and non-haz streams
–Physical TX
•Sedimentation:
–Removal of solids by
gravitational force
–Physical treatment
•Biological TX:
–Aerobic (free O2) and
Anearobic
–Low Temp oxidation
•Aeration:
–Used to TX contaminated
water
–Uses adsorption and air
stripping
–Adsorption is removal of
components of gas mixture
onto a solid bed
•Turbid meter:
–Device used to measure
clarity

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Control of Air Pollution
•Incineration:
•Controlled combustion
•Afterburners convert
CO to CO
2
•“Excess Air” enhances
combustion
•Removes organics but
not heavy metals
•Scrubbers:
•Remove contaminants
by absorption into
liquid
•Neutralize gas mixtures
•Operate on
countercurrent flow
basis

LEGAL CONCEPTS
•Tort:
–A wrongful actor failure to
exercise due care, other than
breach of contract, resulting in
legal injury (eg/ libel, slander,
assault and negligence)
•Liability:
–An obligation to rectify or
recompensean injury or damage
by the responsible party
•Negligence:
–Failure to exercise a reasonable
amount of careor to carry out a
legal duty so that injury or
damage occurs to another
•Contributory Negligence:
–defense used by employers
prior to WC laws
•Concept of Privity:
–direction connection to one
another
•Patent Defect
–discovered in all itemsof a
given manufactured batch
•Latent Defect
–occur in a limited numberof
manufactured items of a
given batch

LEGAL CONCEPTS
•Liabilities:
–Implied Warranty: expectation,
what product should be able to
do
•Warranty of Fitness: will
meet buyer’s intended use
•Warranty of Merchantability:
relates to buyer’s expectations
or what the product should do
–Express Warranty: written or
oral promise
–Strict Liability: negligence or
fault not necessary for liability
–Limited Liability: to
compensate injured parties
•Breach of Warranty:
–Failure of product to fulfill
contractual obligation
regarding product’s
specifications and
suitability
•Doctrine of “Fellow
Servant Rule:”
–Employer not responsible
for injuries suffered by an
employee due to negligence
of another employee
•Statutory law is codified
by a governing body

LEGAL PRINCIPLES
•res ipsa loquitur:
speaks for itself
•caveat emptor: buyer
beware
•caveat venditor: seller
beware
•ultra vires: beyond
given authority
•4 Parts of a Contract
–Agreement
–Consideration
–Legal Purpose
–Competent parties
•Note: considered a
contract when placed in
mail or fax received

REGULATORY
(OSHA -1)
•OSHA
–OSH Act of 1971
–Standards to protect S&H of
employees
–Created NIOSH and OSHRC
–National Consensus Standards
•NFPA and ANSI
–General Standards
•OSHA
–Emergency Temporary
Standards
•Created by OSHA in response
to IDLH situations
•Record Keeping
–Must be maintained by
employers with 11 or >
employees
–Forms:
–OSHA 300: “Log of Work-
related Injuries & Illnesses”;
detailed description of I&I
containing employee info
–OSHA 300A: Total numbers
of I&I; must be posted annually
FEB-APR
–Injury must be recorded w/I 6
days
•All I&I records must be
maintained for 5 years

REGULATORY (OSHA -2)
•Variances
–Temporary: to give ER
additional time to come into
compliance; must show “on-
going” compliance program
–Permanent: must show
existing procedures will result
in environment as safe and
healthful as procedure
mandated by standard
•OSHA Inspections
–Regular: normal “planned”
inspection schedule
–Special: result of complaint,
referral, accident, etc.
•Citations
–Issued by OSH Area
Director
–ER can appeal w/in 15 days
of issuance
–May issue “notice” rather
than citation
–6 Types: IDLH, Willful,
Repeat, Serious, Non-
Serious, FTA

REGULATORY
(Haz Com)
•“Workers Right-to-
Know” of 1983
–Affects 3 groups:
•Chemical MFRs, importers
or distributors
•Employers
•Employees
•Requirements:
–Written program, MSDSs,
labeling & training
–Above must be available
during each work shift and
available upon request
–Labels must be in English
•Exemptions:
–Haz waste, food additives,
drugs and cosmetics, consumer
products or hazardous
substances (by CPSC),
Pesticides and Alcohol not
intended for industrial use.

