Diffusion ppt ak

Diffusion takes place through higher concentration to lower concentration.

1. PRESENTED BY- ATISH KHILARI M.PHARM(1 ST SEM) (PHARMACEUTICS) DIFFUSION GUIDED BY- MRS.SHILPA CHAUDHARI DR.D.Y.PATIL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,AKURDI(PUNE)

2. CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 2.STEADY STATE DIFFUSION 3.MECHANISM 4.FACTOR INFLUENCE THE DIFFUSION 5.TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 6.METHODS & PROCEDURES 7.APPLICATIONS 8.REFERENCES 2

3. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION : Diffusion: “ The movement of particles in a solid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, resulting in the uniform distribution of the substance.” During diffusion molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. They are said to move down a concentration gradient . The material that undergoes the transport is known as diffusant or permeant or penetrant. 3

4. INTRODUCTION Diffusion is a passive process which means that no energy is needed. Molecules diffuse until they are evenly spaced apart and equilibrium is reached. high concentration low concentration 4

5. INTRODUCTION In which states are molecules able to diffuse? solid (e.g. ice) liquid (e.g. water) gas (e.g. steam) Molecules in liquids and gases are constantly moving and bumping into each other. This means that they tend to spread out. By contrast, solids cannot diffuse. 5

6. STEADY STATE DIFFUSION Diffusion is direct result of Brownian motion. Molecule diffuse spontaneously from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration until diffusion equilibrium is established. Rate of diffusion independent of time. Flux proportional to concentration gradient = C 1 C 2 x C 1 C 2 x 1 x 2 Fick’s first law of diffusion D = diffusion coefficient 6

7. STEADY- STATE DIFFUSION The flux J is expressed as either in number of atom per unit time. Steady state diffusion means that J does not depend upon time. In this case fick‘s 1 st law hold that flux along direction “x” is- Where, J is equal to rate of mass transfer across unit surface area of barrier . 7

8. STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION SINK CONDITION: State in which concentration in receptor compartment is maintained at lower level compaired to its concentration in donor compartment. During diffusion donor compartment act as source & receptor compartment act as sink. Useful for maintaining concentration gradient nearly constant. 8

9. STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION Fick´s 1 st law: Mass get transported from 1 compartment to another over period of time is Flux. Flux (J) = Rate of mass transfer across unit surface area of barrier. J= 1/S (dm/ dt ) Where , dm = change in mass of material. S = barrier surface area. dt = change in time. 1) 9

10. STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION Acc.to Fick‘s law,flux is directly proportional to conc.gradient . D=diffusion coefficient of penetrant. dx=change in distance. Combine equation 1) & 2) gives, * This equation represent rate of mass transfer as per fick‘s law. 2) dm/dt= -DS (dc/dx) 10

11. MECHANISM Mechanisms: Gases & Liquids – random (Brownian) motion. Solids – vacancy diffusion or interstitial diffusion. I . Vacancy diffusion: Only adjacent atoms can move into a vacancy. Vacancy moves in opposite direction of atomic motion. Rate depends on concentration of vacancies. 11

12. MECHANISM • atoms exchange with vacancies . rate depends on: -- number of vacancies -- activation energy to exchange . increasing elapsed time 12

13. MECHANISM Inter diffusion : Atoms tend to migrate from regions of high conc. to regions of low concentration. – smaller atoms can diffuse between atoms. Initially After some time Atom can move into any adjacent empty interstitial position (usually smaller atoms ). Rate depends on concentration of interstitial atoms. (Usually faster than vacancy diffusion ). 13

14. Factors that Influence Diffusion I . Diffusing Species: M agnitude of diffusion coefficient, D – indicates the rate at which atoms diffuse. B oth diffusing species and host material influence the coefficient: Relative sizes of atoms. Openness of lattice. Ionic charges. 14

15. Factors that Influence Diffusion II . Temperature: V ery strong effect on the diffusion coefficient : • Diffusion coefficient increases with increasing T . D = D o exp æ è ç ö ø  - Q d R T = pre-exponential = diffusion coefficient = activation energy = gas constant = absolute temperature D D o Q d R T 15

16. DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE Diffusion across membrane: There are two ways in which substances can enter or leave a cell: 1) Passive a) Simple Diffusion b) Facilitated Diffusion c) Osmosis 2) Active a) Molecules b) Particles 16

17. DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE This is the movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient, passing through the membrane via a specific carrier protein Selection is by size; shape; charge. Common molecules entering/leaving cells include glucose & amino-acids. 17

18. DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE It is passive and requires no energy from the cell. If the molecule is changed on entering the cell (glucose + ATP → glucose phosphate + ADP), then the concentration gradient of glucose will be kept high . 18

19. DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE Active Transport : Active transport is the energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to higher concentration. Special proteins within the cell membrane act as specific protein ‘carriers’. The energy for active transport comes from ATP. 19

20. DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE Passive Transport: Passive diffusion is the process by which molecules spontaneously diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Lipid-soluble drugs penetrate the lipid cell membrane and can pass the cell membrane by passive diffusion. Also, large molecules, such as proteins and protein-bound drugs, cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. 20

21. METHODS & PROCEDURES Two types: horizontal transport cell: a. wurester cell b. Viles chein permeation cell B) vertical transport cell: a) Aquair and weiner diffusion cell b) biber and rhodes cell c) franz diffusion cell 21

22. Horizontal Transport Cell wurester cell: Receptor and donor compartment made of pyrex glass material. Animal or human skin acts as semi permeable cell and barrier may be supported on a perforated plate. Drug sample solution taken in donor compartment and solvent in the receptor compartment. Whole set up placed in constant temperature bath to maintain the temp of 37±0.2°C. The liquid in receptor stirred by using magnetic beads to obtain uniform distribution. 22

23. VERTICAL TRANSPORT CELL Aquair and weiner diffusion cell: Receptor and donor compartment made of pyrex glass or plastic material. Animal or human skin acts as semi permeable cell and barrier may be supported on a perforated plate. Drug sample solution taken in upper compartment and solvent in the lower compartment. Whole set up placed in constant temperature bath to maintain the temp of 37±0.2°C. The liquid in receptor stirred by using magnetic beads to obtain uniform distribution. 23

24. APPLICATIONS 1) The release of drug from dosage form is diffusion controlled,such dosage form available in market as sustained & controlled release product . 2) The molecular weight of polymers can be estimated from diffusion process. 3) The transport of drugs from GI tract,skin,etc., can be understood & predicted from the principles of diffusion. 4) The diffusion of drugs into tissues & their excretion through kidneys can be anticipated through diffusion studies. 5) The process such as dialysis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, haemodialysis,osmosis,etc., use the principles of diffusion. 24

25. REFERENCES 1. C.V.S . Subrahamanyam,Textbook of physical pharmaceutics, 2 nd Edition, Vallabh prakashan, pg.no.110-127 2 . D.M . Brahmankar ,Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics-A Treatise”,2 nd Edition, 2009,Vallabh Prakashan, pp- 10 to 22. 3. www.google.com 25

26. 26