DHARAVI SLUM, MUMBAI

Dharavi slum is a product of urbanization brought by the British colonial government in 1887.

1. DHARAVI SLUM , MUMBAI PRESENTED BY : JAYANTHI B-ARCH 4 th YEAR SRM UNIVERSITY- SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN

2. INTRODUCTION Dharavi is located in Mumbai in India. India’s and Mumbai's biggest slum is known as Dharavi. With an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres (0.81  sq  mi) and a  population density  of over 277,136/km 2  (717,780/ sq  mi), Dharavi is also one of the most densely populated areas on Earth. Dharavi was once an isolated settlement on the outskirts of Mumbai. At the edge of Dharavi the newest arrivals come to make their homes on waste land next to water pipes in slum areas. They set up home illegally amongst waste on land that is not suitable for habitation. Dharavi literally overlooks the Bandra-Kurla Complex which is the new financial and commercial centre in Mumbai. In a city bound by water and already fighting to accommodate millions of inhabitants, the centrally located Dharavi represents substantial economic value

3. RESIDENTS A majority of the residents of Dharavi belong to the dalit caste especially the Adidravidars of the Tamil people, they had also built a Ganesh Temple and " Adidravidar mahajana Sangham " which own the piece of land and the areas adjoining the temple. Other castes and tribes are also present. Minorities include Christians, Muslims and Buddhists. ECONOMY In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi,  there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of Mumbai. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people. While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area. The district has an estimated 5000 businesses and 15,000 single-room factories. Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important commuting station for people in the area going to and from work. POTTERY OIL RECYCLING PLASTIC RECYCLING

4. CONDITION OF THE SLUM In the slum people have to live with many problems. People have to go to the toilet in the street and there are open sewers.   Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid. Next to the open sewers are water pipes, which can crack and take in sewage. Dharavi slum is based around this water pipe built on an old rubbish tip. The people have not planned this settlement and have no legal rights to the land. There are also toxic wastes in the slum including hugely dangerous heavy metals. People live in very small dwellings (e.g. 12X12ft), often with many members of their extended families. Water is a big problem for Mumbai's population; standpipes come on at 5:30am for 2 hours as water is rationed.

5. EPIDEMICS AND OTHER DISASTERS Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population perished. Dysentery epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other epidemics reported include typhoid, cholera, leprosy, jaundice and polio, through recent years. In 1986, a children cholera epidemic was reported, where most patients were residents of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally high.  In recent years, cases of drug resistant tuberculosis have been reported in Dharavi. Fires and other disasters are common. In January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries. In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.

6. The Dharavi slums face a lot of problems like noise, water and air pollution, it also has no sewage or drainage systems. Everyday the potters brick kilns send huge black clouds into the air which pollutes the air and makes the cloud black and Sion hospital complains about the heavy black smoke that's making their patients case worse. Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid. Dharavi slum is based around this water pipe built on an old rubbish tip. The people have not planned this settlement and have no legal rights to the land. There are also toxic wastes in the slum including hugely dangerous heavy metals. Dharavi is made up of 12 different neighborhoods and there are no maps or road signs. Those problems exist because those people aren't living on their own property and because it is a poor piece of land, so the government is trying to kick them out so that they can start a new project, this cause many problems and issues to the people such as poverty and hunger. PROBLEMS OF DHARAVI SLUM

7. Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases. The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odors. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. There are government proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues SANITATION ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Bacteria in the dump produce about 4,251m3/ hr of biogas, mostly methane into the atmosphere. This creates a fire hazard and the fires release smoke and other harmful products into the air. This is due to burning of plastics and non-plastics as well as other unsorted materials that could have dangerous end products. Polluted water flows into the ocean and other surrounding bodies of water, making somesources of fish and water unsafe for consumption which is a huge problem environmentallyand economically.

8. DHARAVI SLUM REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT Slum Rehabilitation Authority declared Dharavi as the most difficult area and provided higher incentive of 1:1.333. Inspite of higher incentive, only 15% of Dharavi is developed in 12 years. Local developers built extremely poor quality housing STRATEGY Formulate sustainable master plan. Rehabilitate all the slum families and business in dharavi itself. Rehabilitate all non polluting industries. Integration of slum dwellers with main stream residents of Mumbai through hikes.

9. REDEVELOPMENT PLANS There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as Tai Hang. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be Rs 5000 crore. Companies from around the world have bid to redevelop Dharavi, including Lehman Brothers, Dubai’s Limitless and Singapore’s Capitaland Ltd. In 2010, it is estimated to cost Rs 15,000 core to redevelop. The latest urban redevelopment plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta. The plan involves the construction of 30,000,000 square feet (2,800,000 m2) of housing, schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with 40,000,000 square feet (3,700,000 m2) of residential and commercial space for sale. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. The government has said that it will only legalize and relocate industries that are not "polluting.“

10. THE POSITIVES OF DHARAVI SLUM There are positives; informal shopping areas exist where it is possible to buy anything you might need. There are also mosques catering for people's religious needs. There is a pottery area of Dharavi slum which has a community centre. It was established by potters from Gujarat 70 years ago and has grown into a settlement of over 10,000 people. It has a village feel despite its high population density and has a central social square.  Family life dominates, and there can be as many as 5 people per room. The houses often have no windows, asbestos roofs (which are dangerous if broken) and no planning to fit fire regulations. Rooms within houses have multiple functions, including living, working and sleeping. Many daily chores are done in social spheres because people live close to one another. This helps to generate a sense of community. The buildings in this part of the slum are all of different heights and colours, adding interest and diversity. This is despite the enormous environmental problems with air and land pollution. 

11. 14 million people live in Mumbai. Half live in “hutments.” One family of 12 lives in 90 sq.ft . “about half the size of an American car parking lot.” 16 public toilets per 3000 people. One water tap per 100 people. . 55% of the population of Mumbai lives in slums. Approximately seven million people in Mumbai live in slums Open sewers in the middle of the street. Sewers are often non-existent. Here drums of excrement are dumped. It is believed that 72% of this slum population is literate. 15,000 “hutment factories” export goods all over the world. FACTS