Development Indicators - Taghoy, Ramil V. 2.pptx

Development Indicators

1. EdD Major in Educational Management EdD 802: Sociology of Development DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS RAMIL V. TAGHOY Reporter

2. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

3. Development indicators Usually, a numerical measure of quality of life in a country.  Indicators are used to illustrate progress of a country in meeting a range of economic, social, and environmental goals. Since indicators represent data that have been collected by a variety of agencies using different collection methods, there may be inconsistencies among them.

4. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Economic Indicators Social Indicators Indicators of Human Development Index

5. Economic Indicator An economic indicator is a macroeconomic measurement used by analysts to understand current and future economic activity and opportunity. The most widely-used economic indicators come from data released by the government and non-profit organizations or universities. Indicators can be leading , which tends to precede trends; lagging , which confirms trends; or coincident , which occurs simultaneously with economic conditions. Indicators can give investors insight as to how trades may play out, though unreliability of data and inconsistency of variables may make them less helpful.

6. Categories of Economic Indicators: Leading Indicators such as the yield curve, consumer durables, net business formations, and share prices, are used to predict the future movements of an economy. Coincident Indicators Coincident indicators, which include such measures as GDP, employment levels, and retail sales, are seen with the occurrence of specific economic activities of a particular area or region. Many policymakers and economists follow this real-time data, as it provides the most insight into what is currently happening. Lagging Indicators Lagging indicators, such as gross national product (GNP), CPI, unemployment rates, and interest rates, are only seen after a specific economic activity occurs. As the name implies, these data sets show information after events have happened.

7. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period, typically a year or a quarter. It is a key indicator of a country's economic performance and is often used to measure the size and growth rate of an economy. GDP includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).

8. GNP (Gross National Product): GNP is similar to GDP but includes the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, both domestically and abroad, during a specific period. It takes into account the income earned by a country's citizens and companies, regardless of whether the production occurs within the country's borders or overseas.

9. GNI (Gross National Income): GNI is the total income earned by a country's residents, including both domestic and foreign earnings, during a specific period. It includes GDP plus net income earned from foreign investments (such as dividends and interest payments) minus income earned by foreign residents within the country.

10. Per Capita Income: Per capita income is the average income earned per person in a given area (such as a country or region) during a specific period. It is calculated by dividing the total income generated within the area by the total population. Per capita income provides insights into the average standard of living and economic well-being of individuals within a population.

11. Inflation Rate: The inflation rate measures the percentage change in the general price level of goods and services over a specific period, typically a year. It indicates the rate at which prices are rising and the purchasing power of money is decreasing. Inflation is influenced by factors such as changes in consumer demand, production costs, monetary policy, and external factors like exchange rates.

12. Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. It reflects the proportion of people who are willing and able to work but are unable to find jobs. Unemployment rates are influenced by factors such as economic growth, labor market conditions, government policies, and demographic trends.

13. Balance of Trade: The balance of trade measures the difference between the value of a country's exports (goods and services sold to other countries) and the value of its imports (goods and services purchased from other countries) during a specific period. A positive balance of trade (surplus) occurs when exports exceed imports, while a negative balance of trade (deficit) occurs when imports exceed exports. The balance of trade reflects a country's trade performance and its impact on the overall economy, including factors such as competitiveness, exchange rates, and trade policies.

14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Indicators Pros May accurately forecast what is to come based on prevailing data Often use publicly available information May be calculated using the same process over and over, particularly when issued by governments May be released on a fixed, predictable cadence Cons May not accurately predict the future Rely on many assumptions, some of which may be unpredictable Can be open for interpretation Still require expertise to interpret and understand

15. SOCIAL INDICATORS Social indicators are numerical measures that describe the well-being of individuals or communities. Indicators are comprised of one variable or several components combined into an index. They are used to describe and evaluate community well-being in terms of social, economic, and psychological welfare.

16. Literacy Rate: The literacy rate refers to the percentage of people in a given population who are able to read and write at a specified age. It is usually expressed as a percentage and is an important indicator of a population's level of education and human development.

17. Access to Healthcare: Access to healthcare refers to the ability of individuals or communities to obtain needed medical services, including preventive, curative, and palliative care, as well as essential medicines, without facing undue financial or physical barriers. It encompasses factors such as availability, affordability, and acceptability of healthcare services.

18. Education Enrollment Rates: Education enrollment rates indicate the proportion of the relevant age group (e.g., children of primary school age or adolescents of secondary school age) who are enrolled in formal education institutions such as schools or colleges. It reflects the extent to which a population is participating in the education system and can be a measure of educational access and equity.

19. Life Expectancy: Life expectancy refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality patterns. It is typically calculated at birth and is influenced by factors such as healthcare quality, socioeconomic conditions, nutrition, public health measures, and lifestyle choices. Life expectancy is a key indicator of overall population health and well-being.

20. Infant Mortality Rate: The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. A low infant mortality rate is indicative of good maternal and child health care, sanitation, and nutrition.

21. Gender Equality: Measures such as the gender pay gap, women's representation in decision-making positions, and access to education and healthcare regardless of gender. Achieving gender equality is crucial for social development and overall well-being.

22. Poverty Rate: The poverty rate is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who live below a certain income threshold, often defined as the poverty line or poverty threshold. It indicates the percentage of individuals or households experiencing economic deprivation or lacking the resources to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. Poverty rates can vary by region, country, and demographic characteristics, and they are an important indicator of social and economic well-being.

23. Income Distribution: Income distribution refers to how the total income generated in a society is divided among its population. It examines the pattern or spread of income levels across individuals or households. A more equal income distribution means that income is distributed relatively evenly among the population, whereas a skewed distribution indicates greater disparities between high and low-income earners. Income distribution reflects economic inequality within a society and has implications for social cohesion, mobility, and economic development.

24. Access to basic amenities: It refers to the ability of individuals or communities to obtain and utilize essential services and resources that are necessary for meeting basic human needs and ensuring a decent quality of life. These amenities typically include: Clean Water Sanitation Facilities Hygiene Practices Shelter Electricity Heating and Cooling

25. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX The HDI is a summary composite measure of a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living. It is a measure of a country's average achievements in three dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and a decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US$.

26. Components of HDI: Life Expectancy at Birth Mean Years of Schooling Expected Years of Schooling GNI per Capita (Gross National Income per Capita)

27. Takeaways: Development indicators are essential tools for assessing progress and guiding policies. Economic, social, and HDI indicators collectively provide a comprehensive view of a country's development. Continuous monitoring and improvement of these indicators are crucial for sustainable development and human well-being.

28. References: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic_indicator.asp https://www.mckinsey.com/ph/our-insights/the-philippines-economy-in-2024-stronger-for-longer https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/balance-of-trade#:~:text=April%20of%202024.-,Philippines%20recorded%20a%20trade%20deficit%20of%203647543%20USD%20Thousand%20in,macro%20models%20and%20analysts%20expectations . https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/PHL/philippines/life-expectancy#:~:text=The%20current%20life%20expectancy%20for,a%200.18%25%20increase%20from%202021 . https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/PHL/philippines/literacy-rate https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/poverty https://archive.unescwa.org/social-indicators https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/PHL/philippines/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for%20Philippines%20in%202021%20was%2018.392,a%202.25%25%20decline%20from%202020 . https://data.unicef.org/topic/gender/overview/ https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI