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Module 1
Information Systems in Business

Learning Objectives

1-1 Discuss common applications of computers and information systems.
1-2 Explain the differences between computer literacy and information literacy.
1-3 Define transaction-processing systems.
1-4 Define management information systems.
1-5 Describe the four major components of an information system.
1-6 Discuss the differences between data and information.
1-7 Explain the importance and applications of information systems in functional areas of a
business.
1-8 Analyze how information technologies are used to gain a competitive advantage.
1-9 Apply the Five Forces Model and strategies for gaining a competitive advantage.
1-10 Review the IT job market.
1-11 Summarize the future outlook of information systems.

Detailed Module Outline

I. Computers and Information Systems in Daily Life

Organizations use computers and information systems to reduce costs and gain a competitive

6. 2
advantage in the marketplace. Many workers are now telecommuters who perform their jobs at
home, and others often use their smartphone for business applications. Smartphones are mobile
phones with advanced capabilities, much like a mini PC. They include e-mail and Web-browsing
features, and most have a built-in keyboard or an external USB keyboard. Increasingly, tablet
computers, such as iPads, are being used. These tablets come with apps (small programs) for
common applications, and they can improve the user’s efficiency.

The Internet is used for all kinds of activities, from shopping to learning to working. The Internet
is also used for social purposes. Organizations also use social networking sites to give customers
up-to-date information and how-to support via videos. In addition, people use video-sharing sites
to watch news, sporting events, and entertainment videos.

Computers and information technology will help the knowledge workers of the future perform
more effectively and productively, no matter what profession they choose. In addition, these
workers will be able to connect to the rest of the world to share information, knowledge, videos,
ideas, and almost anything else that can be digitized.

The terms information systems and information technologies are used interchangeably.
Information systems are broader in scope than information technologies, but the two overlap in
many areas. Both are used to help organizations be more competitive and to improve their
overall efficiency and effectiveness. Information technologies offer many advantages for
improving decision making but involve some challenges like security and privacy issues.



II. Computer Literacy and Information Literacy

Computer literacy is skill in using productivity software, such as word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software, as well as having a basic
knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and technologies.
Information literacy, on the other hand, is understanding the role of information in generating
and using business intelligence. Business intelligence (BI) provides historical, current, and
In-Class Activity

Ask students to choose a particular organization and find out how they make use of
computers and information systems to reduce costs and gain a competitive advantage in the
market. Then, have students discuss in class the list of information systems that various
organizations use.

Discussion Question

Will online classes substitute the traditional class setting someday? If this happens, what
would the advantages and disadvantages be?

7. 3
predictive views of business operations and environments and gives organizations a competitive
advantage in the marketplace.




III. The Beginning: Transaction-Processing Systems

For the past 60 years, transaction-processing systems (TPSs) have been applied to structured
tasks such as record keeping, simple clerical operations, and inventory control. Payroll, for
example, was one of the first applications to be automated. TPSs focus on data collection and
processing, and they have provided enormous reductions in costs.

Computers are most beneficial in transaction-processing operations. These operations are
repetitive or involve enormous volumes of data. When these systems are automated, human
involvement is minimal.



IV. Management Information Systems
In-Class Activity

Ask students to identify an organization that has used business intelligence to gain a
competitive advantage in the marketplace. Then, have students discuss their findings in class
and determine the best practices.
Discussion Question

Discuss the importance of computer literacy and information literacy for a knowledge worker
to be competitive in the workplace.
In-Class Activity

Split the class into two groups and have them research examples of how transaction-
processing systems (TPSs) are applied to structured tasks such as inventory control and
record keeping. Then, have students present and discuss their findings in class.
Discussion Question

Identify the pros and cons of transaction-processing systems. Will the advancement of such
systems affect employment opportunities for people in the future?

8. 4

A management information system (MIS) is an organized integration of hardware and
software technologies, data, processes, and human elements designed to produce timely,
integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information for decision-making purposes.

The hardware components include input, output, and memory devices and vary depending on the
application and the organization. MIS software include commercial programs, software
developed in-house, or both. The application or organization determines the type of software
used. Processes are usually methods for performing a task in an MIS application. The human
element includes users, programmers, systems analysts, and other technical personnel.

In designing an MIS, the first task is to clearly define the system’s objectives. Second, data must
be collected and analyzed. Finally, information must be provided in a useful format for decision-
making purposes. Many MIS applications are used in both the private and public sectors.



V. Major Components of an Information System

In addition to hardware, software, and human elements, an information system includes four
major components.

A. Data

The data component of an information system is considered the input to the system. The
information that users need affects the type of data that is collected and used. Generally, there
are two sources of data: external and internal. An information system should collect data from
both sources, although organizational objectives and the type of application also determine
what sources to use.

Internal data includes sales records, personnel records, and so forth. The following list shows
some examples of external data sources:
• Customers, competitors, and suppliers
In-Class Activity

Ask each student in the class to choose either the private or the public sector and write a
report on how management information system (MIS) is used in that sector. Also, ask them to
discuss their key findings in class.
Discussion Question

Identify the three tasks involved in designing an MIS. Discuss a case of an organization that
has successfully used MIS to gain a competitive advantage.

9. 5
• Government agencies and financial institutions
• Labor and population statistics
• Economic conditions

Typically, data has a time orientation, too. Data can also be collected in different forms, such
as aggregated (e.g., subtotals for categories of information) or disaggregated (e.g., itemized
lists).

If an organization has defined its strategic goals, objectives, and critical success factors, then
structuring the data component to define what type of data is collected and in what form is
usually easy. On the other hand, if there are conflicting goals and objectives or the company is
not aware of critical success factors, many problems in data collection can occur, which
affects an information system’s reliability and effectiveness.

B. Database

A database, the heart of an information system, is a collection of all relevant data organized
in a series of integrated files. To create, organize, and manage databases, a database
management system (DBMS) is used, such as Microsoft Access or FileMaker Pro for home or
small-office use. In a large organization, a DBMS such as Oracle or IBM DB2 might be used.

Databases are also important for reducing personnel time needed to gather, process, and
interpret data manually. With a computerized database and a DBMS, data can be treated as a
common resource that is easy to access and use.

C. Process

The purpose of an information system’s process component is generating the most useful type
of information for making decisions. This component generally includes transaction-
processing reports and models for decision analysis that can be built into the system or
accessed from external sources.

Users should be able to query an information system and generate a variety of reports. In
addition, an information system should be able to grow with the organization so users can
redefine and restructure models and incorporate new information into their analyses.

D. Information

Information is the output of an information system which consists of facts that have been
analyzed by the process component and are therefore more useful to the MIS user.

