dairy cattle production tutor (chapter 1 & 2.pptx

It contains a lecture note on dairy cattle production

1. JINKA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE Department of Animal Science DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT (Chapter 1 and 2) TUTORIALNOTE FOR 4 th YEAR AnSc STUDENTS By Negesse Gashu (MSc. In Animal Production) April, 2024 Jinka University 1

2. 1.1 Definitions of terms/phrases Dairy :- Is a place /building where milk is kept and milk products are made. Is a shop /place where milk and milk products are sold . Dairy definition: used to refer to cows that are used for producing milk rather than meat, or to food that are made from milk, such as cream, butter or cheese 2

3. Definition Cont’d Dairy farm : is a farm that produces milk and milk products Dairying /dairy farming : is the business of a dairy farm Dairy cattle : cattle that is raised primarily to produce milk Milk: may be defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving . 3

4. Definition Cont’d Milk is a product of animal origin, and its sanitary qualities are influenced by many factors in the course of its production , processing and delivery to the consumers Milk (Dairy) products include: whole milk, cream, butter, cheese, fermented milks (yoghurt), dried milk products, butter, ghee, whey powder etc. 4

5. Functions of Dairy cattle production 1. Output function Food products : meat, milk and their derivatives (butter, cheese) Cattle food products are rich in protein and have a good calorific value, but the energy content of crops like wheat is higher. Non-food materials Hides and sometimes horns, hooves, intestines and scrota are the by products of the livestock sector which have great importance for the livestock farmers. Some bi-products like bone meal have an economic value . 2. Input function Manure Work Asset and security function Social and cultural functions 5

6. 1.2 The dairy industry in the world economy The dairy industry occupies a special position among the other sectors of agriculture. Milk is produced everyday and gives a regular income to the numerous small producers. Milk production is highly labour - intensive and provides a lot of employment . Milk - also known as white gold - can be used to make an enormous variety of quality products. The special nature of milk ( perishable and bulky ) leads to the necessity of strict and comprehensive quality regulation and to high transport costs . 6

7. Cont’d The dairy industry : it comprises milk producers,fluide milk transportations, processing of milk into various dairy products transportation and marketing of processed products via various routes including super market. The dairy industry in the tropical region is mainly comprise small holder farmers, where economic of scale is small relative to the dairy industry in temperate regions or the”West ” 7

8. Cont’d The dairy industry development in the world sequentially: Europe USA Asia East Africa In Asia especially in India In East Africa especially in Kenya and Sudan But how the dairy industry developed in the above mentioned country? Role of dairy breeds and breeding technologies Milk processing technologies Transport and cooling facilities( fluide milk tank) Role of cooperatives and supermarket in marketing 8

9. Phases of development of the dairy industry in Ethiopia The development of the dairy industry started in the early 1950’s. The industry was highly influenced by major political and structural changes occurred in the country. Three phases are identified in the Ethiopian Dairy industry history. 9

10. Cont’d Phase Ⅰ: Emperial regime Phase ⅠⅠ : The socialist regime(1974-1991) Phase ⅠⅠⅠ : The current regime- market led economy(1991-present ) Phase Ⅰ: Emperial regime Ethiopia received 300 friesian and Brown swis dairy cattle in 1974 from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(UNRRA) This was the first attempt to introduce modern dairy production and the cattle were used to establish dairy farms around Addis Ababa In addition,109 in-calf Holstein heifers were added to Holeta herd in 1959 imported from Kenya 10

11. Cont’d A small milk processing plant was established at shola in Addis Ababa to support dairy production Between 1959 and 1969, with support from the UNICEF: ─expansion of the capacity of the shola plant, first to 10,000 liters per day and later to 30,000 liters; ─to supply the pressing plant, opening of milk purchasing and collection centers throughout Addis Ababa, ─and later up to a radius of 70 km around Addis Ababa along main road 11

12. Cont’d The dairy development agency (DDA)was established in 1971 to create an autonomous body responsible for dairy development The DDA look over the responsibilities of Addis Ababa Dairy industry which was established in 1966 ─to control and organize the collection, processing and distribution of locally produced milk ─the establishment of several government-owned dairy farms served as demonstration centers for the large commercial farms ─to provide service to increase milk production and create formal milk markets in urban areas outside Addis Ababa . 12

13. Phase - ⅠⅠ : The socialist regime(1974-1991) Following the 1974 revolution, the Ethiopian economic policy shifted towards socialism. Private farms and industries were nationalized The DDA merged with other nationalized dairy farms to establish the dairy development Enterprise (DDE) DDE was established to ─ operate state farms ─establish a milk collection network and ─provide other services 13

14. Cont’d polices implemented during this regime that directly or indirectly affected the dairy sector were: A) All land was nationalized and distributed to peasants through newly formed peasant Association(PA), without the right to rent, mortgage or sell. All large farms, including dairy farms established under the Addis Ababa Dairy Development project(AADDP) and other projects such as Chilalo Agricultural Development unit(CADU) and Wolaita Agricultural Development Unit(WADU) were nationalized or annexed by the PAs. B) A part from PAs, formation of producers and service co-operatives was promoted, ─which changed the nature of Agricultural extension work including the services to dairy producers; rather than individuals, producer cooperatives which collectively owned heifers and other supporting inputs were approached as a group 14

15. Cont’d ─ producer cooperatives had priority in the allocation of good-quality grazing land, leaving individual non-member peasants with any remaining poor-quality land for communal grazing. New donor-funded dairy projects restarted in the mid 1980s and had the primary objectives of supporting the dairy farms of producers co-operatives During this period dairy imports increased significantly. 15

16. Phase- ⅠⅠⅠ : The current regime- market led economy(1991-present) Several macro economic reforms were made from the very beginning of this phase. The investment policy of this period encourages local and foreign investor to invest with a number of incentive schemes including duty free import of machinery, land tax holidays, financing Privatization is the ongoing process since the early 1990s as many of the enterprises had been under the ownership of the state, including the DDE DDE and many others state farms, which were about fourteen in number are privatized. Special emphasis is given to agriculture as a top priority which is more demonstrated by the governments Agricultural Development lead Industrialization(ADLI ) 16

17. Cont’d A number of private dairy farms and processing plants were established due to the favorable economic policy of this period ─and the producer price paid by milk processing and collectors has been increased from 0.65 Birr per liter in 1993 to 6.00 Birr in 2009. overall ,policy changes during this period were successful in reinvigorating a dairy sector that had been greatly affected by the socialist regime Macroeconomic policies, changes in co-operative legislation and the openness of the manufacturing sector to private investment all resulted in positive changes. This gave growth in the dairy sector a new impulse in both the peri -urban areas, where most development projects are located, and where mixed farming is practiced Although the result obtained by the sector so far are positive when compared to the past, the historical performance of the dairy sector in Ethiopia has been disappointing given its potential 17

18. Summary of the historical dairy development Trends in Ethiopia 1960-1974 1974-1991 1991-present Relatively free economy Social/command economy Free economy, ADLI ─1950’s 300 Friesian and Brown swiss breeds introduced-emergency of modern dairy, around the capital Addis Ababa ─Establish many state dairy farms and rural dairy cooperatives ─A shift from urban to rural dairy development ─ Yet no clear dairy development policy ─private led dairy development   ─UNICEF: the first milk processing plant in Addis Ababa 1966-1969 ─Dairy development enterprise-60,000 liter milk ─Improving health,A I, local breeds, feed resource development ─AADI established in Addis Ababa 1971 ─Many dairy development projects launched : MPP, AADDP,DRDP, most were input oriented ─Service private milk processing plants established CADU and ARDU 1970-1980 ─Dairy imports increased ─Producer groups ─Dairy development agency(DDA)-1971     18

19. Current challenges for the sector High cost of production ─shortage of animal feed supplies ─Increasing cost of feed ─High transporting cost for feeds High cost of imported items because of devaluation of ETB ─Cost of packaging ─Spare parts ─machinery 19

20. Cont’d Demand side Low consumption behavior, low demand ,per capita milk consumption is only 19 lit/year/person Consumers prefer traditional products than pasteurized and factory produced products. Extended fasting days of the Ethiopian orthodox church Management Lack of modern animal husbandry and management Limited skilled manpower in dairy technology and marketing Prevalence of animal diseases Access to land Availability of breeds: scarcity of hybrid and exotic breeds Absence of policies; livestock breeding policy& dairy development strategy 20

21. 1.3 .Features of the dairy industry There are four specific features of dairy industry: 1.The properties of milk as raw material Its bulkiness Produced on daily basis High transaction cost for transport Its perishability 2. Socio-economic position of dairy farmers Vast majority are smallholders 3.Strong positions of cooperatives in the dairy marketing 55% of the world milk supply,90% in Europe,80% in the USA 4.Milk is highly valuable raw materials for various industries (the processing industry is highly advanced, far more than other agricultural products) overall , technological advances, economic liberalizations, privatizations, scale enlargement and globalizations have played a growing influence on the dairy industry 21

