Disaster Management- CASE STUDY-01 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE.pptx

Disaster management;
Bhuj Earthquake;
basic facts;
Location of Bhuj earthquake;
tectonic history;
Intensity of earthquake;
effects of earthquakes;
loss classification;
rescue operations;
relief operations;
rehabilitation;
long-term effects;
case study: Bhuj Earthquake;

1. Bhuj Earthquake (2001) Prof. S.P.Parmar Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering, DDU Email ID: [email protected]

2. Bhuj Earthquake (2001)

3. Course :- Disaster Management Presented by :- 1. ASNANI Jayprakash ( CL 001) 2. Chauhan Jignasa ( CL006 ) 3 . Patel Shilpa ( cl046 ) 4. rathor Unnati ( Cl055 ) 5. Vyas Meera ( Cl070 ) Guided by :- Miss. Priya Patel DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 3

4. •. Introduction •. Basic facts •. Location •. Tectonic system •. What earthquake do •. Loss classification •. Relief functions •. Challenges (problems) •. Response and rescue operation Content : DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 4

5. E arthquake , any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of   seismic waves   through  Earth ’s rocks . # A sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. # Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic  faults , narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major  fault  lines of the world are located at the  fringes  of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.  DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 5

6. Bhuj earthquake of 2001 , Massive  earthquake  that occurred on Jan. 26, 2001, in the Indian state of  Gujarat , on the Pakistani border. The earthquake struck near the town of  Bhuj  on the morning of  India ’s annual  Republic Day  (celebrating the creation of the Republic of India in 1950), and it was felt throughout much of northwestern India and parts of  Pakistan . The  moment magnitude  of the quake was 7.7 (6.9 on the  Richter scale ). In addition to killing more than 20,000 people and injuring more than 150,000 others, the quake left hundreds of thousands homeless and destroyed or damaged more than a million buildings. A large majority of the local crops were ruined as well. Many people were still living in makeshift shelters a year later. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 6

7. On average, there were around 7065 deaths of children aged 0-14 years, and 9110 deaths of women . There were 348 orphans and 826 widows among the children and women who died. This had an effect on demographics as well as the labor market. There was an imbalance in the worker ratio due to an increase in the number of fatalities among women. The Bhuj Earthquake had a significant impact in many ways, and it has taken a tremendous amount of effort to return things to normal. Human lives, labor, businesses, social structures, education, and even the basic food supply were all affected. During this time, the government, health care, rescue operation task force, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) made significant efforts by providing assistance, relief funds, and support. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 7

8. The earthquake was caused at the convergent plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate boundary These pushed together and caused the earthquake. 56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is vulnerable to seismic activity . 12% of the area comes under  Zone V   (A&N Islands, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal) 18% area in  Zone IV   (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal) 26% area in  Zone III   (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, W. Bengal) Gujarat: an advanced state on the west coast of India. The Indian Meteorological Department estimated the intensity of the earthquake at 6.9 Richter. According to the US Geological Survey, the intensity of the quake was 7.7 Richter. The quake was the worst in India in the last 180 years. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 8

9. Epicentre and focus :- Epicentre is the location on the surface of the Earth directly about the focus the earthquake starts. Focus is the place inside Earth’s crust where Earthquake originates. The earthquake’s epicentre was 20km from Bhuj. The effects of the earthquake were also felt on the north side of the Pakistan border, in Pakistan 18 people were dead. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 9

10. Tectonic plates:- The Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into about 15 major slabs called tectonic plates. These slabs form the lithosphere, which is comprised of the crust (continental and oceanic) and the upper part of the mantle. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earth’s crust and cause the shaking that we feel. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 10

11. There are three types of plated boundary: 1. Divergent: plates moving apart
2. Convergent: plates coming together
3. Transform: plates moving past each other DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 11

12. Divergent boundary : Plates can move apart at a boundary. This type of boundary is called a divergent boundary. It is also referred to as a constructive plate boundary, as new material is being produced at the boundary surface. i.e. Hot magma rises from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the plates apart. Convergent boundary: Continental collisions result in the creation of mountains and fold belts as the rocks are forced upwards. Plates can move towards each other at a boundary. This type of boundary is called a convergent boundary. i.e. Examples include the boundary between the Eurasian plate and the African plate, forming the Alps, and the boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, where the Himalayas are formed where the Eurasian plate is forced up and over the Indian plate. Transform boundary : Plates can move past each other in the same plane at a boundary. This type of boundary is called a transform boundary. This type of boundary is dominated by strike-slip faulting, although other types of faulting may be observed. Three types of plated boundary: DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 12

13. What Earthquake Do : - ✓ Casualties: loss of life and injury.
✓ Loss of housing.
✓ Damage to infrastructure. ✓ Disruption of transport and communications.
✓ Panic ✓ Breakdown of social order.
✓ Loss of industrial output.
✓ Loss of business.
✓ Disruption of marketing systems. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 13

