DELHI SULTANS AND THEIR MONUMENTS

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1. THE DELHI SULTANS AND THEIR MONUMENTS BY ARUSH KASHYAP ISHANTH GOWDA DIGANTH GOWDA MRIDUL KUMAR JHA SUNAY SHET

2. CHAUHANS [1175-1192] Prithviraj III, popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora was a king from the Chahamana dynasty. He ruled Sapadalaksha, the traditional Chahamana territory, in present-day north-western India. Early in his career, Prithviraj achieved military successes against several neighbouring Hindu kingdoms, most notably against the Chandela king Paramardi. He also repulsed the early invasions by Muhammad of Ghor, a ruler of the Muslim Ghurid dynasty. However, in 1192 CE, the Ghurids defeated Prithviraj at the Second battle of Tarain, and executed him shortly after. His defeat at Tarain is seen as a landmark event in the Islamic conquest of India, and has been described in several semi-legendary accounts.

3. THE EARLY TURKISH RULERS [1206-1290] Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, born Shihab ad-Din, also known as Muhammad of Ghor, was the Sultan of the Ghurid Empire along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad from 1173 to 1202 and as the sole ruler from 1202 to 1206. Qutb al-Din Aibak was a general of the Ghurid king Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori. He was in-charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Mu'izz ad-Din's death, he became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.

4. THE EARLY TURKISH RULERS [1206-1290] Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus considered the effective founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Raziya al-Din, popularly known as Razzia Sultan, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. She is notable for being the first female Muslim ruler of the Indian Subcontinent.

5. THE EARLY TURKISH RULERS [1206-1290] Ghiyas ud din Balban; was the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi. Ghiyas ud Din was the wazir of the last Shamsi sultan, Nasiruddin Mahmud. He reduced the power of the treacherous nobility and heightened the stature of the sultan. He was the son of a Central Asian Turkic noble. As a child, he and others from his tribe were captured by the Mongols and sold as slaves in Ghazni. He was sold to Khwaja Jamal ud-din of Basra, a Sufi who nicknamed him Baha ud din. The Khwaja brought him to Delhi where he and the other slaves were bought by Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, himself a captured Ilbari Turk in origin, in 1232.

6. KHILJI DYNASTY [1290-1320] Jalal-ud-din Khalji was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320. Originally named Firuz, Jalal-ud-din started his career as an officer of the Mamluk dynasty, and rose to an important position under Sultan Muizzuddin Qaiqabad. ʿAlāʾ ud-Dīn Khaljī, born as Ali Gurshasp, was the most powerful emperor of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes, related to revenues, price controls, and society.

7. TUGHLUQ DYNASTY [1320-1414] Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, Ghiasuddin Tughlaq, or Ghazi Malik, was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty in India, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1320 to 1325. He founded the city of Tughluqabad. He died under mysterious circumstances in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas -ud -Din -Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. His wife was the daughter of the Raja of Dipalpur.

8. TUGHLUQ DYNASTY [1320-1413] Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. His father's name was Rajab who had the title Sipahsalar. Tughlaq was a fervent Muslim and adopted sharia policies. He made a number of important concessions to theologians. He imposed Jizya tax on all non-Muslims. He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints.

9. SAYYID DYNASTY [1414-145`] Sayyid Khizr Khan was the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, in northern India soon after the invasion of Timur and the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. Khan was Governor of Multan under the Tughlaq ruler, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, and was known to be an able administrator. A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of Muhammad, but his conclusion was based only on a testimony of the saint Syed Jalal-ud-Din Bukhari of Uchh Sharif.

10. LODI DYNASTY [1451-1526] Bahlul Khan Lodi was the chief of the Pashtun Lodi tribe. Founder of the Lodi dynasty from the Delhi Sultanate upon the abdication of the last claimant from the previous Sayyid rule. Bahlul became sultan of the dynasty on 19 April 1451. Bahlul's grandfather, Malik Bahram Lodhi, a Pashtun tribal chief of Lodhi tribe. He later took service under the governor of Multan, Malik Mardan Daulat. Malik Bahram had a total of about five sons.

11. MONUMENTS MADE BY DELHI SULTANS [1206-1489] The Monuments Constructed In The Period Of The Delhi Sultans Are :- QUTUB MINAR TUGHLAKABAD FORT ALAI DARWAZA JAMMAT KHANA MASJID GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ'S TOMB HAZRAT NIZAMUDDIN AULIA DARGAH

12. QUTUB MINAR The Qutub Minar, also spelled as Qutub Minar and Qutub Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutub complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of New Delhi, India. The height of Qutub Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks.

13. TUGHLAKABAD FORT Tughlaqabad Fort is a ruined fort in Delhi, built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of Tughlaq dynasty, of the Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321, as he established the third historic city of Delhi, which was later abandoned in 1327 . In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, starting the Tughlaq dynasty. He immediately started the construction of his fabled city, which he dreamt of as an impregnable, yet beautiful fort to keep away the Mongol marauders.

14. ALAI DARWAZA Ala'i Darwaza is the southern gateway of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Qutb complex, Mehrauli, Delhi, India. Built by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1311 and made of red sandstone, it is a square domed gatehouse with arched entrances and houses a single chamber. It was a part of his plan to extend the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque on four sides . It serves as the southern gateway of the mosque.

15. JAMMAT KHANA MASJID The Jamat Khana Masjid or Khilji Mosque is the earliest mosque in Delhi that continues to be used for worship. Built by Khizr Khan, son of Sultan Alauddin Khilji (Khilji Dynasty) in 1315-1325 AD, the mosque is the largest structure in the Nizamuddin Basti Dargah enclosure (Nizam-ud-Din Auliya Shrine Complex). Each of the three bays has a domed roof with the central one being the largest, as is the practice. Marble finials adorn the top the domes. The central bay and the entrance archway are embellished with bands of exquisite geometric motifs and Quranic inscriptions.

16. GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ'S TOMB Emperor Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq (r. 1320-25) the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty built the third city of Delhi- Tughlaqabad, between 1321-1325. Originally his tomb was surrounded by a reservoir and was attached to the Tughlaqabad fort by a causeway. The tomb stands at the center of a pentagonal enclosure with high walls .

17. HAZRAT NIZAMUDDIN AULIA DARGAH Nizamuddin Dargah is the Dargah of the Sufi saint Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya. Situated in the Nizamuddin West area of Delhi, the dargah is visited by thousands of pilgrims every week. The site is also known for its evening qawwali devotional music sessions .