The quality of information is determined by its usefulness to users, and its usefulness
determines the success of an information system. Information is useful if it enables decision
makers to make the right decision in a timely manner. To be useful, information must have
the following qualities:
• Timeliness

10. 6
• Integration with other data and information
• Consistency and accuracy
• Relevance

If information lacks any of these qualities, the results are incorrect decisions, misallocation of
resources, and overlooked windows of opportunity. Information must provide either a base for
users to explore different options or insight into tasks.

Another factor affecting the usefulness of information is the information system’s user
interface. To be useful, information systems should also produce information in different
formats, including graphics, tables, and exception reports, which highlight information that is
outside a specified range. Users also need to be able to make use of informal information—
such as rumors, unconfirmed reports, and stories—when solving problems. The ultimate goal
of an information system is to generate business intelligence (BI).

E. Examples of Information Systems

To better understand the four main components of an information system, take a look at the
following two examples.

Example 1: A state university stores all student data in a database. The collected data
includes each student’s first name, last name, age, gender, major, nationality, and so forth.
The process component of the information system performs all sorts of analysis on this data.
For example, the university’s DBMS has a built-in query capability that can generate the
following information:
• How many students are in each major?
• Which major is the fastest growing?
• What is the average age of the student body?
• Among the international students, which country is home to the highest number of
students?
• What is the ratio of male to female students in each major?

Many other types of analysis can be done. A forecasting model could be used to generate the
estimated number of students for 2030, for instance. In addition, predictions could be made or
improved, based on information this system provides. For example, knowing which major is
the fastest growing can help with decisions on hiring faculty, and knowing the estimated
number of students for 2030 can help with planning facilities.

Example 2 Teletech, an international textile company, uses a database to store data on
products, suppliers, sales personnel, costs, and so forth. The process component of the
information system conducts analysis on the data to provide the following information about
the preceding month:
• Which salesperson generated the highest sales?
• Which product generated the highest sales? The lowest sales?
• Which region generated the highest sales?

11. 7
Forecasting models can be used to generate predictions for the next sales period, and these
predictions can be broken down by product, region, and salesperson. Based on this
information, many decisions could be made, such as allocating the advertising budget to
different products and regions.



VI. Using Information Systems and Information Technologies

Information systems are designed to collect data, process the collected data, and deliver timely,
relevant, and useful information that can be used for making decisions. To achieve this goal, an
information system might use many different information technologies.

Computer networks (wired and wireless), database systems, POS systems, and radio-frequency-
identification (RFID) tags are just a few examples of information technologies used to support
information systems.

A. The Importance of Information Systems
Information is the second most important resource (after the human element) in any
organization. Timely, relevant, and accurate information is a critical tool for enhancing a
company’s competitive position in the marketplace and managing the four Ms of resources:
manpower, machinery, materials, and money.

To manage these resources, different types of information systems have been developed. A
personnel information system (PIS) or human resource information system (HRIS) is
designed to provide information that helps decision makers in personnel carry out their tasks
more effectively. Web technologies have played a major role in improving the efficiency and
effectiveness of HR departments.

A logistics information system (LIS) is designed to reduce the cost of transporting materials
while maintaining safe and reliable delivery. A manufacturing information system (MFIS) is
used to manage manufacturing resources so companies can reduce manufacturing costs,
increase product quality, and make better inventory decisions. MFISs can perform many types
In-Class Activity

Divide the class into four teams and assign each team a component of an information system
(data, database, process, and information). Have each team explain the significance of each
component using examples from a real-time organization.
Discussion Question

Distinguish information from data. How is the quality of information determined? List the
qualities that determine an information’s usefulness.

12. 8
of analysis with a high degree of timeliness and accuracy.

The goal of a financial information system (FIS) is to provide information to financial
executives in a timely manner. In addition, marketing information systems (MKISs) are used
to improve marketing decisions. An effective MKIS should provide timely, accurate, and
integrated information about the marketing mix-4Ps: price, promotion, place, and product.

B. Using Information Technologies for a Competitive Advantage

Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard Business School, identified three strategies for
successfully competing in the marketplace:
• Overall cost leadership
• Differentiation
• Focus

Information systems can help organizations reduce the cost of products and services and, if
designed correctly, they can assist with differentiation and focus strategies. Information
technologies can help bottom-line and top-line strategies. The focus of a bottom-line strategy
is improving efficiency by reducing overall costs. A top-line strategy focuses on generating
new revenue by offering new products and services to customers or increasing revenue by
selling existing products and services to new customers.

For differentiation strategies, organizations try to make their products and services different
from their competitors. With focus strategies, organizations concentrate on a specific market
segment to achieve a cost or differentiation advantage.

Focus and differentiation strategies work only up to a certain point. Customers are often
willing to pay more for a unique product or service or one with a specific focus. However,
cost still plays a major role. If a product or service becomes too expensive, customers might
not be willing to purchase it.

C. Porter’s Five Forces Model: Understanding the Business Environment

Harvard Business School’s Michael Porter created a comprehensive framework called the
Five Forces Model for analyzing an organization, its position in the marketplace, and how
information systems could be used to make the organization more competitive. The five
forces are:
• Buyer power
• Supplier power
• Threat of substitute products or services
• Threat of new entrants
• Rivalry among existing competitors

Buyer power is high when customers have many choices and low when they have few
choices. Typically, organizations try to limit buyers’ choices by offering services that make it
difficult for customers to switch, which is essentially using a differentiation strategy. Supplier

13. 9
power is high when customers have fewer options and low when customers have more
options. Organizations might use information systems to make their products and services
cheaper or to offer more services in order to distinguish themselves from competitors.

The threat of customers choosing substitute products or services is high when many
alternatives to an organization’s products and services are available. The threat of new
entrants into the marketplace is low when duplicating a company’s product or service is
difficult. Rivalry among existing competitors is high when many competitors occupy the same
marketplace position; it is low when there are few competitors.




VII. The IT Job Market

During the past decade, the IT job market has been one of the fastest growing segments in the
economy, and it continues to be so. Even during the economic downturn, certain segments of the
IT job market, such as Web design, infrastructure, and computer and network security, have
shown growth compared to the rest of the job market. Broadly speaking, IT jobs fall into the
following categories:
• Operations and help desk
• Programming
• Systems design
• Web design and Web hosting
• Network design and maintenance
• Database design and maintenance
• Robotics and artificial intelligence

The educational backgrounds for an IT position can include an AA, BA, BS, MS, or MBA in
information systems and related fields. Popular jobs in the information systems field are as
follows:

In-Class Activity

Divide the class into three groups and have each group research one of Michael Porter’s three strategies
for successfully competing in the marketplace (overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus). Ask
each group to identify an organization that successfully incorporated one or more of the strategies.
Then, ask them to present their findings in class.
Discussion Question

Discuss any four major types of information systems, focusing on the types of data and analysis used
in each.

