Day_20 Heuristic Reasoning you must lnow.pptx

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1. Design Theory- I Day 19 Heuristic Reasoning and Design Situations

2. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Heuristic any principle, procedure, or other device that contributes to reduction in the search for a satisfactory solution (Newell, Shaw, and Simon 1967, p. 78; Simon 1969, p. 80). a rule of thumb that often helps in solving a certain class of problems, but makes no guarantees (Perkins 1981, p. 192). a term that is applied to specific problem-structuring devices ranging from explicit decision rules of the type discussed earlier to a wide variety of analogies, analogs , and models. a problem-solving process in which it is unknown beforehand whether a particular sequence of steps will yield a solution or not. heuristic reasoning, when it moves beyond the objective and perhaps mechanistic realm of problem solving theory, bears a striking resemblance to aspects of Merleau-Pon-ty's concept of situation (Merleau-Ponty 1962).

3. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Situations situation to mean "involvement in circumstances" or "active concern with sets of natural, cultural, or human problems" ( Mallin 1979, p. 7). when we are in a situation neither the objective realm of those things out- side ourselves nor our own subjectivity is primary ( Mallin 1979, p. 8). Both are founded in the situation. In a creative endeavour such as designing, an attempt is made to overcome the situation's novelty and make some sense of it. the design process may be seen to be marked by a sequence of episodes or situations that are, in turn, coincident with periods of heuristic reasoning through which problems are defined and solutions sought.

4. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Logical Structure In the case of architectural design, action Y might take the form of a specific design response, such as the prescription and manipulation of the compositional qualities of some building elements in response to a perceived problem and its surrounding or auxiliary conditions. For example, the problem might be construed as one of satisfying the requirement of a distinct and grand formal entry to a building complex, given the available components of the building program and the features of the site (the auxiliary or bounding conditions of the problem). Here, action Y might be an arrangement and massing of the elements of the building in which major public areas are combined at the termination of a principal thoroughfare leading into the site. framing and self-referential qualities of this kind of logical structure that allow more comprehensive judgments about the scope and thrust of the problem-solving situation to be suspended for a moment, permitting problem- solving activity to proceed.

5. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Problem-Oriented Constraints and Autonomous Constraints Problem-oriented constraints are those that are primarily derived from consideration of a problem X that has been previously defined. In other words, as far as the problem solver is concerned, the necessary and sufficient conditions for taking action Y are determined solely within the ambit of problem X and related conditions of the task environment Z. For instance, if we consider building the planetarium, symmetry becomes the a determining factor, and is essentially part of the problem given. Same can be said with the cathedral architecture, in which Gothic architecture style becomes very important.

6. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Problem-Oriented Constraints and Autonomous Constraints Autonomous or independent constraints do not derive from the problem as given and understood’ however, not arbitrary, as their application may lead positively to are formulation of the problem in a different light-a reformulation that greatly facilitates further problem-solving activity introduced by the designer; information about the ensemble of X, Y, and Z is introduced into the problem-solving process from somewhere else, rather than by direct consideration of problem X under conditions Z. For instance, continuation of city grid in designs, for the overall layout of the site. In many case, the continuation of the grid sometimes are not mentioned in the problem statement, or brief, that required any reference be made on it.

7. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Problem-Oriented Constraints and Autonomous Constraints Autonomous or independent constraints do not derive from the problem as given and understood’ however, not arbitrary, as their application may lead positively to are formulation of the problem in a different light-a reformulation that greatly facilitates further problem-solving activity introduced by the designer; information about the ensemble of X, Y, and Z is introduced into the problem-solving process from somewhere else, rather than by direct consideration of problem X under conditions Z. For instance, continuation of city grid in designs, for the overall layout of the site. In many case, the continuation of the grid sometimes are not mentioned in the problem statement, or brief, that required any reference be made on it.

8. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design five classes of heuristics can be distinguished, in the guise of common types of analogy, "solution images," and form-giving rules: anthropometric analogies, literal analogies, environmental relations, typologies, and formal languages. 1. Anthropometric Analogies employing a mental construct that describes man's physical occupancy of a space. the deliberations of naive designers or in problem-solving situations where a designer has little or no experience. For instance, a person without any architectural background might produce a design for a staircase based entirely upon the act of imagining someone ascending into a room in a certain manner. The result might be a graceful form for which the designer in question appeared to have no prior reference. Almost anyone who has experience with moving, sitting, standing, and so on, yet no special knowledge, would seem capable of devising and exercising such a construct.

9. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 2. Linear Analogies borrowing known or found form giving constructs as a point of departure for structuring a design problem. the resulting architectural forms match very closely the conformation of what the designer sees as the key features of the analog . include imagery from some scene, painterly conception, or narrative account of real or imagined circumstances. “narrative design problems,” we can and do make use of story lines as metaphors in solving design problems (Waldman 1982).

10. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 2. Linear Analogies- Iconographic Analogy analogy useful to designers by virtue of the symbolic or iconographic qualities that they attach to it; a physical representation of an intention that, when applied, provides additional structure to a problem. For instance, the shell of a crab for the roof of Le Corbusier's Ron- champ Chapel (Le Corbusier 1958), hands folded in an attitude of prayer for Frank Lloyd Wright's Unitarian church (Broadbent 1973, pp. 40-45; Wright 1943), sails for Utzon's Sydney Opera House, in a milieu steeped in yachting (Ziegler 1973).

11. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 2. Linear Analogies- Canonic Analogy- their basis "ideal" proportional systems or formal geometric properties; usually manifested as somewhat abstract geometrical patterns or shapes. Configurations- "Cartesian grids" or "Platonic solids’. For instance, the Hellenic urban grid layout of the fifth century B.C., as at Priene, had a modular order of more or less equally spaced blocks and streets with a central area set aside for special functions. By contrast, the later layout of Alexandria, by the Macedonian architect Dinocrates (c. 331 . c . ) , accommodated variations in both site conditions and local functions.

12. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 3. Environmental relations a principle or set of principles, derived empirically- represents what appear to be appropriate relations between man and his host environment and among components of the building fabric itself. For instance, the application of "bubble diagrams" in the arrangement of spaces in accordance with given formulae about human behaviour--such as how far apart people prefer to sit in a waiting room--rarely moves beyond the constraints of the problem as given.

13. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 3. Environmental relations highly problem oriented. a bridge between a perceived problem and an ensemble of form-giving characteristics representing its potential resolution. incorporated about human behaviour as a determinant of form; about the influence of environmental factors such as climate, physiography, and resource availability.

14. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 4. Typologies knowledge about past solutions to related architectural problems; three sub- classes: building types as models, organizational typologies, and elemental types. A building type used as a model represents characteristics worthy of emulation. perceived needs, uses, and customs found in the design situation under consideration. For instance, a Newar courtyard house, a tiered temple, or a Basilica church may be closely followed in arriving at a design solution- cities as a typological source of design ideas.

15. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 4. Typologies organizational typology is primarily used as a framework and reference for solving problems concerning the spatial distribution and conformation of functional elements. underlying rules of formal composition that it offers. For instance, a Classical Façade elemental types are prototypes for solving general classes of design problems. For instance, the problem of entry into a building, or that of rendering the transition between the ground plane and the rise of a building, or that of resolving the needs for both a sense of community and a sense of privacy.

16. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 5. Formal language generalizations of information from other heuristics, especially from typologies and environmental relations. possess guiding structures or rules that explicitly direct decisions about the "correct" functioning and "meaningful" ordering of formal design elements. For instance, treatises on the 'classical language" provide a repertoire of architectonic elements and rules for their composition that undoubtedly incorporate fundamental aspects of relevant typologies but go beyond the realm of particular types in both scope and generality ( Wiebenson 1982, Summerson 1979). Semantics and syntactic

17. Heuristic Reasoning and Design “Situations” Types of Rules and Constraints at Work in Design 5. Formal language a design language can be idiosyncratic and full of the references, leitmotifs, and particular approaches of an individual designer. quality derives from a habitual way of doing things-the use of "sedimented principles," to return to an earlier discussion- and is most evident in the work of original and experienced designers. For instance, Le Corbusier’s idea of concepts of promenade architecturale and Maison Domino (Anderson 1984, Landau 1982). Promenade architecturale - Le Corbusier's central concern is with "how we correlate experience and knowledge"; he proposes "an abstract experience of architecture" based on immediate perceptual experience rather than historical association. Maison Domino, Le Corbusier is seen to be seeking a "rational and economic solution" for the provision of emergency housing.

18. Munich Olympic Steadium - Designed by the German architect Günther Behnisch and the engineer Frei Otto , the Olympiastadion was considered revolutionary for its time. This included large sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by steel cables that were used for the first time on a large scale. The idea was to imitate the Alps and to set a counterpart to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, held during the Nazi regime. The sweeping and transparent canopy was to symbolize the new, democratic and optimistic Germany. This is reflected in the official motto : "The Happy Games" ("Die Heiteren Spiele").

19. Unitarian Church (Meeting Hall), Madison, Wisconsin (1950)

20. DESIGN PROCESS ASSIGNMENT Design Presentation on any Residential Building incorporating all the critical aspects of the Design Process you currently learned. GroupWise: Group 1 & 4 focus on Himalayan Region Group 2 & 5 focus on Mountain Region Group 3 & 6 focus on Terai Region