Death and Dying in perspective of psychology.pptx

This is slides in regard to developmental psychology

1. Death, Dying and Grieving (Week 13 - Lecture) Developmental Psychology PC005-4-1-DPY VD1

2. Learning Outcomes At the end of this topic, you should be able to; Describe the death system, its cultural, historical contexts, and decisions regarding death. Explain the psychological aspects involved in facing one’s own death and the contexts in which people die. Identify ways to cope with the death of another person. Slide < 2 > of 34

3. Learning Outcome 1 Describe the death system, its cultural, historical contexts, and decisions regarding death. Slide < 3 > of 34

4. The Death System and Cultural Contexts Slide < 4 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) The death system and its cultural variations Changing historical circumstances Components comprising the death system: People. Places or contexts – Hospitals, funeral homes, cemeteries Times – Memorial day Objects - Casket Symbols – Skulls, crossbones, last rites

5. The Death System and Its Cultural Variations Slide < 5 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Cultural variations in the death system; Ancient Greeks: live a full life and die with glory. Most societies have a ritual that deals with death. In most societies, death is not viewed as the end of existence because the spiritual body is believed to live on.

6. Issues in Determining Death Slide < 6 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Brain death: When all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. Flat EEG reading for a specified period of time is one criterion of brain death. Includes both higher cortical functions and lower brain stem functions.

7. Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care Slide < 7 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Advanced care planning: Process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences about end-of-life care. Choice in Dying: Create a living will. Living will: Legal document reflects the patient’s advance care planning. Advance directive: Indicates whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong an individual’s life when death is imminent.

8. Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care cont. Slide < 8 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Euthanasia: the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities. Legal in Belgium, Colombia, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Passive euthanasia: Occurs when a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment, such as withdrawing a life-sustaining device. Eg . This might involve turning off a respirator / heart – lung machine. Active euthanasia: Occurs when death is deliberately induced, as when a lethal dose of a drug is injected. It involves a physician / a third party administering the lethal medication.

9. Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care cont. Slide < 9 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Assisted suicide: Patient self-administers lethal medication and determines when and where to do this. Legal in Belgium, Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The US has no official policy on it and leaves it up to individual states to decide. California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington as well as Washington DC allows assisted suicide. Assisted suicide involves the physician giving the patient an overdose of muscle relaxants or sedatives to take, which causes coma than death.

10. Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care cont. Slide < 10 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Death in America is lonely, prolonged, and painful. A good death involves physical comfort, support from loved ones, acceptance, and appropriate medical care. Hospice: A program committed to making end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. Palliative care: Reducing pain and suffering, helping individuals die with dignity.

11. Checkpoint I Slide < 11 > of 34 What is passive euthanasia?

12. Learning Outcome 2 Explain the psychological aspects involved in facing one’s own death and the contexts in which people die. Slide < 12 > of 34

13. Slide < 13 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Facing One’s Own Death Knowledge of death’s inevitability permits us to establish priorities and structure our time. Three areas of concern Privacy and autonomy in regard to their families. Inadequate information about physical changes and medication as death approached. Motivation to shorten their life.

14. Slide < 14 > of 34 (Adapted from : https://www.verywellhealth.com/dabda-the-five-stages-of-coping-with-death-1132148) Kübler -Ross’ stages of dying

15. Slide < 15 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Kübler -Ross’ stages of dying cont. Denial and isolation : Dying person denies she or he is really going to die. Anger : Dying person’s denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage and envy. Bargaining : Dying person develops hope that death can be postponed. Depression : Withdrawal, crying, and grieving. Dying person comes to accept the certainty of death. Acceptance : Develops sense of peace, an acceptance of his or her fate.

16. Slide < 16 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Perceived Control and Denial Perceived control may be an adaptive strategy for remaining alert and cheerful. When individuals are led to believe they can influence and control events – such as prolonged their lives, they become more alert and cheerful. Denial insulates and allows one to avoid coping with intense feelings of anger and hurt. Can be maladaptive depending on extent.