22. 1.4 . Advantage of dairy farming Comparative advantage of Dairy Farming Efficiency: Dairy cows have a high degree of efficiency in converting feed protein in to milk protein, and under certain conditions non- protein nitrogen can be used to replace some of the protein in the feed. continuous supply of income for smallholder farmers provide more than one source of income. Play important role in nutrient recycling(soil fertility) As a business it is an important income source for different value chain actors(farmers, producers, processors, supermarkets) 22

23. CHAPTER TWO MAJOR DAIRY CATTLE BREED /TYPE: Sub-Topic Contents : 2.1.Dairy cattle breed in world 2.2.Dairy cattle type in Ethiopia Dairy Animals: Includes cattle,sheep,Goats,camel, buffaloes and other animals, but globally the dominant dairy animal is cattle(cow) Type : is an ideal or standard of perfection combining all the characteristics that contribute to the animals usefulness for a specific purpose .   Breed: Breed is a group of animals having a common origin and possessing certain well fixed and distinctive characteristics not common to other members of the same species . 23

24. Cont’d Dairy type: Cattle of this type are usually not large, and are of some what lean build or are characterised by a lean, angular form and a well-developed mammary system. 24

25. Characteristics of the dairy typ e The head is small of refined appearance lean, clean cut and exhibits many small folds of the skin The trunk is wedge - shaped in side view, the front portion being less deep than the rear The front and rump are moderately broad and the ribs are set obliquely back wards The skin is thin, firm and elastic, with poorly developed subcutaneous connective tissue, and it is covered with silky hair The udder is usually well developed and other characters indicative of a high milking capacity are also prominent The constitution (general physical structure condition) is all together very dry 25

26. Cont’d These types of animals are out standing milk producers. They are of little value, however, as fat stock, since the meat is of poor quality, the carcass dressing percentage is small and growth is slow leading to late maturity. They are primarily adapted to convert efficiently feed in to maximum of high quality milk . Example: - Holstein Friesian, Guernsey, Jersey, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss. 26

27. ▀ Characteristics of dual purpose type   Dual purpose type have characteristics intermediate between those of dairy and beef types in conformation and also in the production of both meat and milk . are medium seized or large Example: Simmental, Girolando , Sahiwal, Guzerela and Gir cattle type 27

28. Characteristics of multi purpose type Multi-purpose type exhibit not only the properties typical of dual purpose cattle, but also some of the features characteristics of working cattle ( strong, bones ,sound constitution, quiet temperament) 28

29. 2.1 Major Dairy cattle breeds in the world The most popular dairy breeds within Bos taurus include Holstein-Friesian Jersey Ayrshire Guernsey Brown Swiss Milking shorthorn 29

30. Ⅰ. Holstein-Friesian The Holstein-Friesian : is the largest of the dairy breeds; it produces the largest amount of milk and is the most popular and widely distributed in the world The breed has its origin in the northern provinces of North Holland and west Friesian of the Netherlands or Origin :Netherlands and northern Germany (imported to N. America by the early Dutch settlers) Colour : Black and white or red and white 30

31. Distinctive characteristics: Colour :Black and white or red and white have broad muzzle open nostrils strong jaw large angular animal developed exclusively for milk through selection and intensive feeding the breed is large animal, therefore, can be used for beef withers height = 140 cm weight of cow = 650- 700 kg weight of bulls = > 1000 kg average milk yield = 6500 - 7500 kg with butter fat content of 3.7% has the best disposition/temperament than any other breed of cattle are adapted to high level of management do not respond to adverse environmental conditions 31

32. Holstein-Friesian cont’d Advantages: High milk production potential with low butter fat content of about 3.2% Disadvantages: Heavy feeder (requirements high (90-110Kg fresh forage/day) Susceptible to diseases, susceptible to milk fever Susceptible to high temperatures Large amounts of water (min 60 lts /day, more for heavy yielders) 32

33. ⅠⅠ. Jersey The jersey breed was developed on the island of Jersey in English channels. Like the Guernsey, the Jersey breed developed from the crosses between cattle from Brittany and Normandy. The Jersey breed ranks the highest among all major breeds in milk fat and protein percentages . It is prized by cheese makers for its rich creamy texture and outstanding yield of cheese. The Jersey breed is the smallest and the earliest maturing dairy breed; it is more heat-tolerant than its counterparts and is recognized for its reproduction and longevity. 33

