Development of British Revenue Policies & their Impact on Indian Agriculture.pptx

Land Revenue Systems in British India
Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence during the British rule in India.
Before independence, there were three major types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country:
The Zamindari System
The Mahalwari System
The Ryotwari System
The basic difference in these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue.
ssues with the Zamindari System

For the Cultivators: In villages, the cultivators found the system oppressive and exploitative as the rent they paid to the zamindar was very high while his right on the land was quite insecure.
The cultivators often had to take loan to pay the rents, on failing to pay the rent, they were evicted from the land.
For the Zamindars: The revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay, and those who failed to pay the revenue lost their zamindari.
The zamindars were not so keen about improving the land. As long as they could give out the land and get rent, they preferred it.
For the Company: By the first decade of the 19th century, the cultivation slowly expanded and prices rose in the market.
Although this meant an increase in the income of Zamindars, it was no gain for the company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been settled permanently.
The Ryotwari System
In the British territories in southern India, there was a move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement.
A system that came to be known as the Ryotwari System, was devised by Captain Alexander Read and Sir Thomas Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor of Madras Presidency (1819–26).
Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state.
In this system, the Individual cultivator called Ryot had full rights regarding sale, transfer, and leasing of the land.
The ryots could not be evicted from their land as long as they paid the rent.
It was prevalent in most of southern India, first introduced in Tamil Nadu. It was later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg and Assam.
The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers.
Issues with the Ryotwari System

This system gave much power to subordinate revenue officials, whose activities were inadequately supervised.
The system was dominated by the mahajans and moneylenders who granted loans to cultivators by mortgaging their land.
The moneylenders exploited the cultivators and evicted them from their land in case of loan default.
The Mahalwari System
By the early 19th century, the Company officials were convinced that the system of revenue had to be changed again.
The revenues cannot be fixed permanently at such a time when the Company needed more money to meet its expenses of administration and trade.

1. Topic : Development of British Revenue Policies & their Impact on Indian Agriculture. REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BHOPAL, NCERT HISTORY -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3 rd Semester Roll No:. 06 https://www.google.com/ imgres?imgurl =https%3A%2F%2Fqph.cf2.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-95ebecb9537ed1975958f377afa1586f-lq&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is-Ryotwari-system&tbnid=01x-VcZY2DGyYM&vet=12ahUKEwjHqrjgs877AhWBKbcAHRsGB5kQMygAegQIARAr..i&docid=RxN1dws2I9IbgM&w=602&h=667&q=land%20revenue%20system%20under%20british%20rule%20in%20india%20map&ved=2ahUKEwjHqrjgs877AhWBKbcAHRsGB5kQMygAegQIARAr https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6f2qvwToOUlAr0WiIUeRjQwVrHBcyj2wVTZQM5YtdtDQLKK_j

2. Topics to be covered

3. Background During Mughal rule and Akbar’s land survey for fixation of revenue. Revenue was 1/3 rd of total produce, from cultivator. In 18 th century - Mughal Empire start declining – (Results – Unable to collect taxes effectively). Emergence of Zamindars and Taluqdars . Corruption increases . Hereditary system and Mughal Emperor & Nawab of Bengal weak to remove them. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSs1nGliUBSIhFJMJZKGVI8Rd99nmHCipHbXT3dT0FYw26VLxT4

4. https://external-preview.redd.it/m6t-nGRStjg5BxVoEQcs7naYj55XTNocJC7ERRTp0Vs.png?auto=webp&s=cf0af295b0af33e99613c3e414130bf7339890be

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

6. After the Battle of Buxar (1764) East India Company received the gran t o f Diwa ni ( Rights of revenue collection ) o f Bengal , Bihar and Orissa, from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II i n 1765.

