Demography Development studies _university students

Demography refers to the overall statistical study of populations and how they change over time.
Demography entails the study of the changes in the numbers of births, deaths, marriages, and cases of disease in a community over a period of time.

1. DEMOGRAPHY Demography: it derives from two words: Demo - to mean people and Graph – statistical study, or measurements. Therefore the term Demography refers to the overall statistical study of population and how they change over time. Demography entail the study of the changes in numbers of births, deaths, marriages, and   cases of   disease  in a  community over a period of time . It is the description and prediction of population growth and patterns in age/size structure. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 1

2. Concepts of Demography The study of population with reference to: Size and density. fertility , mortality, growth, age structure. Migration and its relation to economic conditions. The level of education and other social and economic aspects. And Statistics on crime, illegitimacy and suicide Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 2

3. Population Size and Trends A population  refers to all organisms of a given species that live in a particular area . In everyday life, we often think about population as the number of people who live in a particular place Population size: is the number of individuals in the  population or the number of individuals present in a subjectively designated geographic range .   P opulation growth/trends refers to how the size of the population  is changing over time. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 3

4. Tanzania population size and trends Population size of Tanzania traced back from 1955 with a total population of 8.7mls, the number has increased up to 60mls by Jan 2020. Why population change? (find reasons) Currently Tanzania Population is about 59,734,218 approximately 60mls of people with the Yearly Change of  2.98 % to mean that; number of individuals increase for about 3% in every year The Global Share is 0.75% and Tanzania population Rank 25 globally. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 4

5. Year Population Yearly % Change Yearly Change Migrants (net) Median Age Fertility Rate Density (P/Km²) Urban Pop % Urban Population Country's Share of World Pop World Population Tanzania Global Rank 2020 59,734,218 2.98 % 1,728,755 -40,076 18.0 4.92 67 37.0 % 22,113,353 0.77 % 7,794,798,739 24 2019 58,005,463 3.00 % 1,692,025 -40,076 17.6 5.17 65 36.2 % 21,015,391 0.75 % 7,713,468,100 25 2018 56,313,438 3.02 % 1,653,099 -40,076 17.6 5.17 64 35.4 % 19,958,545 0.74 % 7,631,091,040 25 2017 54,660,339 3.04 % 1,611,109 -40,076 17.6 5.17 62 34.7 % 18,942,828 0.72 % 7,547,858,925 25 2016 53,049,230 3.04 % 1,566,597 -40,076 17.6 5.17 60 33.9 % 17,968,436 0.71 % 7,464,022,049 25 2015 51,482,633 3.03 % 1,427,222 -50,087 17.6 5.24 58 33.1 % 17,035,213 0.70 % 7,379,797,139 26 2010 44,346,525 2.89 % 1,179,241 -100,171 17.4 5.58 50 29.2 % 12,959,969 0.64 % 6,956,823,603 30 2005 38,450,320 2.80 % 990,228 -60,105 17.4 5.66 43 25.5 % 9,791,527 0.59 % 6,541,907,027 31 2000 33,499,180 2.47 % 770,009 -80,141 17.4 5.75 38 22.8 % 7,624,725 0.55 % 6,143,493,823 32 1995 29,649,135 3.30 % 889,058 116,819 17.2 6.05 33 20.8 % 6,154,968 0.52 % 5,744,212,979 32 1990 25,203,845 3.10 % 714,010 13,623 17.0 6.36 28 19.1 % 4,807,840 0.47 % 5,327,231,061 34 1985 21,633,796 3.14 % 619,107 7,012 16.9 6.55 24 16.9 % 3,661,481 0.44 % 4,870,921,740 36 5

6. Factors for population change Fertility rates, Life expectancy (mortality rates) Age structure (the median age structure) Migration Other factors are; Economic development Education Social and cultural factors Female labour market participation Historical factors/war. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 6

7. Factors influencing population change Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 7

8. Fertility rate Fertility rate refer to average number of children born to women during their reproductive years. For the population in a given area to remain stable, an overall total  fertility rate of 2.1 is needed, assuming no immigration or emigration occurs . A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of  2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility : A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline Currently live birth per woman is 4.9 (total fertility rate). In 1955 the total fertility rate per woman was 6.7 , however it has decreased to 4.9…( Why ?) Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 8

9. Birth rate/Death rate it is important to distinguish birth rates from fertility rate Birth rate is defined as the number of live births per 1,000 women in the total population of an area. The birth rate is usually given as the number of live births divided by the average population (or the population at midyear ). Death rate is the number of deaths in a given period divided by the population exposed to risk of death in that period.  Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 9

10. Mortality rate Mortality rate is the relative frequency of the number of deaths in the year to the average total population of the year in question. Types of mortality rate: The  fetal mortality rate: The ratio of fetal deaths to the sum of the births (the live births + the fetal deaths) in that year. The infant mortality rate: The number of children dying under a year of age divided by the number of live births that year. The maternal mortality rate: The number of maternal deaths related to childbearing divided by the number of live births (or by the number of live births + fetal deaths) in that year. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 10

11. Population size of Tanzania The current population of  the United Republic of Tanzania  is  60,619,149  as of Monday, January 11, 2021 . Tanzania 2020 population is estimated at  59,734,218  people at mid year according to UN data. Tanzania population is equivalent to  0.77%  of the total world population. Tanzania ranks number  24  in the list of  countries by population . Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 11

12. Population size of Tanzania The population density in Tanzania is 67 per Km 2  (175 people per m 2 ). The total land area is 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq. miles) 37.0 % of the population is urban (22,113,353 people in 2020) The median age in Tanzania is 18.0 years. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 12

