cultural history: precursor to the present and future

cultural history: precursor to the present and future

1. cultural history: precursor
to the present and future
Oleh :
ahmad subqi ilhami (224101060016)
Dini atiqoh sari (221101060029)
Feni Fatika Sari (221101060014)
zonariyah najwa (224101060002)

2. Herodotus, the ancient Greek famously known as the “Father of History,” wrote that the importance of
history was “so that the actions of people will not fade with time.”
History can also inform us about the communication behaviors we employ today. For instance, throughout
this book, we continually argue that Euro-American cultures place great importance on the ability to
communicate orally. In contrast, that skill carries much less significance in northeast Asian cultures.
Culture, this chapter will provide insight into the historical events that shaped several other nations and give
you a broad appreciation of Islamic civilization. This will include the following:
• How centuries of authoritarian rule molded the Russian national character
• How China’s pride in historical achievements can produce ethnocentric feelings
• How early Japanese agricultural practices contributed to a preference for group activity
• The eleventh-century event that initiated Hindu–Muslim animosity long before the 1947 Partition of India
• How the Spanish conquest contributed to the Mexican sense of fatalism
• How a simple question of leadership resulted in the Sunni–Shia schism
history’s influence

3. U.S. History
This examination of U.S. history will cover selected events to demonstrate how cultural traits
emerging from those events ultimately formed what is considered contemporary U.S. national
character.
Notions of freedom and independence were continually reinforced during the formative period
of the United States, as settlers unceasingly pushed westward into new territories.
This can be seen as a continuing manifestation of a cultural heritage emphasizing
egalitarianism, independence, pragmatism, frequent change, and a willingness to engage the
unknown.

4. A striking feature of Russian history is geography, The Russian “Motherland” (Rodina) has been invaded
and occupied by the Mongols, Germans, Turks, Poles, Swedes, French, Japanese, and British subjected
the Russian people to war, persecution, and immense suffering. Early historical records show that
during the ninth century, a series of city-states were established along the waterways of the western
Russian plain, with Novgorod and Kyiv being the most prominent. The arrival of the Mongols in 1240
brought about the final collapse of Kiev. State. Although the Mongols maintained a military presence in
Russia for more than 200 years. Mongol rule was superseded in the 15th century and eventually, the
formation of a consolidated Russia ruled from Moscow. From the beginning of the 16th century until the
Russian Revolution in 1917, the Russian people were under the authoritarian and centralized rule of
authoritarian and centralized government led by a “tsar”. The revolution replaced the tsarist ruler with
the regime of replaced the tsarist ruler with the Soviet regime,

Russian history
From this sketch of Russian political history, it is easy to understand why Bergelson says that even today, many
Russians feel that they “have no control over their country”. During the tenth century, Greek Orthodox
Christianity, imported from the Byzantine Empire, became the state religion, and its legacy can be seen in
Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. Since its founding in the early 1700s, the world-famous
Bolshoi Ballet has been a source of great pride and a highly valued object among all Russians. Classical
music by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Stravinsky is admired and enjoyed all over the
world. The Russian Federation is currently grappling with a variety of social problems, some of which include
endemic corruption that hampers overall social cohesiveness, rampant abuse of drugs (heroin) and alcohol
as well (drugs) Russia is also experiencing population decline due to high death rates and low birth rates

5. chinese history
Over the past three decades, China has achieved remarkable economic growth and undergone
considerable social change. China has the longest, oldest, and most extensive civilizational record of its
past, dating back to 700 BC, starting with the Shang dynasty to the present. China's premodern history is a
perpetual cycle of dynastic succession, led by a single Emperor, the Emperor was referred to as the “Son of
Heaven,” and his legitimacy and power came from the “Mandate of Heaven,” The concept of a
government formed around a centralized bureaucracy under the rule of a single leader continues to this
day, as exemplified by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
After Mao died in 1976, more pragmatic leaders recognized the need for economic and political reform,
and China began to modernize. Economic and political reforms and China began to modernize. In the
1990s, China's leaders away from a centrally planned economy toward a more market-driven economy.
Today's Chinese are keenly aware of China's past, and their historical memory is characterized by two
distinct themes - traditional and modern. Traditional historical memories recall the splendor and legacy of
imperial China the Chinese empire when it was the “center of the world,” Modern historical memory
focuses on the setbacks China suffered at the hands of foreign powers during the “era of humiliation”. This
latter perspective of history has instilled a “sense of entitlement that grows out of history”.
Rapid economic development not only brings positive impacts but also creates new social hardships,
There is also a cultural motivation to have sons and the availability of selective abortion, China's official
one-child policy, which was instituted over thirty years ago, has reduced the number of newborns and
resulted in a disproportionate number of males among the younger generation.