17. Slide < 17 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) The Contexts in Which People Die More than 50 percent of Americans die in hospitals. Nearly 20 percent of Americans die in nursing homes. Hospitals offer many important advantages. Professional staff members. Technology helps prolong life. Where do you think Asians prefer to die? Home? Hospitals or Nursing homes?

18. Break time ! Slide < 18 > of 34

19. Something to ponder! Slide < 19 > of 34 How do you think you will psychologically handle facing your own death?

20. Learning Outcome 3 Identify ways to cope with the death of another person. Slide < 20 > of 34

21. Communicating with a Dying Person Slide < 21 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Open communication with dying people is important because they can Close their lives in accord with their own ideas about proper dying. May be able to complete plans and projects and make arrangements and decisions. Have the opportunity to reminisce and converse with others. Have better understanding of what is happening to them.

22. Complicated grief Slide < 22 > of 34 (Adapted from : https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/complicated-grief#symptoms) Grieving is a normal process. However, it can worsen your quality of life and involve more serious symptoms when it lasts for a long time. These symptoms can include: a powerful pain when you think of your lost loved one. a heightened focus on reminders of your lost loved one. an overall feeling of numbness. a feeling of bitterness when you think about your loss. a loss of purpose or motivation. a loss of trust in friends, family, and acquaintances. an inability to enjoy life. If you have these symptoms for months or years, you may need to seek professional help for complicated grief.

23. Disenfranchised grief Slide < 23 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) A n individual’s grief involving a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss and cannot be openly mourned or supported. Eg : S pouse , abortion, stigmatized death such as a death due to AIDS.

24. Coping and type of death Slide < 24 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Death’s impact on survivors strongly influenced by the death’s circumstances. Sudden deaths likely have more intense and prolonged effects on survivors. Survivors may develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

25. Coping and type of death cont. Slide < 25 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Some cultures emphasize importance of breaking bonds with the deceased and returning quickly to autonomous lifestyles. Non-Western cultures suggest beliefs about continuing bonds with the deceased vary extensively. There is no one right, ideal way to grieve.

26. Making Sense of the World Slide < 26 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Grieving stimulates individuals to try to make sense of their world. Reliving events leading to the death is common. When death is caused by an accident or a disaster, the effort to make sense of it is often more vigorous.

27. Losing a Life Partner Slide < 27 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) Widowed women are probably the poorest group in America. Many widows are lonely and benefit considerably from social support. Cross-cultural study of widowed men and women; Study in the United States, England, Europe, Korea, and China: depression peaked in the first year of widowhood for men and women. Widowed women recovered to levels compared to married individuals in all countries. Widowed men continued to have high levels of depression 6 to 10 years post-widowed everywhere except in Europe. Becoming widowed is associated with a 48 percent increase in having an earlier death.

28. Forms of mourning Slide < 28 > of 34 (Adapted from : Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development (17th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education) In some cultures, a ceremonial meal is shared after a death, while in others a black armband is worn by bereaved family members for 1 year following a death. Amish culture: Com munity handles virtually all aspects of the funeral. Traditional Judaism: A 7-day period of “ shivah ” is especially important; Designed to promote personal growth and to reintegrate bereaved individuals into the community.

29. Checkpoint II Slide < 29 > of 34 Name two symptoms of complicated grief.

30. Lets brainstorm.. Slide < 30 > of 34 What are considered appropriate forms of mourning in the culture in which you live in? Discuss.

31. Summary Explanation of week thirteen learning outcomes. Lesson on death, dying and grieving. Review questions to check understanding after each learning outcome. Slide < 31 > of 34

32. References Santrock, J. W. (2019). Life-span development(17th Ed.) . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Slide < 32 > of 34

33. Next topic Slide < 33 > of 34 Developmental Disorders

34. THE END Slide < 34 > of 34