Curriculum development

hope this will be useful for msc nursing students

1. Nursing Curriculum By Mrs. Rajeswari Associate. professor ACON

2. Introduction In today’s world of rapidly shifting resources, institutions of higher education are facing the need to make numerous changes to successfully meet the challenges of the future. Creative, innovative methods of curriculum delivery are being exposed in an effort to provide cost effective, quality programming to an increasingly diverse population of students.

3. The term “curriculum” was first used in Scotland as early as 1820 and became part of education. The term “curriculum” is a Latin word “ currere ” which means running race or runway, which one takes to reach goal.

4. Definition “Curriculum is defined as the formal and informal content and process by which learners gain knowledge and understanding, develop, skills, and alter attitudes, appreciations and values under the auspices of that school.” - Ronald.c.Doll,1996 “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideals (aim and objectives) in his studio (school)”. - Cunningbam

5. Determinants Psychological Scientific Political Sociological Philosophical

6. Principles of Curriculum

7. Principles of Curriculum

8. Principles of Curriculum

9. Curriculum Development Curriculum development is a deliberate process, not a event, that takes concentrated time, effort and faculty commitment. The process consists of a series of systematic, logical, dynamic spiraled and progressive stages that can be time consuming and labor intensive.

10. Stages of curriculum development

11. Phases of curriculum process The curriculum is based on the philosophy and purposes of the school or college or university and its construction requires an understanding of educational psychology together with knowledge and skill in the principles and practice of nursing education.

12. FIVE PHASES IN CURRICULUM PROCESS

13. STEPS OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT Formulation of educational objectives Selection of teaching learning experiences Organization of teaching – learning experiences Evaluation of learning objectives/ outcomes

14. Formulation Of Educational Objectives Educational objectives formulated for a given course of study will depend upon the intended learning outcomes.

15. In formulating educational objections, it is best to use words or phrases ( eg . to identify, to differentiate, to evaluate, to perform a particular task or procedure, to elicit a response from) that describe, as precisely as possible,  measurable  or  observable learning outcomes . Phrases like ‘to know’, ‘to understand’, and ‘to appreciate’, which are not precise enough for this purpose, may however be used in statements that describe the  general goals  of a course/programme.

16. Educational objectives will provide useful guidelines for teachers to adopt a more systematic approach in designing and planning instructional strategies, particularly with respect to: What to teach How to teach   How to assess What to evaluate  

17. SELECTION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES

18. Learning experience is defined as deliberately planned experiences in selected situations where students actively participate, interact & which result in desirable changes of behavior in the students. In nursing education, selection of learning experience is concerned with the decision about the content of subject matter & clinical, community & laboratory practice.

19. Criteria for the selection of Learning Experiences Consistent with the philosophy Varied & flexible enough Give the students an opportunity to practice Provide chance for the development of independent thinking Adapted to the needs of the student Provide continuity, correlation & integration Learning experience should be:

20. Organization of learning experiences It has to be done carefully, systematically & sequentially Acc to Tyler, primary aim of organization of learning experiences in the curriculum is to bring & relate various learning experiences together to produce the maximum. Continuity, sequence & integration has to be followed

21. Learning experiences have to be vertically & horizontally organized In vertical organization, the L.E planned for the entire curriculum have to be arranged in such a way that the learning progresses week by week, month by month, semester to semester & year to year. In horizontal, all the learning takes place in different times & are automatically related to learning of another situation or subject.

22. Elements of Organizing the Learning Experiences Grouping learning under subject headings Preparation of master plan for curriculum Placement of learning experiences in the total curriculum Preparation of the correlation chart Organization of clinical experience Types of teaching system have to be followed.

23. Evaluation of the curriculum Curriculum evaluation involves an assessment of the philosophy of the institution, programme goals, nursing content taught in each course, course objectives, teaching – learning methods, course evaluation methods & the relationship of non- nursing courses to the overall plan of study. Evaluation of a curriculum should be efficient & effective.