6. Japan's geographical location as an archipelago and its relative distance from mainland Asia have
had a profound influence on Japanese history and culture. This isolation has made Japan relatively
immune to massive immigration and foreign invasion, giving it a unique cultural identity. Despite its
isolation, Japan remained influenced by outside cultures, most notably China and Korea. Confucianism
and Buddhism, for example, exerted significant influence on the development of Japanese society. A
long history of isolation and a feudal system of government have created a relatively culturally
homogeneous Japanese society. This sense of ethnic similarity is one of the defining characteristics of
the Japanese people. Japan's mountainous geography and a history of agriculture that relied on
cooperation have shaped a strong culture of collectivism among Japanese people. The feudal heritage
and the experience of facing historical challenges have instilled in the Japanese the values of
discipline, perseverance, and sacrifice.
Japanese history
After modernization and World War II, Japan developed a strong sense of nationalism. However, the war
experience also left deep scars and shaped pacifism in Japanese society. In Japan, the proportion of elderly
people is increasing, while the birth rate is decreasing dramatically. Japanese people are marrying at an
older age or choosing not to marry at all. Individualistic lifestyles are gaining popularity in Japan. The pension
system is threatened as there are more elderly people and fewer productive workers due to declining birth
and marriage rates. Labor shortages are becoming a serious problem due to an aging population and
declining interest in working in some fields. In Japan's economic crisis, aging population and declining
birthrate may hamper economic growth. Social problems that occur in Japan such as poverty among the
elderly, loneliness, and social isolation can become increasingly serious problems.

7. India has several ancient histories such as the Indus Valley, the coming of the Aryans, the
Mauryan Empire, and the Gupta Empire. The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest
civilizations in the world, with cities that already have advanced urban systems such as drainage
systems. When the Aryans came to India, they brought with them the Sanskrit language and
Hinduism, which is the basis of the majority religion in India today. The golden period of India with
the development of Buddhism and Hinduism occurred during the Mauryan and Gupta empires.
Asoka, a Mauryan emperor, spread Buddhism beyond India. The poverty rate in rural areas is
much higher than in urban areas. This is due to lack of access to education, health, and
employment opportunities Unemployment, especially among educated youth, is a serious
problem. This can lead to social and political instability. Corruption is rampant at all levels of
government, hampering development and reducing people's trust in the government. Poor
infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, and clean water, hampers economic growth and people's
quality of life.
Indian history

8. The United States and Mexico share a common border extending nearly 2,000 miles
from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. That geographical factor alone is
sufficient cause to learn about the history of Mexico. But there are many additional,
important reasons to gain insight into Mexico’s past. Daily, hundreds of thousands
of people and vehicles cross the border. As an example, San Ysidro, near San Diego,
California, is the Western Hemisphere’s busiest port of entry, with 50,000 vehicles
and 25,000 pedestrians crossing into the United States every day.116 U.S. and
Mexican officials at federal, state, and local levels are continually engaged in efforts
to coordinate and manage economic cooperation, legal matters, environmental
problems, health issues, law enforcement, and many other interests.
Mexican history

9. MUSLIM DEMOGRAPHICS, Islam is the second largest religion in the world The majority of Muslims live in Indonesia,
India, and Pakistan. In contrast, although the Middle East has a much smaller population more than 90 percent of
the Middle East's population adheres to Islam.
The Age of Ignorance: To better understand the history of Islam and its influence in the globalized world, it is
necessary to have an overview of the early Middle East, particularly the Arabian Peninsula, where Islam originated.
The geography and climate of the region can be described as generally semiarid and arid, with insufficient rainfall
to support agriculture except along river valleys or near oases. This is especially true of the Arabian Peninsula,
historically the domain of the nomad.
The rise and spread of Islam
Islam was taught by the Prophet Muhammad who received revelation from God. The city of Mecca was the
birthplace of Islam, while Medina became the center of Islamic development after the Hijrah. Islam spread rapidly
from the Arabian Peninsula to various regions, including the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Central Asia, and
Southeast Asia. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, the leadership of Islam was held by caliphs. Notable
caliphates include the Umayyads and the Abbasids. Fierce battles were fought between Muslims and Christians for
control of the Holy Land. The main difference lay in the view of who had the right to be the leader of Muslims after
Prophet Muhammad.
THE LEGACY OF ISLAMIC HISTORY
This brief chronology illustrates the richness of Islamic history, which helps shape the identity and worldview of
modern Muslims. History is particularly significant to Muslims. As noted by Lewis, “Islamic history, for Muslims, has an
important religious and also legal significance, since it reflects the working out of God’s purpose for His Community
—those that accept the teachings of Islam and obey its law.”From the Muslim perspective, the early era of the
caliphates represents a period of one ruler exercising dominion over a single state.
Historical overview of Islamic civilization

10. The overviews of selected national histories provided in this chapter were intended
to illustrate how cultural values can often be a product of past events and to
examine the role that collective historical memory plays in the construction of
worldview. Those values and worldviews can and generally do come into play
during intercultural communication interactions. In some instances, the historical
event may be widely known, and all participants will be aware of its potential
influence. For instance, the U.S. historical record of slavery, the genocide of
Indigenous peoples, and the incarceration of Japanese Americans are generally
well known, and people usually approach those topics cautiously when interacting
with an African American, Native American, or Japanese American, respectively.
DEVELOPING HISTORICAL MEMORY COMPETENCY FOR
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION INTERACTIONS