34. Jersey Cont’d Distinctive characteristics Origin : Island of Jersey (Great Britain)   Colour : vary greatly in colour but the principal colour usually being some shade of fawn yellowish or grey with or without whit markings forehead is broad and moderately dished with large, bright eyes well known for their well shaped udders , stronger udder attachments and ease of calving are angular refined small breed with an extremely refined skeletal structure and lean constitution lean weight of cows is 350 kg average height at withers = 115- 120 cm bulls weigh up to 700 kg birth weight of calves is about 20 kg A good herd produces average about 4500 liters of milk in 300 days lactation period . butter fat content of milk is very high , about 5.3 % good pasture animals in harsh environments 34

35. Advantages of Jersey Breed: Feed requirements is relatively low (65-85 Kg fresh forage/) Milk has high butter fat content 5.2% It is hardy and adaptable to varied climatic zones The Jersey's hard black feet are much less prone to lameness They perform well under a wide range of systems and are well-known for their high feed conversion efficiency Jerseys generally produce milk components at a lower cost compared to the other major breeds They stay in the herd longer than any other dairy breed. Their milk has greater nutritional value, plus the highest yield and greater efficiency when processed into cheese and other value-added products The breed has little or no calving problems, greater fertility, a shorter calving interval, and earlier maturity Disadvantages of Jersey Susceptible to milk fever and tick borne diseases 35

36. Ⅰ ⅠⅠ . Ayrshire Origin: Native to Scotland Colour: Red and white usually irregular shaped red patches on a white background Distinctive characteristics The special characteristics are good feet and legs, well style and animation and excellent grazing ability Horns are widespread and tend to curve upward and outward. However, there are Some naturally polled Ayrshire. Udders are especially symmetrical and well attached to the body. average cow weight varies between 500- 600 kg average bull weight varies between 700 - 800 kg average milk yield is estimated to be 4500 kg; with milk fat content of 4 % relatively adaptable to adverse conditions 36

37. Ayrshire cont’d Advantages: High milk production potential (30 litre /day) 2. Fairly hardy and adaptable to varied climatic zones. 3. They are relatively resistant to diseases. Disadvantages: 1. Feed requirements high (90-110 kg fresh forage/day) 2. Need plenty of clean water (60 litres /day) 37

38. Ⅳ . Guernsey The Guernsey breeds was developed by monks more than 1000 years ago on the island of Guernsey in the English channel. The breed developed from the cross between cattle from Brittany and Normandy Guernsey milk has a golden hue attributed to carotene, a precursor of vitamin- A; which is transferred directly from the diet in to the milk . 38

39. Guernsey (…. Cont’d) Origin : Islands of Guernsey Colour: Fawn with white markings clearly defined preferably a clear muzzle Distinctive characteristics: Good length of head Horns inclined forward Refined and medium in length Taper toward the tips Golden yellow skin pigmentation Calves are relatively small at birth Similar to Jersey but slightly larger cows weigh 450- 500 kg and bull 750-850kg Milk yield in original environment varies between 4000- 5000 kg Is the result of crossings between Jersey and Breton cattle 39

40. Guernsey..( Cont’d) Advantages: 1. High milk production potential (25 lt /day). 2. Milk has moderate butter fat content 4.3% Feed requirements: Moderate (65-85Kg fresh forage/day 3. Guernsey are efficient converters of feed to product, being of intermediate size, Guernsey produce their high quality milk while consuming 20 to 30 percent less feed per pound of milk produced than larger dairy breeds 4. Guernsey reaches reproductive maturity at an early age and can calve at 22 months of age. This provides an early return on investment 5. Guernsey are well known for having the minimum of calving complications 6. Guernsey are adaptable to all climates and management systems and lack any known undesirable genetic recessives 40

41. Ⅴ. Brown Swiss Brown Swiss were developed in the Alps of Switzerland . Brown Swiss began as small-to medium framed cattle –its larger frame size of today was probably influenced by the pinzgauer, a dual –purpose breed in the Austria Alps. Origin: Switzerland Colour: Solid brown 41

42. Brown Swiss Cont’d Distinctive characteristics nose and tongue are black a characteristics light coloured band around the muzzle medium length horns The adult males weigh about 700-800 kg and adult female about 500-600 kg . strong and rugged , with some tendency toward the heavy muscling of the calm and un excitable height at withers is 132 cm average milk production is 5,000 liters with butter fat % of 4.0 42

43. Ⅵ. Milking shorthorn The milking shorthorn developed from the same foundation stock as Beef shorthorn. In England and Australia , the breed is called the Dairy shorthorn. Milking Shorthorns are a mixed of red, white, and roan in color, possess a medium frame size , and Milking Shorthorn is adapted in all climatic condition 43