24. Five M’s of curriculum evaluation Men & other personnel involved Money Materials Methods Minutes

25. CORE CURRICULUM

26. TYPES OF CURRICULUM

27. Knowledge centered curriculum (subject centered) Knowledge centered curriculum is that curriculum in which knowledge is divided in terms of isolated subjects, the sequence followed is the logical sequence pertaining to the particular discipline and the logic is determined by the subject specialist.

28. Competence based curriculum (Task oriented or activity based curriculum) “ what should a learner be able to do and what she should learn during the course?” is the basic question that drives the making of such a curriculum plan. The focus is on the tasks that a successful graduate Nurse need to do later as a competent professional.

29. The tasks could be of Cognitive problem solving skills, Definitive communication skills or Mixed type encompassing more than one domain. Nursing curricula need to adopt this approach more widely.

30. Experience based curriculum In this type of curriculum learner is placed in the natural setting of the community Perhaps community oriented nursing education is an ideal method of educating learners.

31. Curriculum models

32. Cyclic Models Cyclic models portray nursing curriculum development as a coherent and logical procedure involving five specific mechanisms including Situational analysis, Choice of objectives, Content selection and arrangement, Methods selection and arrangement and Learning assessment. This model assumes that what is being taught is circular with no specific starting or ending point.

33. You cannot be an expert in everything but recognize that there is great value in understanding the basics of what others have done. A broad understanding of what people are struggling with and what the discussions have been about will help you to develop your own personal philosophy. Feel free to learn and build on existing ideas.

34. It is difficult starting from scratch, so why not take another philosopher's ideas as a basic framework to get started? Many well known philosophers started like this. For example, Plato took the undoubtedly oral and sociable Socratic method from the real Socrates, and used it as the basis for his highly polished literary Socratic method, which in turn was taken by Aristotle to form the basis of Logic particularly syllogisms.

35. When you have spare time, analyze the framework of your nascent philosophy, and try to find problems and solutions. Taking the development of your philosophy gradually will allow it to evolve into something autonomous of the original philosophy. Keep a journal  and continue writing down your thoughts and ideas, even if they're not coherent. Patience is essential because it may take you years to sort through all the discarded notions to find the treasure buried underneath. The passage of time is healthy, as it allows your ideas to keep evolving and to be tested by daily events.

36. Try  reading a newspaper  once in a while. It'll help you apply theories to real situations . For example, take a serious news story that involves issues impacting on many sectors of society and ask yourself: "What would I have done?" Work your answers into your developing philosophy to see if it can withstand actual events and provide explanations, instruction, or greater understanding.

37. Planning and implementation of curriculum

38. Curriculum Revision means making the curriculum different in some way to give it a new position or direction This often means alteration to its philosophy by way of its aims & objectives, reviewing the content included, revising its methods & re thinking its evaluatory procedures.

39. Approaches to Curriculum Revision: Addition Deletion Reorganization

40. Fred greaves describes the 7 stages in revising a nursing curriculum Stage I: F ormation of Curriculum development & evaluation committee Stage II : Appraise the existing nursing & educational practices Stage III : make a detailed study of the existing curriculum content Stage IV: establish criteria for decisions

41. Stage V : Design & writing of the new curriculum changes Stage VI: within this stage the actual implementation of changes put into action Stage VII : evaluate the effects of those changes & it is with evaluation that this final stage is concerned.

42. Nursing research is a needed in nursing practice, education, administration, management. Nursing research needed to discover, verify, structure and restructure the professional knowledge through systematic way.

43. Research is the only way to: Build a body of nursing knowledge Validate improvements in nursing Make health care efficient as well as cost effective Nursing are expected to deliver the highest quality care. To get high quality need to update new knowledge through nursing research. It is needed to implement the research into a scientific approach of facts finding .

44. Conclusion Curriculum is considered as the blueprint of an educational program. We need to consider how to design the curriculum that would work in the globalized world and for globalization, how to design the curriculum that accommodates diversity and differences, how to design the curriculum that is meaningful to the students, and how to design the curriculum that reflects to the concepts of the profession. Nursing curriculum is the learning opportunities and the learning activities that the faculty plans and implement in various settings for a particular group of students, for a specified period of time in order to attain the objectives.