cultural relativism, cultural lag and cultural integration

the pptx all about culture, culture role and importance. its also about the cultural relativism, cultural lag or cultural integration

1. Sociology Cultural relativism, cultural lag or cultural integration and its role in development Presented By – Amita ( Ph.D ) CCS HAU Hisar, Haryana 125004 (COHS) 2/12/2023 1

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3. What is culture The word "culture" derives from the Latin ” Colere ," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. Social environment in which we are living. It refers to the, our languages, belief , values, custom, law, behavior and material object that, together , form a people way of life. It determine how we view the world around us and includes the traditions we inherit and pass on to the next generation Cultural basically include our shared language, knowledge, material objects and behavior. 2/12/2023 3

4. Definitions of culture Taylor: “Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and habits and any capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”. Linton: “Culture is social heredity, which is transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual experiences”. John Beattee : “Culture is the way of life which is transmitted from generation to generation” . 2/12/2023 4

5. Type of culture Material Culture: It includes material and physical objects. For eg . house, road, vehicles, pen, table, radio set, book etc. Non-material culture : In non-material culture we include non material objects. For example religion, art, ideas, customs, values system, attitudes, knowledge etc. it does not have physical shape. It is very important in determining human behavior and has strong hold on an individual. Real Culture: It refers to the practices and norms a culture actually follows. The culture on which we act upon in our daily life is real culture. It is that parts of culture, which the people adopt in their social life, for example. If a person/ says that he/she is Muslim, will be, when followed all the principles of Islam is the real and when doesn’t follow, is not a real one. Ideal Culture: ( want to be follow) The culture which is presented as a pattern to the people is called ideal culture. It is the goal of society and never achieved fully because some parts remain out of practice. This culture is explained in books, speeches etc. 2/12/2023 5 4 TYPES

6. Characteristics of culture 2/12/2023 6 Culture is transmitted: All the culture traits and objects are transmitted among the members of society continually. Cultural traits and material objects are transmitted to the members of the society from their forefather Culture is learned. It is  not  biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. Culture is integrated. This is known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few. Culture is shared: All the traits, attitudes, ideas, knowledge and material objects like radio, television and automobiles etc is actually shared by members of society. Culture is dynamic or universal. This simply means that cultures interact and change over the time, its never remain static. It is globally exists.

7. Cultural relativism The term first introduced by Franz boas ( a counter for ethnocentrism) Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. In other words “right” and “wrong” are culture –specific ; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and since no universal standard of moral exists, no one has the right to judge another society customs. Cultural relativism is concerned with understanding a culture based on its standings and not judging it with one's own culture. The idea behind cultural relativism is to assist people in relating to different cultures that are not their own. 2/12/2023 7 The ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standard of one’s own culture. The practice of accessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.

8. Examples 1. Food Choices In certain cultures eat different foods at different meals. For example , traditionally, breakfast in the United States is markedly different from breakfast in Japan or Colombia. While one may consist of scrambled eggs and pancakes and the other rice and soup or white cheese on a corn arepa , cultural relativists seek to understand these differences not in terms of any perceived superiority or inferiority. 2. Hygienic rituals 3. Ways of reverence Bow down Touching feet Kissing hands 4. Veil ( Burqa) used by Muslim women 5. Language of different culture 2/12/2023 8

9. Types of Cultural Relativism 2/12/2023 9 Absolute cultural relativists It believe that everything that happens within a culture must and should not be questioned by outsiders. It indicates that whatever activities are practiced within a culture, no matter how weird and dangerous they appear to be, should not be questioned by other cultures.   Critical cultural relativism It questions cultural practices in terms of who is accepting them and why, as well as recognizing power relationships. asks questions about cultural practices and why they are practiced. It seeks answers about the cultural practices in line with who is accepting them and why they are doing so.   2 TYPES

10. Advantages or disadvantage of Cultural Relativism 2/12/2023 10 Advantage It promotes cooperation It can open people to choose any career options It encourages respect It creates a society without judgment It promotes equality It removes the power of societal conditioning It can easily develop personal moral norms based on societal norms. It helps to keep human cultures relevant. Disadvantage It would only solely work on perfect humanity Instead of sharing various outcomes, it encourages people to establish alliances with others who share similar viewpoints. It could promotes an individualistic point of view It could limit the progress of humanity It could limit the progress of morality It could encourage people to isolate themselves It has the ability to transform beliefs into realities.

11. Implications In the cultural relativist perspective, no one culture is superior to another when comparing their systems of morality, law, politics, and so on. This is because cultural norms and values, according to cultural relativism, derive their meaning within a specific social context. Cultural relativism is also based on the idea that there is no absolute standard of good or evil, and thus that every decision and judgment of what is right or wrong is individually decided in each society. Cultural relativism tr to promote the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other culture, such as eating insects and sacrificial killing. 2/12/2023 11

12. Cultural Lag The difference between material culture and non-material culture is known as cultural lag. The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and the resulting social problems that are caused by this lag. In other words, cultural lag occurs whenever there is an unequal rate of change between different parts of culture causing a gap between material and non-material culture The term was first coined in William Fielding Ogburn's 1922. 2/12/2023 12 Cultural lag  refers to the phenomenon that occurs when changes in material culture occur before or at a faster rate than the changes in non-material culture. Cultural leg refers to the nation that , culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations and that social problems are caused by this lag.