14. 10
A. CTO/CIO

The top information systems job belongs to either the chief technology officer (CTO) or the
chief information officer (CIO). This person oversees long-range planning and keeps an eye
on new developments in the field that can affect a company’s success.

B. Manager of Information Systems Services

This person is responsible for managing all the hardware, software, and personnel within the
information systems department.

C. Systems Analyst

This person is responsible for the design and implementation of information systems. In
addition to computer knowledge and an information systems background, this position
requires a thorough understanding of business systems and functional areas within a business
organization.

D. Network Administrator

This person oversees a company’s internal and external network systems, designing and
implementing network systems that deliver correct information to the right decision maker in
a timely manner. Providing network and cybersecurity is part of this position’s responsibility.

E. Database Administrator

A database administrator (DBA) is responsible for database design and implementation.
Additionally, a database administrator should have knowledge and understanding of data
warehouses and data-mining tools.

F. Computer Programmer

A computer programmer writes computer programs or software segments that allow the
information system to perform a specific task. There are many computer languages available,
and each one requires a specific knowledge suitable for a specific application. Because of the
popularity of smartphones and mobile devices, many programmers are now developing apps
for iOS and Android devices.

G. Webmaster

A webmaster designs and maintains the organization’s Web site. In recent years, new IT-
related jobs have been created that appear to also be in high demand. These jobs include:
• Social media/online-community manager
• Social media architect
• Telework manager or coordinator
• Search engine optimization specialist

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• Business architect
• Data scientist
• Mobile technology expert
• Enterprise mobile developer
• Cloud architect




VIII. Outlook for the Future

By examining various factors related to designing, implementing, and using information systems,
some of the following predictions can be made:
• Hardware and software costs will continue to decline, so processing information will be
less expensive. These cost savings should make information systems affordable for any
organization, regardless of its size and financial status.
• The computer literacy of typical information system users will improve, as computer basics
are taught more in elementary schools.
• Networking technology will improve, so connecting computers will be easier, and sending
information from one location to another will be faster. Compatibility issues between
networks will become more manageable, and integrating voice, data, and images on the
same transmission medium will improve communication quality and information delivery.
• Internet growth will continue, which will put small and large organizations on the same
footing, regardless of their financial status. Internet growth will also make e-collaboration
easier, despite geographical distances.

Some of the major computing trends that are already underway and should continue into the
future are outlined below:

• Ubiquitous computing: Computing devices everywhere with different sizes and power and
accessed through multiple formats such as voice, touch, and gesture.
• 3D and 4D printing: Creating a physical object from a 3D/4D digital model for individuals
use and businesses. This could significantly bring down manufacturing costs.
In-Class Activity

Split the class into five groups and ask each group to choose a particular job in the information
systems field. Then, ask each team to identify a unique role or feature about that job and present
it to the class.
Discussion Question

With the advancement in technology, will different jobs in the information systems field be
combined (merged) to form one job? Elucidate.

17. 12
• Pervasive analytics: Building and integrating analytics capabilities into all everyday
business activities.
• Cloud computing: Growth in cloud computing for multiple applications and multiple users.
• Security: The importance of computer and network security will increase, and more
attention will be given to application self-protection.



Key Terms

Computer literacy is skill in using productivity software, such as word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software, as well as having a basic
knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and technologies.

Information literacy is understanding the role of information in generating and using business
intelligence.

Business intelligence (BI) provides historical, current, and predictive views of business
operations and environments and gives organizations a competitive advantage in the
marketplace.

Transaction-processing systems (TPSs) focus on data collection and processing; the major
reason for using them is cost reduction.

A management information system (MIS) is an organized integration of hardware and
software technologies, data, processes, and human elements designed to produce timely,
integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information for decision-making purposes.

Data consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system.

A database is a collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files.

The process component of an information system generates the most useful type of information
for decision making, including transaction-processing reports and models for decision analysis.

In-Class Activity

Prior to explaining this section to the students, ask them to identify at least five major
computing trends that are already underway and would continue into the future.
Discussion Question

Considering the predictions surrounding the future of information systems, how do you think
the role of humans is going to evolve at the workplace?

18. 13
Information consists of facts that have been analyzed by the process component and is an output
of an information system.

Information technologies support information systems and use the Internet, computer networks,
database systems, POS systems, and radio-frequency-identification (RFID) tags.

Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes an organization, its position in the marketplace,
and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive. The five forces include
buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitute products or services, threat of new entrants, and
rivalry among existing competitors.

End of Module Solutions
Reviews and Discussions
1. What are four major components of an information system?
Answer—
• Data
• Database
• Process
• Information
2. Apply Michael Porter’s three strategies and the Five Forces Model for successfully
competing in the marketplace to a new business and to an established business. How
might the strategies differ?
Answer—
Answers will vary. However, the Five Forces Model and three strategies could be used by both
new businesses as well as established businesses. If buyer power is high, then the business
should deploy information technology in order to make it difficult for customers to switch. If
supplier power is high, then the business should continue to use information technology in
order to maintain this power. The same approach could be applied to the other forces in the
model.
3. What are three differences between computer literacy and information literacy?
Answer—
Computer literacy is skill in using productivity software, such as word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation­ software, as well as having a
basic knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and
technologies. Information literacy, on the other hand, is understanding the role of information

19. 14
in generating and using business intelligence.
4. What are two applications of transaction-processing systems?
Answer—
ATM, payroll processing, and inventory systems are just a few examples.
5. Provide one example of management information systems in private and one in public
sector.
Answer—
An example of management information systems in private sector is a forecasting system for
a textile company that could provide information such as short- and long-term forecast on
consumer demand and popularity of certain offerings.
An example of management information systems in public sector is a crime analysis system
that provides a breakdown of different types of crimes and also a forecast of these various
crimes for the next 5 years should the trend continue.
6. What are two differences between data and information?
Answer—
Data consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system. Information consists of
facts that have been analyzed by the process component and is an output of an information
system.
7. Explain three applications of computers and information systems in a daily life of a
college student.
Answer—
As a student, you use computers and office suite software and might take online classes.
8. List three decisions that are supported by a HRIS, FIS, and LIS.
Answer—
Three decisions that are supported by a HRIS:
• Choosing the best job candidate
• Scheduling and assigning employees
• Predicting the organization’s future personnel needs
Three decisions that are supported by a FIS:

