development-of-human-rights-provision-in-indonesian-constitution-1945-fv.ppt

development-of-human-rights-provision-in-indonesian-constitution-1945-fv.ppt

1. Diaspora and Global Politics Scattered Communities, Powerful Global Actors

2. Defining the Diaspora: From Concept to Political Actor From Scattering to Power Originally from the Greek diaspeirō , meaning "to scatter," the term "diaspora" historically evoked involuntary dispersion and victimhood, particularly associated with traumatic exiles. However, its modern interpretation has evolved significantly. Modern Definition Today, a diaspora signifies a dynamic "cultural-social-political entity" formed by migration. Its members share a common ethno-national origin and maintain a permanent minority status in their host countries. Dispersion Scattering from an original homeland is the foundational element. Homeland Orientation A strong collective memory and connection to an ancestral homeland persists. Group Consciousness A shared identity and solidarity bind co-ethnics globally. Boundary Maintenance A distinct identity is preserved within the host society. The synthesis of these elements transforms a migrant population into a potent non-state actor, a "transnational political entity" capable of significant influence.

3. The Power of Connection: Understanding Diasporic Influence This presentation explores the multifaceted journey of diasporas, from their origins as dispersed communities to their emergence as significant political, economic, and cultural actors on the global stage. We will delve into the mechanisms of their influence and examine compelling case studies. From Dispersion to Network Understanding the evolution of diasporas into interconnected transnational entities. Political Mobilization Examining how diasporas influence policy in both their homelands and host nations. Economic & Soft Power Exploring their impact through remittances, investment, and cultural diplomacy efforts. Global Case Studies Analyzing diverse and impactful examples of diasporic influence in action.

4. The Transnational Paradigm: Diasporas as Global Networks Transnationalism redefines international relations by emphasizing persistent cross-border ties. Diasporas embody this, weaving complex relationships that transcend national boundaries. Transnationalism Defined The ongoing maintenance of social, cultural, economic, and political links across national borders, forming a web of relationships independent of state mediation. The "Triadic Relationship" A dynamic interplay between the homeland , the hostland , and the transnational community of co-ethnics. Diasporas serve as vital bridges. Challenge to Westphalian Sovereignty Traditional international relations assumes exclusive citizen loyalty to sovereign states. Diasporas disrupt this by retaining deep homeland ties while residing in host states, creating issues of "dual loyalty." They engage directly with third-party states and international organizations, often bypassing their own governments. The Role of Technology: Digital communication, social media, and affordable travel have dismantled geographical barriers, fostering a "transborder citizenry" among immigrants and their descendants.

5. Political Mobilization & "Long-Distance Nationalism" Long-distance nationalism describes the phenomenon where identity claims and practices connect individuals globally to an ancestral home, regardless of their current residence. National borders cease to be the sole determinant of membership. Expressions of Long-Distance Nationalism Political: Participating in homeland elections, lobbying host governments, and funding political parties. Cultural: Actively preserving language, religion, and traditions across generations. Militant: Engaging in fundraising or direct participation in armed struggles in the homeland. The "Political Freezer" Effect Geographic separation can preserve historical grievances and radical ideologies that have already moderated within the homeland. Insulated from direct consequences, diasporas can adopt a more "maximalist ethno-national vision" than their counterparts back home. Example: The Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada. Post-WWII migrants maintained a radical anti-Soviet ideology. After 1991, this "frozen" ideology was "re-exported to Ukraine," significantly influencing national politics and historical narratives.

6. Mechanisms I: Lobbying and Foreign Policy Diasporic interest groups are institutionalized actors that skillfully leverage democratic processes in their host countries to advance the interests of their community and country of origin. 1 Conflict as a Catalyst Experiences with homeland conflict provide a clear, urgent political agenda that galvanizes communities. 2 Democratic Experience Prior familiarity with democratic systems equips communities with the skills to navigate host country politics effectively. 3 Political Entrepreneurs Charismatic leaders articulate collective interests and overcome typical collective action problems, uniting the community. Lobbying Strategies Direct lobbying of government officials and policymakers. Engagement in electoral politics through voting blocs and campaign contributions. Grassroots advocacy and targeted media campaigns to shape public opinion. Coalition building with other ethnic groups or mainstream advocacy organizations. Success is often conditional, inversely proportional to the target country's strategic importance. It frequently hinges on exploiting pre-existing political opportunities, as exemplified by the eventual U.S. recognition of the Armenian Genocide.

7. Mechanisms II: The Economic Levers of Power "Diaspora Economics" analyzes the profound impact diasporas have on international economic exchange and development in their homelands. They are increasingly recognized as vital economic actors. Remittances Financial transfers that often surpass official development aid and foreign direct investment. They alleviate poverty and serve as a crucial social safety net. Trade and FDI Diasporas act as economic intermediaries, leveraging "insider knowledge" to reduce transaction costs and risk, thereby overcoming barriers to trade and investment. Human Capital Transfer Skilled migrants transfer knowledge, technical expertise, and professional networks, effectively reversing the traditional "brain drain" into a "brain gain." The "Multiplier Effect": Diaspora-led investment signals confidence to the broader international market, attracting further investment and fostering a virtuous cycle of sustainable economic integration and growth.

