Different kinds of compounds CBSE Class x presentation Chemistry

The various properties of different categories of compounds

1. ACID ,BASES &SALTS Presented by Arpita agni !

2. agenda 1. ImportanCE of PH IN EVERYDAY LIFE 2. mORE ABOUT SALTS -FAMILY OF SALTS -PH OF SALTS -CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALTS -ARE THE CRYSTALS OF SALTS REALLY DRY?

3. Importance of ph pH is important in everyday life because  it influences everything from digestion and dental health to agriculture and water quality .

4. Importance of ph in everyday life! 1. Digestion: The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, which creates an acidic environment (pH around 1-3) that activates the enzyme pepsin, which is crucial for breaking down proteins.  2. Plant Growth: Plants require a specific pH range in the soil for optimal nutrient absorption and growth. Soil that is too acidic or alkaline can hinder plant growth. 3. Tooth Decay: Tooth enamel is vulnerable to erosion when the pH of the mouth drops below 5.5. Acidic foods and drinks can lower mouth pH, leading to tooth decay

5. Some more examples! 4. both plants and animals are sensitive to pH levels. pH, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, plays a vital role in various biological processes for both plants and animals. Changes in pH can significantly impact their growth, survival, and overall health. 5. The ideal pH range for most garden soils, including backyards, is between 6.0 and 7.0. This range is considered slightly acidic to neutral, and most plants thrive in it. A soil pH of 7.0 is considered neutral.  6. In chemical warfare for self-defense, both animals and plants utilize pH variations to deter threats. Animals like honeybees inject formic acid (low pH), causing irritation, while some plants, like nettles, release acidic substances. Applying a base, like baking soda, can neutralize these acids, offering relief from the burning sensation. 

6. More about salts! Salts within a family have the same negative radical (anion) or the same positive radical (cation). Eg:Nacl and KCl Salts of a strong acid or base has pH more than 7 but the weak acid or base has pH less than 7.

7. Chemicals from common salts 1 Common salt:- A raw material for chemicals Sodium chloride (NaCl), or common salt, is used to produce a variety of chemicals like sodium hydroxide, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), washing soda (sodium carbonate), and bleaching powder.

8. Sodium Hydroxide 1) electricity is passed through an aqueaous solution of sodium chloride called brine, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. 2) the process is known as chlor – alkali process. 3) chlorine gas gives anode & hydrogen Gas gives cathode. This solution is formed Near the cathode & products formed during This process is all useful.

9. Bleaching powder 1) Bleaching powder is a compound, also known as calcium hypochlorite, used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant 2)  It's a yellowish-white powder with a strong chlorine smell, prepared by reacting chlorine gas with dry slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). 3) Chemical formula: CaOCl2  Chemical name: Calcium hypochlorite  Preparation: Chlorine gas (Cl2) reacts with dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)  4) Uses: Bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry  Bleaching wood pulp in the paper industry  Disinfecting drinking water 

10. Baking soda Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula NaHCO3. It's an alkaline substance that produces carbon dioxide when it reacts with an acid, making it useful in baking as a leavening agent.  Chemical Formula: NaHCO3.  Nature: Alkaline/Basic.  Appearance: White, crystalline solid.  Taste: Slightly salty, alkaline.  Uses:- Baking: Used as a leavening agent in cakes, muffins, and cookies to make them rise.  Antacid: Helps neutralize excess stomach acid.  Disinfectant: Effective in cleaning and disinfecting.  Pesticide: Can be used to repel certain pests.  Fire Extinguisher: Used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.  Ex:- Baking soda reacts with acids in the recipe (like lemon juice or vinegar) to release carbon dioxide gas. This gas creates bubbles within the batter, causing it to expand and rise during baking, resulting in a lighter, more fluffy baked good. 

11. Large headline Washing soda Washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, with the chemical formula Na₂CO ₃·10H₂O. It's a white, crystalline solid and a common household chemical with applications in cleaning, water softening, and laundry detergent.  Chemical Name: Sodium carbonate decahydrate.  Formula:  Na₂CO ₃·10H₂O.  Appearance: White, crystalline solid.  Properties: Soluble in water, alkaline solution, has detergent properties.  Uses: Cleaning agent: Removes dirt and grease from clothes and other surfaces.  Water softening: Reduces the hardness of water.  Laundry detergent: A common ingredient in laundry detergents.  Other uses: In the manufacture of glass, paper, and other chemicals. 

12. Are the crystals of slat really dry? Use this portion of your presentation to answer audience questions.

13. Are the crystals of slat really dry? 1) No, the crystals of some salts, like copper sulfate, appear dry but actually contain water molecules within their structure, known as water of crystallization. This water is not free-flowing liquid water, but it is chemically bound to the salt. When heated, this water is released, and the salt's color may change, indicating the loss of water.  ACTIVITY:- 1. Observation: Copper sulfate crystals, which are blue, look dry to the naked eye.  2. Heating: When these crystals are heated in a test tube, water droplets form on the cooler parts of the tube, and the blue color of the copper sulfate fades to white.  3. Explanation: The blue color of copper sulfate is due to the presence of water molecules within its crystal structure. These water molecules are called water of crystallization

14. Key points about Plaster of Paris: Formula:  CaSO ₄·½H₂O Chemical Name: Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Preparation: Heating gypsum ( CaSO ₄·2H₂O) Setting: Hardens when mixed with water due to rehydration and conversion back to gypsum Uses: Medical casts for broken bones, molds for statues, and fireproofing Storage: Should be stored in moisture-proof containers to prevent setting  Plaster of paris :-