curriculum, meaning definition principles.pptx

curriculum, meaning, definition, foundations principles of curriculum

1. Dr. Shilna V. Assistant Professor, CUTEC, kozhikode Curriculum Part 1

2. Curriculum meaning and definition Derived from the Latin word  currere , meaning “to run” The term  curriculum  refers to the totality of experiences and activities that occur in an educational process, both planned and unplanned Curriculum is the base for the learning outcomes and activities through which the teaching and learning process moves in advance Arthur Cunningham – "Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideals (objectives) in his studio (school)" Crow and Crow – “The curriculum includes all the learners’ experience in or outside school that are included in a programme which has been devised to help him developmentally, emotionally, socially, spiritually and morally”.

3. According to the Secondary Education Commission ‘s Report, ―Curriculum is much more than the boundaries by the academic subject taught traditionally‖. It should include totality of experiences that pupils receive through the manifold activities that go on in the school, in the classroom, library, Laboratory, workshop, playgrounds and in the various informal contacts between teachers and pupils

4. Curriculum A school‘s written courses of study The subject content taught to the students Learning experiences that planned already The courses offered in a school ; and The totality of planned lessons taught to students in a school.

5. Syllabus Syllabus is a document which derives its content from the curriculum. It is a summary or an outline of a course of studies. It is a programme of lessons The curriculum is developed for a course whereas syllabus is developed for a period of time

6. Text book A primary tool for students and teachers, providing structured instructional content for a specific subject.  Serves as the main tool for transacting content in the classroom A source of knowledge, a guide, and include appropriate content, structure, illustrations, and exercises Textbooks are developed in accordance with the syllabus and are designed to be reflection of it

7. Vogel's textbook evaluation criteria Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) A textbook evaluation scale with 10 points Developed by Louis F. Vogel   A mathematical method for solving transportation problems

8. Vogel's textbook evaluation criteria Author Qualification:  Assesses the author's expertise and viewpoint. Organization:  Evaluates the logical structure and flow of the material. Content:  Examines the subject matter for relevance, depth, and currency. Presentation:  Considers how the material is presented, including style and approach. Accuracy:  Checks for scientific correctness and a lack of ambiguity. Readability:  Analyzes sentence structure and other factors to ensure the text is easy to read. Adaptability:  Assesses how well the material can be adapted for different students. Teaching Aids:  Evaluates the usefulness of supplementary materials like charts and graphs. Illustrations:  Assesses the quality and relevance of images. Appearance:  Considers the overall physical appearance and layout of the book. 

9. Hidden curriculum The unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives students learn in school It includes social and behavioral norms like how to interact with peers, obey authority, and conform to expectations, which are taught through daily interactions and school culture, not through formal lessons While it can teach valuable skills for navigating social structures, it can also reinforce inequalities, stereotypes, and biases Students learn how to behave in a group setting, how to follow rules, and how to deal with social hierarchies

10. Supplementary Reader A book, pamphlet, or journal used for  extra reading  alongside a main textbook Its primary goal is to help students develop independent reading skills, build vocabulary, improve comprehension, and foster an appreciation for literature These materials are designed for students to read on their own, though they often include comprehension checks, discussion topics, and other aids to support their learning

11. Nature study and Nature rambling Nature study The act of observing and learning about the objects and phenomena of nature, such as plants, flowers, insects, rocks, and weather. To cultivate curiosity and observation skills, develop an appreciation for the environment, and lay the groundwork for understanding broader scientific fields like botany, biology, and meteorology. Methods involve looking closely at a single object like a leaf or flower, using all senses to perceive it, and documenting observations through journaling or discussion. Examples : Comparing different leaves, dissecting a dead insect, observing mold growth, or studying a caterpillar's cocoon.  Nature rambling Taking a walk or excursion into nature, often with the purpose of engaging in nature study. To provide a hands-on, real-world environment for observation and learning that cannot be replicated indoors It encourages physical activity and exposure to fresh air and sunshine. Methods Involves walking outdoors, exploring an area, and stopping to observe and discuss what is seen. Examples : A guided walk to observe local trees, a trip to a river to watch what sinks and floats, or simply taking a walk to look for birds. 

12. Foundations of curriculum Philosophical foundations Determines the overall aims and beliefs of education.  Shapes what is considered important knowledge and how it should be taught.  Philosophies like perennialism (focus on universal truths), essentialism (focus on fundamental skills), progressivism (student-centered, experience-based learning), and reconstructionism (using education for social reform) provide different frameworks for curriculum development Sociological foundations Addresses the social and cultural context of the school. Ensures the curriculum reflects and responds to the needs of society, its culture, and values. Curriculum developers must consider how to prepare students to be responsible citizens and how to navigate a changing society. Psychological foundations Explains how students learn, grow, and develop. Informs how content should be sequenced, what teaching methods are effective, and how to motivate learners. Principles from learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism are used to create more effective and student-oriented curricula.

13. Stages of curriculum construction 1. Planning Needs Assessment:   Identify issues, concerns, or problems that the curriculum should address by gathering input from stakeholders  Policy and Objectives:   Formulate educational philosophy, broad aims, goals, and specific learning objectives These statements describe the desired student outcomes and changes in behavior 2. Content and Methods Development Content Selection:   Choose and organize the subject matter, ensuring it is valuable, relevant, and logically sequenced Learning Experiences:   Select and design learning experiences that help students achieve the objectives. This includes choosing teaching strategies, activities, and assessments Materials Development:   Create or select support materials like textbooks, lesson plans, and other resources needed to deliver the curriculum effectively

14. 3. Implementation Teacher Preparation:   Train teachers to understand and deliver the new curriculum, including its content and methods.  Piloting:   Implement the curriculum in a smaller, pilot group of schools to test its effectiveness and gather feedback.  Rollout:   Launch the curriculum on a wider scale, typically beginning with a national or regional implementation.  4. Evaluation and Improvement Evaluation:   Assess student learning and the overall effectiveness of the curriculum. This is an ongoing process to see if the objectives are being met.  Improvement:   Use the evaluation findings to make necessary revisions and improvements to the curriculum.  Stages of curriculum construction

15. Principles of curriculum development Principle of child centeredness Principle of community centeredness Principle of activity centeredness Principle of flexibility Principle of conservation Principle of creativity Principle of integration Principle of balance Principle of utility Principle of correlation Principle of individual difference Principle of totality of experience Principle of forward looking Principle of dignity of labour Principle of maturity