13. Context Technological advancement Change in society is inevitable Cultural change Material culture Non-material culture Change are faster Changes are slower Social problems 2/12/2023 13

14. Examples School Calendars - Most schools still have a 9-month school year which was originally designed to let kids be home working in the fields during the summer when most families were involved in a farming culture. Cancer Vaccine - A new vaccine became available against cervical cancer. Many aspects of society were not ready to approve the vaccine for their teenage children since they felt it condoned sexual activity by young adults. In -vitro fertilization The automobile( material) problems In adjustment Such as dating, sex, drinking and Driving families moving Away from Each other, status Symbol ( Nonmaterial) Birth control Test tube babies TV – cable Sonography COVID- vaccine Cell phones streaming television Artificial reproductive technology 2/12/2023 14

15. How to overcomes cultural lag Through educational institutions Launching awareness campaigns Media Polices of government 2/12/2023 15

16. Cultural integration Cultural integration is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices and rituals of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture. Integrating cultures usually refer to several cultures coming together to form a new, multicultural society and each culture keeps its character, features and values Rather than losing their own culture or keeping their own culture and completely rejecting the new culture, they fuse the two. They bring parts of their culture into their communities in the form of food, language, music, arts, attitudes, or traditions. 2/12/2023 16

17. Examples A person named Paul (his American name) emigrate to America from China. He is more worried about his children than himself. Even though they speak Mandarin at home, they speak English outside. This helped them integrate and fit into American society. Just like they were introduced to American things, they also introduced Chinese culture in the form of Chinese food or traditions to their friends . https://youtu.be/apS2wbxsv1c Chinese immigrants brought Chinese food etc. The religious beliefs in the United States were animistic, the belief that natural objects such as trees contain dould , but now every type of religious beliefs, no matter thr culture of origin, is practiced. Foreign films have been adapted by American audience. For eg . The 2007 film “ The Departed” Is a remake of the Chinese film “ Infernal affairs “. American restaurants such as McDonald’s opening branches in foreign countries such as india , japan Or others various countries. 2/12/2023 17

18. Advantages of Cultural Integration The biggest advantage of this is that it promoted humanistic values and improves productivity alongside profitability. It also creates a lot of talent and exchanges ideas that are innovative. Also – in today’s world, it creates benefits of diversity. More and more people start to get familiar with other cultures and begin to accept them. This makes people less aggressive to one another and more accepting of each other. Increased diversity Increases cultural awareness and promotes respect for other cultures Enhances a person's life by enriching it with other cultures Enhances the workplace environment and increases productivity, creativity, and knowledge Increases multi-cultural competency 2/12/2023 18

19. Disadvantages of Cultural Integration Various issues can arise in the workplace because some employees may feel discriminated against. Employees can have frequent arguments with one another due to differences in teachings or beliefs. It also creates a social tension between people of different cultures. Since every culture has its own beliefs and things that they consider holy – often referred to as  Culture-Bound Syndrome , there will always be problems when two opposing cultures collide. For example, a Hindu believes a cow to be a holy animal, whereas Muslims ceremoniously sacrifice goats or cows to celebrate Eid . This can cause a lot of issues between the two cultures. Risk of assimilation rather than true integration Large shifts in ideology and altering existing cultural Differences of values and opinions that lead to conflict 2/12/2023 19

20. Role of culture in development Culture is the lifeblood of a vibrant society, expressed in the many ways we tell our stories, celebrate, remember the past, entertain ourselves, and imagine the future. Our creative expression helps define who we are, and helps us see the world through the eyes of others. Helps in human development ( For example the adolescence age stated above, in some cultures simply does not occur because of the obligation to take over adult roles right after physical maturation. The end of childhood and beginning of adolescence is characterized in some cultures by extended (gender specific) rituals, separation of male adolescents from the family and integration in to the male peer group headed by an adult male leader. In other cultures, due to the increasing role of education, adolescence is a separate and sometimes difficult developmental stage which is extended relative to other developmental stages. a new stage of life can be described, namely emerging adulthood establishing a family, taking responsibilities as parents, and becoming active members of society (e. g., in economic production; in political institutions). However, cultures differ with respect to conceptualizing adulthood and related developmental tasks of adults; for instance, as far as responsibilities of adult children for their ageing parents are concerned. Cultural changes affect the gender role, and thereby have an impact on the family system including the conditions for child care and parent-child relations . . 2/12/2023 20

21. Better health and well-being Economic development of country Sustainable development Culture helps build social capital, the glue that holds communities together. Improved learning and valuable skills for the future: In children and youth, participation in culture helps develop thinking skills, builds self-esteem, and improves resilience, all of which enhance education outcomes Bringing people together, cultural activities such as festivals, fairs, or classes create social solidarity and cohesion, fostering social inclusion, community empowerment, and capacity-building, and enhancing confidence, civic pride, and tolerance.    The social capital created through culture increases with regular participation in cultural activities.   Cultural engagement also plays a key role in poverty reduction and communities-at-risk strategies.   In addition to its intrinsic value, culture provides important social and economic benefits. With improved learning and health, increased tolerance, and opportunities to come together with others, culture enhances our quality of life and increases overall well-being for both individuals and communities. 2/12/2023 21

22. SYMBOL OF TRUST