REGULATORY
(HAZWOPER)
•Operations involving:
–Hazardous waste TX
–TSDs
–Hazardous materials
response
–Haz mat clean-up
•Requirements:
–Site characterization
–Site Control
–Training
–Medical Surveillance
(annual)
–ENG, PPE & Work
Practices
–Decon
–Emergency Response
–Illumination
–Sanitation
–Site S&H Plan

REGULATORY
(RCRA -1)
•Amendment to Solid Waste Disposal Act
(1976)
•Deals with safe disposal of both haz and
non-haz waste
•Subtitles
–D: management of non-haz solid
waste
–C: management of haz waste
–I: regulations for USTs
•Does not deal with abandon haz waste
sites (CERCLA)
•“Solid Waste:” solid, semi-solid, liquid
or contained gas
•“Open Dump”: under Title D, a solid
waste facility which does not meet
“minimum technical standards”
–Must be either upgraded or stopped
•“Hazardous Waste”:
–one or more of following
characterstics:
•corrosive, reactive, ignitable or
toxic
•Or, a listed waste
•Or, a mixture containing a
listed hazardous waste
•Generator responsible for haz waste
determination
•Generator must apply and obtain EPA
ID number
•Exclusions: household waste, industrial
wastewater, domestic sewage, energy
and mineral deposits, fossil fuel
combustion products, mining wastes,
nuclear waste and irrigation wastes

REGULATORY
(RCRA -2)
•Generator Types:
–Conditionally Exempt: < 100
kg/month
–Small Quantity: 100-1000 kg/month
–Large Quantity: >1000 kg/month
•Transporters must have an EPA ID
number
•TSD’s must have an EPA permit
•“Storage Facility”: facilities storing
haz waste in excess of 90 days
–Large Qty Generators must have permit
for >90 day storage
•Manifest or “cradle-to-grave” document
tracks waste from generation to disposal
•Large QTY generators must
certify on manifest that haz
waste minimization program is
in place
•“Exception Report” required
when manifest not received
from TSD w/I 45 days
•Generators must submit
“Biennial” report to EPA by
March 1 of each even-
numbered year
•All generators, transporters, and
TSDs must maintain records for
at least 3 years

REGULATORY
(CERCLA)
•“Superfund Law”
•Involves clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste
sites
•Site must be placed by EPA on NPL using HRS (a
score of at least 28.5 required)
•Concept of “Joint and Several” liability: one
polluter can be held liable for cleanup when many
are involved
•Waste from clean-up managed under RCRA

REGULATORY
(SARA –Title III -1)
•Amendment to Superfund Law in
1986
•“Community Right-to-Know” as a
result of Bhopal incident
•Also known as EPCRA
•Deals with chemical emergencies in
communities
•Governor responsible for forming
an SERC
•SERC responsible for forming
LEPC and dividing state into EPDs
•Each facility must designate a
“facility emergency coordinator”
•Any facility that produces, uses or
stores any of the chems on EPA list of
extremely hazardous substances
(40CFR) exceeding the TPQ is
subject to SARA
•If subject, facility must notify SERC
w/I 60 days
•SERC and LEPC must be notified if
release off-site beyond RQ
•Affected facilities must submit
MSDSs or list of haz chems to SERC,
LEPC and local FD
•LEPC must submit copies of MSDSs
upon request

REGULATORY
(SARA –Title III -2)
•Reporting:
–Tier I: aggregate information by hazard type
–Tier II: specific chemical information
•Must be submitted by March 1 of each year
–Form R: reflects all releases from facility for previous
calendar year
•Must be submitted by July 1 of each year
•Based upon usage threshold
•FOI
–All plans, MSDSs, inventory forms and release forms must
be available to public during normal working hours

REGULATORY
(FWPCA)
•Federal Water Pollution
Control Act
•Goal to bring all bodies of water
into fishable/swimmable condition
•Covers “point” and “non-point”
sources of pollution
•NPDES permits required for
discharge
–Must be renewed every 5 years
•Must meet discharge limits set by
EPA based upon “best available
and practicable” (BACT)
technologies for TX prior to
discharge
•Sludge produced by TX facility
treated as hazardous waste
•EPA and FDA set “action levels”
for toxic materials in water
•Discharges into POTW must be
pre-treated
•Act also controls vessel sewage
•NDPES permits required for any
“point source” discharge of
pollutants into bodies of water
•NPDES applicant data must be
maintained for 3 years
•1987 amendment to CWA
introduced management of “non-
point” sources

