DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE.

DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA:�� PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE-
INTRODUCTION-The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
DEFINITION- Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of  the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.
1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES-In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages

1. A picture is worth a thousand words A complex idea can be conveyed with just a single still image, namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE. PRANATI PATRA

3. INTRODUCTION The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word " nutrire ", meaning "to nourish", referring to a  wet-nurse ; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.

4. DEFINITION   Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of  the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.

5. 1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages.

6. ROLE OF NURSE IN PRIMITIVE PERIOD Women were protecting and caring for their children, aged and sick members of the family. Nursing evolved to response to the desire to keep healthy as well as provide comfort to sick. This was reflecting in caring, comforting, nourishing and cleansing aspect of the patient. These love and hope were expressed in empirical practice of nursing.

7. 2. NURSING - VEDIC PERIOD (3000 B.C - 1400 B.C)   Indian medicines are found in the sacred books of "Vedas". The ' Ayur-veda ' is thought to have been given by Brahma.  1400 BC Sushruta , known as 'Father of Surgery' in India wrote a book on surgery ' Charaka ' wrote a book on internal medicine. By these writings we can learn that those days surgery had advanced to a high level, also had 4 wings of treatment ' Chatushpada Chikitsa '.  

8. CONT...... 1. Bhishak     2. Upacharika ( Attendent - Anuraktha )   3. Dravya .   4.Adhyaya      

9. CONT.... CHARACTERS OF UPACHARIKA (NURSE) 1.SUCHI 2.DAKSHA 3.ANURAKTHA 4.BUDDHIMAN

10. 3. NURSING POST VEDIC PERIOD (600 BC - 600 AD)   Medical education was introduced in ancient Universities of ' Nalanda ' and ‘ Thakshashila '. King Ashoka (272-236BC) constructed hospitals for the people and animals. Prevention of the disease was given first importance and hygienic practices were adopted. Cleanliness of the body was religious duty. Doctors and midwives were to be trust worthy and skillful . They should wear clean cloths and cut their nails short.  Lying rooms were kept well ventilated. 

11. CONT... The nurses were usually 'men' or 'old women'. Women are restricted activities at home and cared for sick members in the family. during 1 AD period superstition and black magic replaced more in daily practices. Medicines are remained in the hands of priest - physicians, who refused to touch the blood and pathological tissues. Other religious restriction and superstitious practices probably declined the development of nursing

12. 4. NURSING IN MOGUL PERIOD (1000 AD)  ' Unani ' system of medicine developed during the Arab civilization. It was practiced in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The basic framework are consists of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.  Temperament, strengthening of body and nature are the real physician.  Not believed in eradication of disease greatly depend on defense mechanism of the body and self-care and positive health habits. Therefore, it becomes part of Indian medicine practice.  

13. 5. BRITISH PERIOD (16THCENTURY ONWARDS) 5. British period (16thCentury onwards) After the Mogul period the nursing in India hindered. During the 16th century, nursing development in India taken three dimensions. 1. Military Nursing 2. Civilian Nursing 3. Missionaries Nursing

14. 1. MILITARY NURSING: Military nursing born during 1 st world war but developed very slowly. British officers informed need of nurses to take care British officials and soldiers in India. On 1888 Feb. 21st - 10 fully qualified certified nurses from Florence Nightingales, arrived to Bombay to lead nursing in India. This paves the way to develop one of the best nursing in the world. 1894 regular system of training for men for hospital work (orderliness) started. Medical officers given lecturing to them. Some men were voluntary did the course and applied for the nursing certificate. After two months of practical posting to ward, on the account of supervised sister's report..

15. 1927 - Description of Indian Military Nursing services formed with 12 matrons, 18 sisters, 25 staff nurses. They are responsible for supervision, instruction and training of nursing services for entire Indian hospital corps.  2nd world war expanded nursing services in India and overseas under the direction of chief principal matron. 3 year training carried out in selected military hospital preliminary training schools. After completion sent to military hospital for training. After successful training certificate issued as "Registered Nurse" and they are members of Indian Military Nursing Services..

16. 2. CIVILIAN NURSING IN INDIA  1664 - East India company built Government General Hospital at Madras for civilian. 1871 - this hospital undertook training of nurses. On 1854 midwives training school granted certificates of Diploma in Midwifery' for passed student and 'sick nursing' for failed students. First time 6 nurses came out as Diploma in Midwifery Nurses.

17. 3. MISSIONARY NURSING: Missionary nursing started training for Indian people as nurses. Various other countries supported. This brought fully qualified Indian nurses. Those days there were several obstacles for nursing development.  

18. CONT..... 1. Girls were not allowed to do work. 2. Degrading and unworthy attitude of people. 3. Hindus were hold back due to deep seated caste system. 4. Muslims held under ' paradha ' system. So Christian girls encouraged and trained first.  

19. From 1888-93 five years various experts like doctors, surgeons, nursing superintendent, pharmacists - draw up a curriculum for training.  1907-10 North India united Board of Examiner formed to maintain nursing administration and standards.  1928 - Hindi Text book for nurses developed.

20. 1939 - Develop post graduation school for nurses. Community Health Nursing: William Rathbone formed Visiting Nurses Association at England. She emphasized on charity free care . Florence Lees improved the Visiting Nurses by giving specialized training for their work. In 1926 Midwives Registration Act formed for the purpose of better training of midwives. Slowly Community Nursing Training needs felt by the Government.

21.  In 1946 - Community Health Nursing was integrated in Basic Nursing Programme at Delhi, Vellore and Madras. Trained Nurses Association of Indian (TNAI) In 1908 - TNAI formed to uphold the dignity and honor of the nursing profession. Florence Mac Haughton was the first president of TNAI.   In 1910 TNAI published journals. In 1912 TNAI affiliated to international Nursing Council as a 8th Association in the world.  In 1917 June 16th under the Registration Act No:XXI of 1860 - TNAI got registered. In 1922 - SNA formed.  

22. CONCLUSION  University education in nursing brought about changes in nursing education. The type of nurses required today is an “all round personality”. Education brings changes in behaviour of the individual in a desirable manner. It aims at all round development of an individual to become mature,self-sufficient,intellectually,culturally refined. Socially efficient and spiritually advanced.  

23. BIBILIOGRAPHY Neeraja K. P. (2003), ‘Text Book of Nursing Education’, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers. TNAI (2000). ‘History and trends in Nursing in India’, New Delhi   D.Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj,Nima Bhaskar [2015], Text .book of Nursing education, EMMESS Medical publishers, page no-52-53.