14. Human Impact: Tertiary effects Affected 15.9 million people out of 37.8 in the region (in areas such as Bhuj, Bhachau , Anjar, Ganhidham , Rapar ) “High demand for food, water, and medical care for survivors “Humanitarian intervention by groups such as Oxfam: focused on Immediate response and then rehabilitation. It had a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake dead 13,805 to 20,023 people (including 18 in southeastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 14

15. Social Impacts :- However at the same time, looting and violence occurred following the quake, and this affected many people too.
On the other hand, the earthquake resulted in millions of USD in aid, which has since allowed the Bhuj region to rebuild itself and then grow in a way it wouldn’t have done otherwise.
80% of water and food sources were destroyed. The obvious social impacts are that around 20,000 people were dead and near 200,000 were injured. The final major social effect was that around 400,000 Indian homes were destroyed resulting in around 2 million people being made homeless immediately following the quake DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 15

16. Economic Impacts:- Total damage estimated at around $7 billion. However $18 billion of aid was invested in the Bhuj area. Over 15km of tarmac road networks were completely destroyed. In the economic capital of the Gujarat region, Ahmedabad, 58 multi storey buildings were destroyed, these buildings contained many of the businesses which were generating the wealth of the region.
Many schools were destroyed and the literacy rate of the Gujarat region is now the lowest outside southern India. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 16

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18. Relief Functions :- Primary Operate warning system. Restore and maintain uninterrupted communication. Maintain transportation for evacuation and movement of essential commodities. Ensure availability of drugs and medicines. Mobilise financial resources. Secondary Rehabilitation through military aid to civil authorities. Coordinating activities of state and voluntary agencies. Preparing contingency plans for crops, cattle preservation , nutrition and health measures. Providing technical and technological inputs for drinking water. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 18

19. Challenges ( Problems ) :- There are two types of challenges:- Transportation System Telecommunication System DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 19

20. Transportation System :- • Airports closed • City in gridlock as traffic lights were out • Cars were used to transport injured due to run out of ambulances Telecommunication System :- • Telecommunication system was disrupted initially

• People were requested to use messaging service instead of calling, so that emergency services can use the phone lines.

• Telephone companies established emergency lines and free
call facilities after few hours. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 20

21. Impacts : The impacts of an earthquake will vary depending on: The strength of the earthquake on the Richter scale. Level of development - whether it occurs in a rich  advanced country (AC)  or a  low-income developing country (LIDC) . Richer countries will be more likely to be able to predict, protect and prepare for the impacts of an earthquake. The depth of the focus - if it is shallow the impacts will be more destructive. Distance from epicentre - the effects of an earthquake are usually most severe nearest to its epicentre . Population density - the more people living in an area, the more likely it is deaths and casualties will occur. The time of day - if people are in their homes, at work or travelling, earthquake impacts are worse. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 21

22. Response : Immediate responses to earthquakes involve  search and rescue, medical aid, and providing emergency shelter, food, and water .  Responses are how countries react to an earthquake. They can be categorised as: Short-term or immediate  - a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured with medical aid, then providing emergency shelter, food and water. Long-term  - responses that go on for months and years after a disaster. They involve rebuilding destroyed infrastructure, eg roads, houses, power and water supplies, schools and hospitals. They also involve 'kick-starting' the local economy. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 22

23. Rescue & Relief In several regions, NGOs play a significant role in disaster response, mitigation, disaster reduction, and recovery, as well as coordination. Emergency food relief, temporary shelter, emergency medical aid, debris removal and habitat restoration, trauma therapy, and family raising were all part of the NGO response. Within hours, BAPS ( Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha ) was directly involved in rescue, relief and rehabilitation. Initially rescuing survivors, BAPS volunteers cremated hundreds of bodies of the unfortunate victims. Through a team of 60 sadhus and 450 volunteers on site and a support team of 6500 volunteers, relief camps were set up which provided food and shelter along with socio- psycho-spiritual rehabilitation. BAPS distributed clothes, utensils, and essential relief supplies to the affected people in more than 409 remote villages. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 23

24. The national and state governments quickly provided assistance in many forms including cash, medical supplies, communications teams, shelters, food, clothing, transport and relief workers.  There were more than  185 non-government organizations (NGOs) , mostly Indian charities, which undertook earthquake-related activities. Disaster Management is one of the 160 humanitarian activities of BAPS, which include medical, educational, social, moral, spiritual and cultural activities. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 24

25. Several CSOs/NGOs/philanthropists and rescue teams rushed to Gujarat from all over the country. Gujaratis and residents of different states set up community kitchens. One such was set up in Adesar by an organisation called ‘Jain Sasan ’ of Mumbai in which more than 3500 persons were served food per day. Air force was bringing airmen everyday for Ahmedabad in which a large number of ex-servicemen came forward to work for the rescue and relief . Transportation facilities were extended for relief material abroad With free handling facilities to charter flights bringing in relief materials. By 5th February 2001 – financial assistance of IRS 500.00 Crores equaling USD 1 billion by Central govt. was commited . In addition, 95,000 MT of food, other materials like clothing and tents, medical supplies and personnel, fuel and communication equipment were made available. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 25

26. Thank you