20. 15
• Improving budget allocation
• Minimizing capital investment risks
• Monitoring cost trends
Three decisions that are supported by a LIS:
• Improving routing and delivery schedules
• Selecting the best modes of transportation
• Improving transportation budgeting
Projects
1. Identify three applications of information systems at the college or the university that you are
attending. Write a one-page paper that describes these three applications and provide an
example of the type of decisions that are being improved by each application. How are
multiple choice and true-false questions graded?
Answer—
Answers will vary. Online registration, online learning systems, and a transcript preparation
system are just a few examples.
Multiple choice and true-false questions are graded by a machine that reads Scantrons and then
tabulates the results.
2. Grocery chains have been using information technologies for several decades. After
reading the information presented in this module and other sources, write a one-page
paper that describes three such technologies. What are two advantages of a POS system?
Answer—
Answers will vary. Point-of-sale (POS) systems, radio-frequency-identification (RFID) tags, and
automated inventory systems are just a few examples.
3. RFID tags are being increasingly used by companies such as Macy’s, Walmart, and
Home Depot. Identify an additional company that uses RFIDs and write a one-page paper
that describes the company’s specific application of RFIDs. What are two differences
between an RFID and a UPC system?
Answer—
Answers will vary. Two differences between an RFID and a UPC system include:
An RFID tag holds more information than a UPC, it can be read from a distance, and it can be
passive or active. A UPC holds less information than a RFID, it can only be red by a touch
contact, and it is always passive.
4. After reading the information presented in this module and other sources, write a one-
page paper that describes the ways two different companies use Michael Porter’s three

21. 16
strategies. How are information systems assisting these companies in implementing each
strategy? How has Walmart (for the most part) become a cost leader?
Answer—
Answers will vary. Walmart has been a prime user of information technologies for a long time.
It has been using electronic funds transfer, RFID, various types of computer networks, and
virtual reality to name just a few.
5. After reading the information presented in this module and other sources, write a one-
page paper that supports the claim that, in the future, computer criminals will become
more sophisticated and that protecting personal information will become more difficult.
How should individuals guard against this threat?
Answer—
Answers will vary. The claim is supported by the increasing number of sophisticated network
attacks that are taking place on daily basis. Module 5 provides a comprehensive discussion
related to protecting information resources.
6. Banks are promoting online banking to a broad range of customers. After reading the
information presented in this module and other sources, write a one-page paper that lists
three advantages and three disadvantages of online banking. Why are some customers
reluctant to use online banking? What are two examples of popular apps that your own
bank uses?
Answer—
Answers will vary.
Three advantages include:
• Accessing customer service by e-mail around the clock
• Viewing current and old transactions
• Online mortgage applications
Three disadvantages include:
• Security issues
• Privacy issues
• Access issues

Module Quiz
1. Computer literacy is understanding the role of information in generating and using
business intelligence. True or False?
Answer—

22. 17
False
2. Data consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system. True or False?
Answer—
True
3. Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes an organization, its position in the
marketplace, and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive.
True or False?
Answer—
True
4. All of the following are among the future outlook of information systems, except:
a. Hardware and software costs will continue to decline
b. The computer literacy of typical information system users will improve
c. Computer criminals will become more sophisticated
d. All of the above
Answer—
D
5. Information technologies are used to gain a competitive advantage by doing all of the
following except:
a. Helping in reducing cost of operations
b. Delivering timely and accurate information
c. Replacing all key decision makers in the organization
d. Providing business intelligence
Answer—
C
6. All of the following are among the new IT-related jobs except:
a. Data scientist
b. Systems analyst
c. Social media/online-community manager
d. Search engine optimization specialist
Answer—
B

23. 18
Case Study 1-1
1. Is technology alone enough to ensure high-quality customer service?
Answer—
Answers will vary. A brief answer is no. Technology will provide access to information in a
timely manner. It most cases, it also reduces the cost of operation. However, there are cases that
human element must be involved to resolve customers’ issues. Technology and humans
complement each other and that should provide the optimum solution.
2. What are Federal Express’s estimated annual savings from using information technology?
Answer—
Answers will vary. However according to the case study, every request for information that is
handled at the Web site rather than by the call center saves an estimated $1.87. FedEx has
reported that customer calls have decreased by 83,000 per day since 2000, which saves the
company $57.56 million per year.
3. What are a couple of examples of information technologies used by Federal Express?
Answer—
Answers will vary. The following are a few examples:
• A comprehensive Web site, www.FedEx.com, where it assists customers and
reduces costs
• Ship Manager
• Uses customer relationship management software called Clarify for improving
customer service
Case Study 1-2
1. According to this case study, what is an upcoming key technology that will be used in
retail stores to improve customer service?
Answer—
Mobile technology.
2. What is the name of the device used by Ahold USA’s Stop & Shop retail stores?
Answer—
Scan It.
3. What will be the role of smartphones in the future of shopping?
Answer—
Answers will vary. Most experts believe that smartphones will be used as a device for paying for
products and services among other things.

24. Other documents randomly have
different content

25. 3. Koira, Kukko ja Kettu.
Koira ja kukko matkasivat yhdessä taipaletta. Illan tultua rupesivat
maata, koira puun juurelle, kukko oksalle. Aamupuolella yötä alko
kukko tapansa mukaan laulaa. Sen kettu metsässä kuultua heti
mietti, millä saada suuhunsa kukon. Sillä mielellä astu lähemmäksi
puuta, rupesi kukkoa laulustansa kiittämään, sano niin sulosta
aamuvirttä ei koskan ennen kuulleensa ja viimmen käski kukkoa
luoksensa eineelle. Waan samassa heräsi koira, ja einehen
tarpeessa hänki, söi paikalla ketunsuuhunsa.
Toiselle kuoppaa kaivava usein itse kaatuu sihen.
4. Sääski ja Jalopeura.
Sääski riitautu jalopeuran kanssa ja jalopeura näytti hänelle
hampaita, luullen paljosi sillä toista peljättävänsä. Maan sääski sano:
"mitä kysyn minä kynsistäsi ja huolin hampaistasi, ruvetaampa
tappeloon, niin näät, mikä apu sinulla niistä on." Samassa lensi
riitakumppalinsa sieramiin ja pisti siellä niin kauan, että jalopeura
tussissaan omillakynsillään pahoin haavotti turpansa, vaan ei
saanut kuitenkan sääskeä loukostansa lähtemään. Niin tuli sääski
voittajaksi. Iloten ja riemuten lensi ulos; vaan parahillaan
kerskatessa puuttu hämähäkin verkkoon.
Ei pidä pientäkän ylenkatsoa; eikä myös pidä onnestansa
kenenkän ylenriemuta, vaan muistaa, että vahinkoi pian taitaa tulla.