8. Mechanisms III: Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy Soft power, as defined by Joseph Nye, is the ability to achieve objectives through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion. Diasporas are natural conduits for this influence, shaping perceptions and fostering understanding. Cultural Ambassadors Diasporas build vital bridges between cultures, introducing their homeland's heritage to their host society and facilitating reciprocal exchange. Channels of Influence Creative Industries: Popularizing national cuisines, music, film (e.g., Bollywood), and art globally. Positive Narratives: Countering stereotypes and promoting nuanced understanding of their country of origin. High-Profile Success: Prominent individuals in sports, science, or business elevate the prestige of their community and homeland. A Double-Edged Sword: For authoritarian regimes, the diaspora can inadvertently promote a culture of freedom and dissent that is suppressed "back home," creating a powerful counter-narrative to the government's official stance.

9. State Engagement: Homeland and Host Country Policies Both homeland and host governments actively engage with diasporas, but with differing objectives. Homeland policies seek to harness diaspora potential, while host countries navigate integration, security, and development. Homeland Government Strategies Capacity Building: Establishing ministries for diaspora affairs and comprehensive community mapping. Extending Rights: Granting dual citizenship and overseas voting rights to maintain ties. Extracting Obligations: Issuing "diaspora bonds" and mobilizing lobbying efforts for national interests. Host Country Policies Integration: Providing pathways to citizenship and protecting the rights of diaspora members. Leveraging for Development: Partnering with diaspora groups on aid and development projects. Security & Control: Monitoring political activities that could potentially fuel conflict or challenge national security interests. Authoritarian Diaspora Governance: Autocratic homelands often weaponize engagement policies as tools for transnational repression, employing "wedge narratives" to sow division between diasporas and host societies, and co-opting dissent.

10. The Dual Role: Conflict and Peacebuilding Diasporas are not monolithic actors; they possess the capacity to either exacerbate conflicts or contribute significantly to peace and reconciliation. Their role often depends on complex contextual factors. Conflict Spoilers Financial/Logistical Support: Funding and arming paramilitary groups (e.g., Albanian diaspora and the KLA). Radical Mobilization: Adopting extreme political positions due to "long-distance nationalism," fueling extremism. Lobbying for Intervention: Pressuring host governments to adopt hardline stances or intervene militarily. Peace-Builders Promoting Dialogue: Geographic distance can offer a "more moderate lens" and a neutral space for reconciliation efforts. Humanitarian Aid: Often the first responders in crises, mobilizing funds and supplies rapidly (e.g., Ukrainian diaspora post-2022). Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Providing vital financial resources, technical skills, and essential networks for rebuilding. The Decisive Factor: The political opportunity structure of the host country often plays a crucial role in determining whether a diaspora assumes a conflict-escalating or peace-building role.

11. Critiques and Complexities: Beyond Monolithic Views Viewing diasporas as homogenous entities oversimplifies their complex internal dynamics. These communities are often fragmented, diverse, and subject to internal and external pressures. 1 Myth of Homogeneity Diasporas are rarely unified. They are fractured by different waves of migration, competing political factions, and generational divides, each with distinct experiences and connections to the homeland (e.g., Cuban exiles). 2 Problem of Representation The most vocal and organized actors often dominate the narrative, potentially stifling moderate voices and claiming to represent the entire community when they do not. 3 "Dual Loyalty" Dilemma Active political engagement in a country of origin can trigger suspicions and fears of "enemies within" in the host state, raising questions of national allegiance. 4 Authoritarian Manipulation Homeland governments, especially authoritarian ones, can exploit their diasporas through propaganda and co-optation, instrumentalizing them for foreign policy objectives or transnational repression. Ultimately, the external influence of a diaspora is heavily dictated by the outcomes of internal contests for leadership and control over the community's narrative.

12. Case Study 1: The Cuban-American Diaspora - The Archetypal Lobby The Cuban-American diaspora serves as a powerful example of an ethnopolitical lobby, forged in the crucible of the 1959 Cuban Revolution. It represents a classic case of how a community can exert disproportionate political influence. Origins The first wave comprised Cuba's white, wealthy, anti-communist elite who viewed themselves as political exiles, setting the tone for future political activism. Primary Identity Driver Overwhelmingly political, centered on shared exile and a singular, unwavering goal: steadfast opposition to the Castro regime. Key Success Factors Geographic Concentration: Their dense population in South Florida, a critical U.S. swing state, grants their vote significant weight in national elections. Socioeconomic Status: The wealth of the early exile community provided essential resources to build and sustain a formidable political machine. Organizational Strength: The establishment of the Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) in 1981, deliberately modeled after the highly influential AIPAC, professionalized the lobby and solidified its position as one of Washington's most powerful interest groups.