7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

8. Revenue Collection Chart This chart clearly shows the increment in revenue collection by EIC which completely disorganized the Agrarian economy of Bengal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

9. A Turning Point (1765)

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

16. Both 5 Year & 1 Year Plan Failed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr8iEjn2JY4

17. Land Revenue Policy

18. Area of different land tenure systems under British Rule https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQl7IrfUkmSxT-vm2SU083OirVlkZmFAUO3SSicxT3AijcnFti9

19. Permanent Settlement / Zamindari System By whom – Lord Cornwallis (1786-93) Under permanent settlement Act 1793 When – 1793 Where – Bengal ,Bihar and Orissa and Banaras of UP, North Karnataka . https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQF0I0u4kCrUDg_lfStmYlie5zvQVUAsYq3htswX_QbmgmQvrZT

20. Idea On Permanent Settlement John Shore was against the Idea of concluding permanent settlement before Survey of the Land and capabilities of peasant. But Cornwallis conclude to impose permanent settlement system In March 1793 because court of directors also support his idea. John Shore Lord Cornwallis https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjoB2OHNOi6zcZLiAq-NaKsNr54Q_H5bn__kAuX-KOH8FBm8ig https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQidZTYH1YB9U_Yzmz6x-XMD88tdNdyxVaRMFm_OWT_ML4oeHcg

21. Aim of Permanent Settlement To resolve the problem of agrarian crisis and distress that had resulted in lower agriculture output. Generate regular Income

22. CONDITION LEADING TO PERMANENT SETTLEMENT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

23. PLANNING OF EAST INDIA COMPANY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

24. EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKING FIXED REVENUE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

25. Concept Behind Permanent Settlement

26. EAST INDIA COMPANY INTRODUCED SETTLEMENT PLAN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

27. Features of Permanent Settlement

28. SUNSET LAW https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

29. EXPECTED FLOW OF MONEY (ON - PAPER) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

30. FLOW OF MONEY (IN REALITY) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

31. FAILURE OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

32. Reason Behind It’s Failure

33. Repercussion of Permanent Settlement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaPRbNiLufQ

34. CONCLUSION Slavery started in the society.
Exploitation of peasants. Condition of Famine
“Absentee landlordism”.

35. References https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainly.in%2Fquestion%2F3939775&psig=AOvVaw1MEtG-c2OV30RCHVIZGvcc&ust=1668617712667000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjxnsLTsPsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-ryotwari-and-mahalwari-systems-of-land-revenue/ https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india NCERT TEXTBOOK YouTube Videos Wikipedia (Information & images) Google Images Microsoft office 365 (Online Slides Designing) Slide Template : https://www.slidescarnival.com

36. THANK YOU -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3 rd Semester Roll No:. 06

37. Ryotwari Settlement By whom :- Col. Read, 1792 (started) and Thomas. Munroe, 1820 (Formally established). Where:- Started from Baramahal district/Madras presidency, later spread to Bombay, parts of Assam & Coorg provinces

38. Features of Ryotwari Settlement Ryot – Persian word No intermediary like Zamindar. Ryot was owner of the land in this system . Land revenue was fixed for 20-40 yrs at a time. Revenue rates for dry land –50% and revenue rates for irrigated land - 60%. Implemented on 51% area under British control. Revenue was not fixed permanently so EIC can increase it in case of more production.

39. For Peasants For Peasants For EIC For EIC

40. Analysis of Ryotwari System

41. Mahalwari System By whom :- Holt Mackenzie When :- 1822 Where :- Punjab, Awadh, Agra, parts of Orissa ,M.P. ,Ganga valley and Northwest frontier provinces.

42. Features of Mahalwari System

43. Merits of Mahalwari System It was quicker and efficient system. Due to this system income of government was fixed. The government’s revenue has been stabilized

44. Demerits of Mahalwari System

45. ANALYSIS When the system started peasants thought that the village headman collect revenue so they will be saved from dealing with corrupt revenue officers, but this not happened sometimes company spend more for the collection then the revenue collected consequently the system was regarded as a failure.

46. Land tenure systems worsened the condition of people

47. Impacts of this policies on Indian agriculture Continue…

48. Impacts of this policies on Indian agriculture

49. Conclusion The effects of this drastic change are still felt today. In 21st century our government is still trying to uplift its farmers from poverty, poor yields, money lenders and other problems left behind by the company model and still for its remedy government brought many policies .

50. References https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainly.in%2Fquestion%2F3939775&psig=AOvVaw1MEtG-c2OV30RCHVIZGvcc&ust=1668617712667000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjxnsLTsPsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-ryotwari-and-mahalwari-systems-of-land-revenue/ https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india NCERT TEXTBOOK Wikipedia (Information & images) Google Images

51. THANK YOU -By DEEPTI KUMARI B.A. B.ED. 3 rd Semester Roll No:. 06