26. Suomen kansan Arvutuksia.
1. Wiis herraa, jokanen kamariinsa eroaa.
2. Lyhyt akka lylleröinen, pitkänpaksu palleroinen, ikänsä työtä
tekevi, ei saa kun silmuisen paian päälleen.
3. Uuhinen tuli kotihin, villat maata löyhyttävi.
4. Maan suka, veen hako.
5. Yöt leikkaa, päivät leikka; lastua ei saa.
Osviittoja. 1. Sormikas. 2. Harja (hiussuka). 3. Heinäkuorma. 4.
Karhi eli Hara. 5. Kello.
Suomen kansan Sanalaskuja.
1. Oppien ne sepätki tulevat.
Eipä siis pidä oppia ylenkatsoa, taikka oppineen paljo opistansa
kerskailla, koska toki muutki oppien voivat sepiksi päästä.
2. Pah' on mieli paitulaisen palanutta paitoansa.
Pahaksi kyllä tulee rikkaanki mieli vahingostaan.
3. Otavass' on orjan merkki, ei kuussa, eikä kukossa.
Niin taitaa orjilla ja vaivaisilla usein olla'ki otava merkkinä, koska
vaan eivät joka yöksi pääse'kän huoneessa nukkumaan.

27. 4. Kyllä vesi juomaksi, jos kivi leiväksi.
Woipi yhden rinnalla toinenki mahdoton asia tapahtua.
5. Joka tyynelle toruu, tatiolle (tasaselle) tappelee.
Kylläpä vaan pian toisinaan tappeloonki yhtyy, joka ilman syytä
suuttuuja toruu.
6. Joka kuusehen kurkottaa, katajahan kapsahtaa.
Ei pidä ylen korkialle pyrkiä, vaan pysyä siinä, mihen luonto ja onni
on määrännyt.
7. Muut ne kaikki katosala, minä räukka räystäsala.
Wähäonnisen sanat, jolla ei ole kattoa päänsä päällä.
8. Muut miekkoset mieroa käyvät, minä raukka riihtä puin.
Onki muka ei kaikkein elo ja onni yhtäläinen.
MEHILÄINEN W. 1837.
Huhtikuulta.

28. Joukosen nainen.
    Neito istu sillanpäässä,
    Laulo sillan lautasilla:
    "Jouten synnyin, jouten kasvoin,
    Jouten aikani elelin,
    Joko mennen Joukoselle; 5
    Jouten Jouko syöttelevi,
    Jokiveellä juottelevi,
    Korttehilla kostuttavi,
    Sarasilla saattelevi,
    Heinäsillä heittelevi." 10
    Pääty Jouko kuulemassa,
    Sillan alla seisomassa;
    Kussa kuuli, siinä kosjo,
    Kussa kosjo, siinä kihlo,
    Kussa kihlo, siinä otti. 15
    Kolkko Kommin ikkunoa,
    Kosjo Kommilta tytärtä,
    Kommin nuorinta tytärtä:
    "Anna, Komini, tytärtäsi,
    Nuori neiti naisekseni, 20
    Wastakasvava varaksi."
    "Äsken annan tyttäreni
    Kojon pojan puolisoksi,
    Kun ammut tähen taivahalta,
    Pilkan pilvien lomasta, 25
    Yhen nuolen nostannalta,

29.     Yhen jalkasi sialta,
    Yksillä yrityksillä."
    Ampu tähen taivahalta,
    Pilkan pilvien lomasta; 30
    Kolkko Kommin ikkunoa,
    Kosjo Kommilta tytärtä,
    Kommin nuorinta tytärtä:
    "Anna, Kommi, tytärtäsi"
    "Äsken annan tyttäreni 35
    Kojon pojan puolisoksi,
    Kun käyt nieklojen nenitse,
    Tallat rautatapparoita;
    Päivän nieklojen nenitse,
    Toisen rautatapparoitse.". 40
    Tako rautaset talukset,
    Kävi nieklojen nenitse,
    Tallo rautatapparoita,
    Kolkko Kommin ikkunoa,
    Kosjo Kommilta tytärtä, 45
    Kommin nuorinta tytärtä:
    "Anna, Kommi, tytärtäsi!"
    "Äsken annan tyttäreni
    Kojon pojan puolisoksi,
    Kun sa uinet umpilammin, 50
    saanet sieltä suuren hauin,
    Suuren hauin, kultasuomun,
    Tahi kaksi pienemmäistä.
    Anopille antehiksi."

30.     Siit' on uipi umpilammin, 55
    Saapi sieltä suuren hauin,
    Suuren hauin, kultasuomun,
    Kolkko Kommin ikkunoa,
    Kosjo Kommilta tytärtä,
    Kommin nuorinta tytärtä: 60
    "Anna, Kommi, tytärtäsi!
    Jo olen raatant työt tuhannet,
    Sa'at toiset toimitellut;
    Jo olen uinut umpilammit,
    Saanut sieltä suuret hauit, 65
    Suuret hauit, kultasuomut;
    Kävin nieklojen nenitse,
    Talloin rautatapparoita;
    Ammuin tähen taivahalta,
    Pilkan pilvien lomasta." 70
    Siitä anto tyttärensä,
    Tyttärensä nuorimpansa,
    Kojon pojan puolisoksi.
    Koppo neien korjahansa,
    Murralti mutson rekehen, 75
    Wiien alla villavaipan;
    Iski virkkua vitsalla,
    Ujoa kahottelevi,
    Ammon raattuja ahoja,
    Wäinämöisen kankahia. 80
    Äiön siitä neittä neuo,
    Äiön orpoa opetti:

31.     "Kun tulet Kojon kotihin,
    Laai villaset hamehet
    Yhen villan kylkyestä, 85
    Keitä otraset oluet
    Yhen otrasen jyvästä!"
    Niin tuli jälille koiran;
    Mutso päätänsä kohotti:
    "Mip' on juossut tästä poikki?" 90
    "Koir' on juossut tästä poikki."
    Noin mutso sanoiksi virkki:
    "Woi milma orja raukka!
    Parempi minun olisi,
    Parempi olettelisi, 95
    Koiran kulkian jälillä,
    Lumme'korvasen koissa,
    Kun korpin Kojosen reissä.
    Paremmatpa koiran karvat,
    Kojon pojan kutrisia." 100
    Murti suuta, väänti päätä,
    Murti mustoa haventa;
    Iski virkkua vitsalla,
    Ajoa kahottelevi
    Selvällä meren selällä, 105
    Ulapalla aukialla,
    Niin tuli hukan jälille.
    Mutso päätänsä kohotti:
    "Mip' on juossut tästä poikki?"
    "Hukka on juossut tästä poikki." 110