13. Case Study 1: Cuban-American Influence - Strategies & Evolution The Cuban-American diaspora's strategic approach combined various political and economic levers to achieve significant policy outcomes. Electoral Power Masterful leveraging of their concentrated voting bloc in Florida, a critical swing state. Campaign Finance Substantial contributions through the Free Cuba PAC to pro-embargo candidates from both parties. Direct Lobbying A constant, aggressive presence in Washington D.C. to maintain and tighten the economic embargo. Major Policy Successes Radio and TV Martí (1990): U.S.-funded anti-Castro propaganda broadcasts. Torricelli Act (1992): Dramatically tightened the economic embargo on Cuba. Helms-Burton Act (1996): Codified the embargo into law, making it exceptionally difficult to lift. Decline and Evolution The lobby's power began to erode in the late 1990s due to leadership changes, generational shifts toward more moderate views, and the rise of powerful countervailing lobbies advocating for engagement.

14. Case Study 2: The Indian Diaspora - A "Living Bridge" The Indian diaspora exemplifies a community driven by economic and educational aspirations, strategically cultivated by its homeland as a "living bridge" for global engagement. Colonial Era Origins Indentured laborers settled across the British Empire (Caribbean, Fiji, South Africa), forming early communities. Post-WWII Migration Movement to the UK to address post-war labor shortages, contributing to rebuilding efforts. Skilled Professionals Post-1960s migration of doctors, engineers, and IT specialists to Western nations. Primary Identity Driver: The pursuit of economic and educational opportunities, fostering a highly educated and successful global community. Homeland Framing: The Indian government actively frames its diaspora as a strategic asset – a "Living Bridge" for resources, knowledge, and diplomatic influence.

15. Case Study 2: Indian Diaspora Influence - Soft Power, Politics, Economy Economic Clout India benefits significantly from its diaspora's financial contributions. Remittances make India the world's largest recipient, providing crucial foreign exchange. The diaspora is also a major source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and entrepreneurship, notably in Silicon Valley. Political Ascent & Lobbying Individuals of Indian origin have reached the highest levels of power globally, including leaders like Rishi Sunak and Kamala Harris . Their effective lobbying force has secured significant policy wins, such as the landmark U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Deal. Soft Power & Cultural Diplomacy The diaspora is arguably India's most effective instrument of soft power , promoting a positive image of Indian culture worldwide. This is achieved through the global popularization of festivals, cuisine, Bollywood, and yoga.

16. Case Study 3: The Armenian Diaspora - Politics of Memory The Armenian diaspora stands as a powerful testament to the enduring impact of collective trauma, uniting a global community in its persistent pursuit of justice and recognition for the Armenian Genocide. Origins in Genocide The modern diaspora was forged by survivors of the 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide, a systematic extermination campaign by the Ottoman Empire that claimed 1 to 1.5 million lives. Primary Identity Driver A shared historical memory of the Genocide and a collective, multi-generational mission: to achieve international recognition and combat the Turkish state's denial campaign. Recognition as Symbolic Justice In the face of such an atrocity, redress is largely symbolic. For descendants, official recognition is the most desired form of justice, essential for restoring dignity and overcoming the "ethical loneliness" of having their history denied. Key Organizational Infrastructure: A highly organized and sophisticated lobbying infrastructure, led by groups like the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) and the Armenian Assembly of America (AAA).

17. Case Study 3: Armenian Diaspora Influence - A Century of Advocacy The Armenian diaspora employed a multi-faceted approach, combining strategic alliances and relentless advocacy to achieve its long-term goals. Grassroots Mobilization Focused on mobilizing local communities to engage directly with elected officials in host countries. Single-Issue Focus A laser-like focus on Genocide recognition as a primary litmus test for politicians and policymakers. Coalition Building Formed powerful alliances with Greek-American, Jewish-American, and human rights organizations. "Memory Fusion" Strategically linked the Armenian Genocide to the Holocaust to build broader understanding and support. For decades, this persistent campaign faced significant obstacles, often blocked by successive U.S. administrations prioritizing their strategic NATO alliance with Turkey. Landmark Success (2019-2021) A deterioration in U.S.-Turkish relations created a crucial political window of opportunity. The diaspora's lobbying efforts successfully pushed for recognition resolutions in the U.S. House and Senate in 2019. In 2021, President Joe Biden became the first U.S. president to officially and unequivocally recognize the events as a genocide, achieving the campaign's ultimate goal.

18. The Unseen Architects of Global Change As this presentation has explored, diasporas are not merely populations abroad; they are dynamic, multi-faceted actors fundamentally reshaping global politics, economies, and cultures. Their enduring influence as economic powerhouses, cultural ambassadors, and political advocates continues to be a critical force in an increasingly interconnected world.