44. Cont’d Origin : England Colour: Red, white or any combination of red and white Distinctive characteristics The breed is strong, hardy, well adapted to harsh climate and also a good milker . fine horns that are rather short The cow is docile and calm temperament. The cows produce about 7000 liters of milk in annual lactation of 305 days . 44

45. Summary of dairy breeds and their dairy characteristics Breed Place of origin Body weight(Kg.)   color Milk production Yield ( kg.day 1 ) Protein (%) Fat (%) Holstein-Friesian The Netherlands 600-800 Black and white 25-35 2.8-3.2 3.7 Jersey Jersey, channels island 350-550 fawn 19-25 3.1-3.9 5.3 Ayrshire Scotland 550-700 Red and white 19-27 2.9-3.3 4.1 Guernsey Channel island 400-650 Fawn &white 18-26 3.1-3.5 4.5 Brown Swiss Switzerland 600-800 Light brown 21-29 3.1-3.5 4.0 Milking shorthorn England 500-650 Red, white , roan 17-25 2.9-3.3 3.6 45

46. Zebu cattle ( Bos indicus ): Originated in Southeast Asia. Characterized by: A large hump above the shoulders Are dual purpose Is more heat tolerant and resistant to insects because of its thicker skin and is found primarily in tropical climates. 46

47. Tropical dual purpose breeds 3. Sahiwal breed Girolando breed 47

48. 2.1 Ethiopian Cattle Types There are many local cattle types/breeds in the country, which vary in size and colour. However, all are grouped in to Bos indicus . It is a well-known fact that Bos indicus is adapted to tropical environment through natural selection. They are not well characterised. Thus, they are called with references to the place where they dominate. Example: Horro (dominating western part of the country around Horro in Wollega), Boran (Dominating southern part of the country around Borena), Fogera (Northern part of the country around Fogera). In general, indigenous cattle are multipurpose in their function. I.e. meat, milk and draft . 48

49. The indigenous cattle type in Ethiopia Some of the distinctive characteristics of indigenous cattle include the following: 1. Barca type: Classified as Abyssinian short horns Habitat is medium to high altitude Originated in west part of Eritrea , but abundant in Tigray and Gonder Coat colour is variable, but black pied is common Head is small and short Horns are variable in shape and short to medium in size Hump is very large in the male, chest/thoracic in the position and may fall to one side but is small in the females dewlap is large multipurpose type: milk, meat and draft considered to be good milk cattle weight at maturity=290-310 kg for male =230-250 kg for females selected produce about 647 litre milk per lactation 49

50. 2. Arsi type dominate the highlands of central region of Arsi and Bale small in body size average body weight = 232-245 kg for females selected Arsi produce up to 500kg/ lactation butter fat percentage = 5.4 - 5.8 % 50

51. 3. Fogera Found in the North western part of the country around Fogera Produce about 281 kg of milk / lactation Average weight = 232 kg Butter fat percentage = 5.8 % 51

52. 4. Boran Is a famous Ethiopian breed Originated from Borena awraja , Southern part of the country - Today is also found in Somalia and Kenya - Is larger than the short horned Zebu - Has good body conformation - Milk is about the same as for other types of unimproved cattle - Colour is normally white or grey but also red or pied animals occur - Horns are usually small - Hump is thoracic - Has been subjected to selection both in Ethiopia and Kenya 52

53. Boran… Cont’d -produce good crosses with dairy breeds. - average weight vary from 318- 680 kg for male and 259 - 454 kg for female - milk yield is 440 kg /lactation - butter fat percentage is 6.0 % - average birth weight is 23.5 kg - average weaning weight is 170 kg ( 8-month basis ) - average daily body weight gain is 540 gm. - dressing percentage is 54 -57% 53

54. 5. Horro type - Originated from the western part of the country, Wollega - are medium sized - mainly raised for meat and draft power. - selected Horro produce up to 543 litre/lactation - poor temperament 54

55. 6. Ogden type - Originated in the Eastern part of the country around Ogden . - Characterised by coat colour which vary from white to Grey - Compact body conformation - Short horns - Small head Long facial profile - Special Characteristics:  Similar to the Ethiopian Boran with well developed hump and large dewlap ; horns are short; mainly used for milk, but are also good beef animals 55

56. 7. Sheko type found in the south western part of the country around Keffa do not possess hump not much work done compared to others High tsetse resistance animal 56