32.     Noin neito sanoiksi virkki:
    "Woi milma orja raukka!
    Parempi minun olisi,
    Parempi olettelisi,
    Hukan huhkajan jälillä, 115
    Alakärsän ahkiossa,
    Kun korpin Kojosen reissä.
    Paremmatpa hukan karvat,
    Kojon pojan kutrisia."
    Murti suuta, väänti päätä, 120
    Murti mustoa haventa;
    Iski virkkua vitsalla,
    Ajoa kahottelevi
    Noita Pohjan kankahia,
    Lapin synkkiä saloja, 125
    Niin tuli jälille karhun.
    Mutso päätänsä kohotti:
    "Mip' on tästä poikki juossut?"
    "Karhu on juossot tästä poikki."
    Noin mutso sanoiksi virkko: 130
    "Woi milma mutso raukka!
    Parempi minun olisi,
    Parempi olettelisi,
    Karhun kauhian jälillä,
    Kontion kivikolossa, 135
    Kun korpin Kojosen reissä.
    Paremmatpa karhun karvat,
    Kojon pojan kutrisia."

33.     Murti suuta, määnti päätä,
    Murti mustoa haiventa: 140
    "Outa saat Kojon kotihin,
    Kojon määlle korkialle,
    Wiillät veitsellä lihoa,
    Koet vierrettä kauhasetta."
    Tultihin Kojon kotihin, 145
    Kojon mäille korkialle;
    Weti miekkansa verisen:
    "Tahotko sa tuota syöä?"
    Pään mäkäsi mättähäksi,
    Silmät suolle karpaloiksi, 150
    Hiukset kuiviksi kuloiksi;
    Wiilti korvat korpin syöä,
    Lihan linnuille rakensi,
    Rinnat leipo leipäsiksi,
    Nänniset kalakukoksi, 155
    Anopille antehiksi,
    Kommin eukon kostitsoiksi.
    Läksi luoksi anoppinsa;
    Päässä patsahan anoppi
    Sanomia tieusteli: 160
    "Mitä tieät sanomia?"
    Wirkki orja orren päästä,
    Paimen patjahan nenästä;
    "Elä kysy sanomia,
    Kun näin outoja unia." 165
    Anto vävy kostitsoita;
    Emo syöpi, kiittelevi:

34.     "Emp' ole nuita ennen syönyt,
    Uuen vävyn tuomisia,
    Lapseni lähettämiä." 170
    Wirkki orja orren päästä,
    Paimen patsahan nenästä:
    "Oi on, kukkijalkaseni!
    Ellös syökö kostitsoita;
    Jospa tietäisit vähäsen, 175
    Ymmärtäisit pikkuruisen,
    Tok' et nuita söisi'känä,
    Uuen vävyn tuomisia."
    "Sano, sano, orja rukka!
    Mi on tässä kostitsoina." 180
    "Jos sanon, emäntä rukka,
    Tulet veellä miruttaatse."
    "Tulkohonpa jos kahesti;
    Syötän vuohen raatamatta,
    Sano, sano, orja rukka, 185
    Mi on tässä kostitsoina."
    "Ompa naisen olkaluuta,
    Palakaisen pääpaloja;
    Söit sä tissit tyttäresi,
    Söit nännit oman sikiön, 190
    Jota kauan kasvattelit,
    Itse rinnalla imetit."
    Jo tuli veellä viruttaatse
    Wieri hengeti emonen.

35. Toisintoja. v. 5, 6. Josko mennen joutavalle, I. joutava pitävi. v.11,
12. P. Kojo k., Seinän a.s. v. 13—15. kussa Kojo, siinä kihla, K.kihla,
s. otto. v. 20, 21. Nuorta neittä naiakseni, Wastakasvoista v.v, 25, P,
p, sialta, v. 54, A. kostitsoiksi. v. 75. Rekehensä reutoeli.v. 79, 80.
Noita Pohjan kankahia, Lapin synkkiä saloja. v. 82. Äiön orpanaa o.
v. 84. L. villaista hametta, v. 87. Yhen otran syämestä. v.88. N. t.
revon jälille. N. t. jänön jälille. v. 89. Nosti mutso päätä reistä. v. 96.
Revon reuhkajan reessä, Jänön jäätäjän jälillä, v. 98.K. tämän K. r.
k. Kojon pojan puolisona, v. 103, Weti (Sivalti) v. v.v. 115. H. uusilla
jäl. H. huutajan j. v. 116. A. askelilla. v. 141, 142. Elä huoli Hiien
(Hiitten) huora, Uota saat Kojosen määlle. v. 142. K. kosken
pyörtehesen. v. 143, 144. Weitsettä lihoa vuollat, K. verta k., Kun et
kuule miun sanoa. Syötsä (Weistät) v. l., Saat sa (Apat) v. k. v. 149—
155. Pani pään kosken kiveksi, Nänniset k. k. v. 162, 163. Akka on
vanha lattialla, Noin akka sanoiksi virkki. v. 162—165. Wävy noin
sanoiksi virkki: Äiän tieän sanomia, Jop' on kuoli tyttäresi (Hyvin
tyttösi elävi). v. 163. Kosotsikka karsinasta. v. 170. Tyttären l. v, 175-
177. Woi jos tietäisit, et söisi, v. 184 — Toisen syötän vaattiesta. v.
194 — Nousi tuosta kuolemasta, Itki päivän, itki toisen, Itkipä kohta
kolmannenki: Wieri kyynel, vieri toinen, Wierkäi vetrehet veteni jne
(k. Kalevala XXXI. 166 e.).
Jälkimaine. Tämä Wenäjän Karjalasta saatu runo on toisella
tavalla javaillinaisemmasti jo ennenki präntätty kirjassa: Sehröters
Finnisehe Runen, Kojoisen Poika. Myös luetaan yksiä paikkoja pian
samalla tavallaKalevalan runoissa, Lemminkäisen ja Ilmarisen
kosiomisista.
Osviittoja. v. 1. Sillanpäässä, huoneen ovelta pihalle käyvä silta, v.
6. Jouko, Joukas, Joukonen, Joukahainen, Joukamoinen,
Joukavainen. v. 16. Kolkko, kolkkasi, koppasi, kopisti, löi. v. 25.