REGULATORY
(TSCA)
•Toxic Substances Control
Actof 1976
•Identifying haz chems and their
means of control
•Risk factors for any new or existing
chems put into substantial new use
must be evaluated by EPA before
commercialization and/or
distribution
•Gives EPA authority to place
controls on MFR, distribution and
use of a chemical, including total ban
•Exemptions:
–FDA controlled chems
–FIFRA controlled chems
–NRC controlled materials
•EPA, after public hearing, can force
MFRs to perform additional testing
•MFR and importers of new chems must
provide a “90 day Notice of Intent” to
EPA
•New chemical: any chem not EPA list
of existing chems
•Chems produced in small quantity for
research purposes are exempt from
notification
•EPA must inform other countries of
chem export
•EPA has authority to inspect any
facility that stores, mfrs, or processes
chems
•PCBs and Asbestos are covered under
TSCA

REGULATORY
(CAA -1)
•Clean Air Actpassed in 1970
•Primary and secondary NAAQS
(national ambient air quality standards)
•Standards set maximum allowable
concentration of pollutants
•Amendment of 1977 created”
–Prevention of Signification
Deterioration (PSDS):
•intent to limit pollution in areas
in compliance with NAAQS
•requires permit for
owner/operator of “stationary
sources” prior to new
construction
•Mandates use of BACT (best
available control technology)
–Non-attainment:
•restricts construction which
may add to sources of air
pollution; also requires
permit
•Titles:
–I: stationary sources such as
mfg plants
–II: mobile sources such as
automobiles
–III: judicial review/citizen
lawsuits

REGULATORY
(CAA -2)
•Standards:
–Ambient: max safe
pollutant concentrations
–Emission: controls amount
of pollution produced by a
given source
•NESHAPS (national
emission standars for
haz air pollutants)
•NSPS (new source
performance standards)
–State responsible for
designing and
implementing a SIP (state
implementation plan) that
achieves NAAQS
•Hazard air pollutant is one which
has no NAAQS
•Operator/owner of emission source
must:
–keep records
–Install/maintain monitoring
equipment
–Comply with reporting
requirements
•If SIP violated, EPA issues notice,
to be corrected within 30 days
•Violations of NESHAPS/NSPS do
not require notice by EPA, but may
illicit immediate action
•Allows citizen suits against EPA
and owner/operator

REGULATORY
•NEPA: National
Environmental Pollutant Act
of 1970
–CEQ has responsibility for
enforcement
–EIS (environmental impact
statements) must be prepared
prior to undertaking any project
which may have averse affect on
environment
–Activities which require EIS:
•Those requiring federal permit
•Those using any source of
federal resources for their
implementation
•FIFRA: Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide,
Rodenticide Actof 1972
–Regs for labeling,
storage and disposal of
pesticides
–Requires pre-market
clearance for pesticides
–EPA has established
educational programs
for users

REGULATORY
•SDA: Safe Water
Drinking Actof 1974
–Major objectives:
•Set maximum
pollutant levels on
drinking water
•Protect
underground water
•MPRSA: Marine
Protection, Research
and Sanctuaries Act of
1972
–Major objective:
•Eliminate ocean
dumping of hazardous
waste
–Requires permit for any
waste disposed of at sea
–Pre-empts any state
regulations

Misc. Safety History
•Marshall v. Barlow(1978):
–1st Supreme court case lost
by OSHA
–4th amendment issue
–Right to entry of OSHA
–Brought about right of
refusal of entry and
subsequent warrant process
to enter
•Whirlpool Decision(1980):
–Expanded OSHA protection
to EEs
–EEs could refuse to perform
“IDLH” work
•American Textile MFG
Institute v. Donovan
(1981):
–“Cotton Dust decision”
–Cost benefit analysis
not most important
consideration

SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS /
ASSOCIATIONS
•ASSE
–Formed in 1911 as
United Assoc. of
Casualty Inspectors
–Professional Safety
Journal
•NSC
–Formed in 1913 as
Assoc. of Iron and Steel
Electrical Engineers
•System Safety Society
–Journal of System Safety
•AIHA
–AIHA Journal
•NFPA
–NFPA Journal

MISC. BCSP
•MEMBERSHIP
ORGANIZATION FOR
BCSP:
–ASSE
–SFPE (Society of Fire Protection
Engineers)
–AIHA
–NSC
–SSS (System Safety Society)
–IIE (Institute of IndustrialEngineers)
•ACCREDIATION
AGENCIES OF BCSP:
–CESB (Council of
Engineering and Scientific
Specialty Boards)
–NCCA (National
Commission for Certifying
Agencies)

BCSP Ethics
•Hold paramount S&H of
people, Environment &
property
•Be honest and fair
•Issue public statements
based upon fact &
knowledge
•Undertake assignments
when qualified
•Avoid deceptive acts
•Adhere to highest
professional standards
•Act in a way that is
free of bias
•Seek opportunities for
constructive service

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