13. Life expectancy in Tanzania Life expectancy refers to statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of birth, current age, and other demographic factors including gender. Life expectancy in Tanzania currently is 66.4 years for both sexes, however, 68.3 is for females and 64.5 for males (why? Differences). Life expectancy in 1955 was- both sexes 42.9, male 41.8, female 44.1 1975 was- both- 49.8, males 48.6, females 51.1 1995 was- both 52.7, males 50.9, females 54.4 2015 was- both 64.8, males 63. females 66.6 (why changes over time?). Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 13

14. Infant mortality rate in Tanzania Mortality rate or death  rate is a measure of the number of  deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population per unit of  time. The infant mortality rate in Tanzania is 34.2, this indicates infant deaths per 1000 live births and the death of children under 5 years of age is 47.0 per 1000 live births by the year 2020 In 1955 infant mortality rate was 142.37 per 1000 birth, currently the number has decreased to 34.17 by 2020 and the death of children under 5 years has also decreased from 247.14 in 1955 to 46.95 by year 2020. (this indicates what?) Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 14

15. Population density of Tanzania Population density is a quantity of the number of people in an area. It is an average number and is calculated by dividing the number of people by the area. Population density is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer. The 2019 population density in Tanzania is 65 people per Km 2  (170 people per mi 2 ), calculated on a total land area of 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq. miles ). Currently , 36.2 %  of the population of Tanzania is urban (21,015,391 people in 2019) Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 15

16. Assignment/review questions 1. Why population change over time? What are the factors behind its change? 2 . Give reasons for the reduced number of fertility and mortality rate in Tanzania. 3. Discuss on the varying life expectancy frequency from 1955 to 1985. Give out the factors for the varying number of age for life expectancy between male and female. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 16

17. Individual assignment Discuss on the effects of population growth on economic development of developing countries. Cite an examples from any country of your choice. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 17

18. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS is the study of how nation-states interact with one another within an international system . the study of relationships between countries including the roles of States, Inter- governmental Organization (IGOs), Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 18

19. International relations International Non- governmental Organization (INGOs ) Non-governmental Organization (NGOs) and Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 19

20. International relations B egan to emerge around the 15th century, when people started exploring the world and interacting with other governments and cultures Generally, international relations is the relationships between the worlds national governments, conducted by politicians at the highest level. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 20

21. Importance of International relations To understand defects of nationalism- to set down the impacts of 1st world war. Put Nation sovereignty out o f d ate-each nation state has to surrender at least some of its nation sovereignty. N o country is isolated It avoids international conflicts and ensures international peace – It helps to understand the true importance of collective security and disagreement Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 21

22. Importance…cont. Educative values- To educate the people in the interest of the very survival of human being. Any states which violate international peace should be silenced by collective actions of all the states. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 22

23. Actors of IR T he state – defined by its boundaries. Non-state Actors International Organizations Multinational Corporations e.g. Coca cola, Nike etc. Non-Governmental Organizations Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 23

24. Factors determining IR (i) Geographical location of a state (ii ) Economic development of a state (iii ) Demographic - the size of the population and its ethnicity (iv ) Strategic factor Other factors are; Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 24

25. Factors determining IR (i) The historical-psychological and Sociological factor (ii ) The organizational-administrative factor (iii ) The military factor Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 25

26. Theories of IR Theories of International Relation Realism theory Liberalism theory Marxism theory Constructivism theory Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 26

27. Realism theory Realism developed theories concerning the use of power to improve their positions each person will use others to reach his/her goals Focus on states and their relations in relation with power. (military and political power ). State need to maximize their security and chances of survival. Quest for military and/or economic security; Balance of Power Based on self-interest. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 27

28. Realism Realism theory is the approach that emphasizes the self-interest of the state within a competitive system . The states themselves are the main actors, and there is no authority above the states to regulate their behavior. The realism approach recognizes that state-on-state antagonism is natural and that the desire to accumulate resources is natural. Basically, in a nutshell, a foreign policy realist would tell you each state is looking out for number one. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 28

29. Liberalism Liberalism theory/Idealism - focus on the creation of a peaceful world by integration. Based on the assumption of the innate goodness of the individual and the value of political institutions in promoting social progress. States , nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations as key actors IOs (UN, WTO, ICC) NGOs Liberalism state must establish and protect the rule of law and must respect its citizens’ rights to life, liberty, and property believed that constitutional states must respect each other. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 29

30. Difference btn realism and liberalism Realist focus on the preservation of order in the international system, they emphasize on the preservation of the existing system that can be categorized as Conservatives. Idealists or Liberals focus on the increase of freedoms lead to evolution to a better condition which is beneficiary for all states and organisations . Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 30

31. Marxism theory Marxist reject the realist/liberal views of state conflict or cooperation. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation. Capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 31

32. Marxist.. The capitalists' interests lie in securing their power and expanding profits. Workers on the other hand have interests in: higher wages safe working conditions shorter hours and job security. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 32

33. Constructivism theory Constructivism theory, for them they advocate that: states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors are not all alike. Political culture shapes foreign policy. Form of government shapes foreign policy History shapes foreign policy Domestic political trends and debates shape foreign policy. State with same identity influence the way those states interact with each other. Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 33

34. To Do Task: Go and read the following: The concept of Globalization Regional integration Foreign policy and diplomacy concepts Conflicts resolutions Elements of Developments Studies HS 6116 December 2020 34