36. Pilkan, pilkun, tähden, v. 37. Nieklojen, neulojen, äimien, v. 38.
Tapparoita, kirveitä. v. 62. raatant, raatanut, tehnyt, täyttänyt, v. 75.
murralti, vei väkisin, pakolla, murtaen, m. 89. Mutso, nuori vaimo, v.
93. Milma,minua, v. 100. Kutrisia, tukkaa, hivussuortuvia. v. 102.
Haventa, hivusta, partaa, v. 107. Hukan, suden, v. 115. Huhkajan
ulvovan. v. 116. Ahkiossa, kehnossa reessä, v. 157. Kostitsoiksi,
anniksi, antimiksi, kylälahjoiksi. v. 172. Kukkijalkaseni, kukka-ihanilla
jaloilla, v. 188. Palakaisen, palvosen, polosen, onnettoman.
Runo Ollista ja Perehestansä.
    Täss' on laki laulajoilla,
    Tienkäviän käsikirja,
    Jok' on koottu kokonansa
    Irstasista ihmisistä;
    Ensin Ollista alettu, 5
    Joka halpoa hakepi,
    Ahnehtiipi aivan paljon,
    Eikä raski raukka syöä
    Evästänsä ensinkänä,
    Matkoillansa maalimassa 10
    Waikkapa vaeltelepi,
    Rehellissä reisumiessä,
    Tuonne Pietarin perille;
    Eipä koske konttihinsa
    Wielä viikonkan perästä. 15
    Oulun tiell' ei ollenkana,
    Syö siellä semminkänä,

37.     Ala lampahan lapetta,
    Wiillä lihaviipaletta;
    Säästäpi vaan särvintänsä, 20
    Ruinuellen ruokiansa.
    Mutta kuitenki on kumma,
    Kun joutupi jonkun kerran
    Kumppalinsa kursin alla;
    Jo sujupi suuri joukko 25
    Sisähän sianlihoa,
    Syöpi kinkun kiukeloksi,
    Lappehesta läskin kaikki;
    Saapi sillon kumman kursin
    Wielä voivakkanenki, 30
    Josta Antti aikalailla,
    Kerran noitu Nousiainen:
    "Kun tuo raski, raato, syöä
    Läskin kaikki, läyskäleuka."
    Kuinka kävi Kuopiossa, 35
    Mainioilla markkinoilla,
    Wuonna neljättäyhellä
    Päälle kaheksan satoa:
    Oli kuulu kumppalina,
    Tiina Remes, reisumiessä; 40
    Ei se säästä särpimiä,
    Eikä muitana emältä.
    Eipä viittä vuorokautta
    Kestänynnä kierrätellä,
    Lahmata sikolapehet, 45
    Kun jo luina loukahteli,
    Kämähteli känttyränä,

38.     Alle kannun arkkusessa,
    Jotta Olli ouostuen,
    Kauhistuen kahtelepi. 50
    Toki veistänsä vetäpi,
    Jukertapi junkiansa;
    Waan ei puukko pysty'känä,
    Liuskahteli linkkuveihti.
    Eihän luuhun, luullakseni, 55
    Kenenkähän keihäs pysty,
    Eikä veihti verronkana.
    Wasta virsi venyneeki,
    Laajenepi laulu kanssa,
    Noista sauista somista, 60
    Jotka talossa tapahtu,
    Kuulusaksi kuhtutussa.
    Tytär ompi tuttavani,
    Mari tyttö mainiltava,
    Piika vähä piilompata 65
    Kulkenunna Kiuruveiltä;
    Tuolt' on tuonut tullessansa,
    Kehnon konstin kourassansa,
    Jonka hän on Haikolasta
    Korvillansa kuulla saanut. 70
    Lähti tuhma tyttö raukka
    Marin kanssa maalamahan,
    Tervalla tuhertamahan,
    Nuita paikkoja pahoja
    Pojan kehnon Kerjäläisen; 75
    Josta Olli ouoksupi,

39.     Anni kanssa arka vaimo
    Pahoillansa paukuttapi,
    Tytärtänsä tyynemmäksi,
    Sanoillansa noin sätipi: 80
    "Eipä ole ensinkänä,
    Kehnot konstit kellenkänä,
    Soveliaat sullenkana;
    Kun nyt kaunihin nimesi
    Tuolla lailla turmelitki!" 85
    Wieläpä ite isäntä,
    Kyläkunnan kuulu miesi.
    Haki kerran hauikkaita,
    Aivan paljo paistikkaita,
    Naapurinsa naurismaasta; 90
    Josta tora torpparissa,
    Larmi suuri Lassin luona,
    Holu nousi Honkamäässä.
    Lassi haukku Hautalaista,
    Kiivahasti kirkonmiestä; 95
    "Sina oot käynyt sissimässä,
    Kantamassa kalmankuokka,
    Yökauet, yksin kaksin,
    Minun Nallin naurihita."
    Olli sano: "otti juutas 100
    Sinun, Lassi, laukku'mahan!
    Millonka minä, miesirukka,
    Siellä kävin sissimässä!"
    Lassi sanopi samassa:
    "Kukas se kuitenki on käynyt 105
    Waroen varastamassa?"

40.     Haki Lassi lautamiestä,
    Oikeutta Ollin päälle;
    Jopa Olli oivallaksen,
    Mielen kanssa kirkonmiesi, 110
    Sai syyhyyn syyttömästi,
    Jannahtamaan Jauhiaisen.
Jälkimaine. Tämäki runo on ennenmainitun Iisakki Pieksiäisen
tekonen. v. 6. Halpoa hakepi s. o. pyytää rahojansa liikuttelematta
elää. v. 18.Lapetta, lapaa. v. 27. Kiukeloksi, jottei ole, kun paljas
kiverä luujälillä. v. 34. Läyskäleuka, pitkäläinen ja paksu leualtaan. v.
45. Lahmata, joutuvasti syödä eli jotai muuta toimittaa, v. 46.
Loukahteli, kolahteli, kämähteli, komahteli. v. 52. Jukertapi, nävertää,
vääntää Junkiansa, veistänsä. v. 69. Haikola, talo Kiuruveellä, v. 77.
Anni, Ollin vaimo, talon emäntä. v. 80. Sätipi, torupi, tihiään puhuu. v.
88. Hauikkaita, hautonauriita. v. 93. Holu, puhe, napina —
Holumäässä, Lassin torpassa. v. 96. Sissimässä, salasesti
elelemässä, varastamassa, v. 99. Nallin, pienen, vähäsen miehen. v.
101. Laukkumahan, isomahan. v. 112. Jannahtamaan, vipuun eli
jannakkaan käymään.
Tietoja Kiannan kappelikunnasta.
(Muualta saatu).
Kiannon eli Suomussalmen kappelikuntaa rajaupi Pohjoselta
Kuusamoon ja vanhan Wenäjän maahan, idältä vanhaan Wenäjän
maahan ja Kuhmon seurakuntaan, etelältä viimmeksi mainittuun
seurakuntaan, ja Salmen emäkirkolle ja länneltä Puolangan

41. kappelikuntaan ja Pudasjärven pitäjään. Tämä seurakunta on
sangen lavia. Sen suurin pituus on idestä länteen 11 peninkuormaa,
ja suurin leveys Pohjosesta etelään 10peninkuormaa.
Maisemainsa suhteen on tämä kappelikunta monenlainen. Korkiat
vaarat jajylkyt kunnaat vaihtelevat synkkäin korpien ja karuin soiden
kanssa, joiden surujen laveuden joku vähänen lampi joskus
kaunistaa. Paitti lampivesiä on täällä paljo Enovesiä; Se suuri
Kiantaselkä, jonka vedet alkunsa saavat Kuusamon rajajärvistä ja
koskena vuotavat pari peninkuormaa tämän Seurakunnan sisällä,
venyttää ittensä Pohjosestaetelään kuuden peninkuorman pituudelle
ja kuvaa moninaiset lahdet ja erinäiset järvet, joiden rannoille enin
osa Seurakunnan asumistaovat talottuneet. Nämät järvet ovat
muinosina aikona olleet etäisestikalaset, niinkuin myös mannermaat
täytetyt kaikkinaisella mettän viljalla, erinomattain linnuilla, joita
suuresa paljoudesa on saatu; mutta nyt rupiaa sekä veden että
maan vilja väheneen. Se toinen suuri selkä, joka kaunistaa tämän
Seurakunnan laviat maisemat, onWuokinjärvi; se alkaa koskena
muutamista lampivesistä vanhan Wenäjän rajamailta ja mukaupi
sitten järvivesiksi idältä länteen viiden peninkuorman pituudelle.
Senki rannoille ovat suuri osa Seurakunnanasumista asettauneet.
Tämän maan perivanhat asukkaat ovat epäilemättä Lappalaiset
olleet; josta monet lampien nimet ja maisemat vielä todistusta
kantavat; niinkuin Lapinlampi, Lapinniemi. On muuan saariki, jossa
monta sammaltunutta kivirauniota vielä nähdään, joita
Lapinraunioiksi mainitaan. Nämät Lappalaiset asuskelivat
maakuopissa, joista vielä nytkin monta nähdään ja joita
Lapinhaudoiksi mainitaan. Heelelivät mettän riistalla ja kalalla, joista
he vuosittain jonku osan möivät Meriläisille, jolla nimellä Muhos- ja
Niskanjoen asuvia sillon mainittiin. Muutamat näistä Meriläisistä olit

42. epäilemättä kaupantekiöitä ja taikka ostamalla eli pikemmin muihin
Lappalaisilta tarvittaviin kaluihin vaihtamalla kokosit heiltä
kaikenlaista mettän ja veden viljaa. Tästä keskinäisestä
kaupanteosta tuli tuttavuus Lappalaisten ja Meriläisten välillä; niin
että Meriläiset rohkenit matkustaa aina tänne ylimaihin Lappalaisten
omisa majoisa kaupittemaan. Nähtyänsä tämän erämaan
erinomattain viljavaksi mettän ja veden viljan suhteen, päätit
muutamat rohkiat Meriläiset tulla tänne kesäksi asumaan. Keväillä,
heti vetten auvettua, lähti muutamia Merimaan miehiä kotimaaltansa
tänne venehin jokia myöten tarpeellisilla elatusneuvoilla matkustaan.
Päästyänsä tänne, hakkasit he ensin huhtia, pyysit lintujaja mettän
riistaa. Kesän päälle kalastelit he, kylvit ja karhittit halmeitansa.
Syksyn puoleen leikkasit ja puivat he vähät halmeensa, kalastelit,
mettäsit ja vietit aikansa paraaksi hyödyksensä, siihen saakka, että
he viime venetkululla riensit jällen kotimaillensa kootuilla
tavaroillansa. Näin kertovat vanhat sanomat; ja että niihin asian
alkua on ollut ilmiantavat muutamain maisemoin nimet: niinkuin
Meriläissuo, Meriläisaho; jolla aholla vanhasta kerrotaan saunan
olleen Meriläisiltä raketun, jossa he asuntoa pitivät; ynnä monta
muuta asento- paikkaa, josta vanhat tarinat puhuvat. Heistä luullaan
myös tämän maan nykysten asujatten perisyntynsä juontavan, joka
luulo onki uskottava, jos puheen parsia ja vanhoja tapoja lähemmin
tutkitaan; ehkä tavat ovat, aikuin kulussa, jo merimaasa muuttuneet
ja kaupungin tapaan mukauneet. Ehkä muutamat myös luulevat
jonku osan tämän Seurakunnan asuvista muinosina aikoina tulleen
Pielisestä ja Savon maalta. Kuitenki luulisimma edellisemmän
ajatuksen uskottavamman olevan; sillä e.m. Pardalan maalla,
Niskakosken alla kuuluu vielä ikivanha Oikeuden tuomio löytyvän,
josa Ruokosalmi, jota nyt Materonsalmeksi mainitaan jaKiekinselkä
on tämän maan alle kalavedeksi syynnätty; ja tuskin lienee paljo

43. päälle sadan vuoden, kuin sieltä on täällä nuotan vedosa syksyllä
kuljettu. Sanotaan myös vielä siihenki aikaan muutamia Meriläisiä
tänne asumaan majauneen. Me mielimmä sentähden nyt ensin
vähän lähemmintutkia tämän maan Seurakunnan.
Nykysiä Asukkaita.
Tämän Seurakunnan asujamet ovat keskinkertaset kooltansa,
pikemmin pienet kun suuret; sillä harmoin isoja ja patvevia miehiä on
täällä nähtävänä. Ilma ei siihen saata syynä olla, sillä se on täällä
aivan puhdas ja raitis; ei myöskään tapain turmelus, sillä puolisataa
vuotta sitten olivat tavat täällä vielä puhtaat ja moittimattovat, ehkä
ne, siitä ajasta lukein, ovat alkaneet aina enemmin ja enemmin
turmeuta; mutta suurin syy tämän kansan pienuuteen mahtaa olla se
huono ravinto, jota heidän täytyy lapsuudesta saakka nautita. Siitä
mahtaa se myös tulla, että täällä harmoja kauniita kasvoja tavataan;
ehk' eitoiselta puolen ylen rumiakaan ole havattavana.
Liikunnollensa ovat heenimmältä osalta verkkaset; ehk' ei heitä
laiskuudesta moittia saata. Kaikisa ulko-vaan ei sydämen-tavoisa
noudattavat he esivanhempiansa, erinomattain halmetmaitten
viljelemisessä. Ehk' ei näitä maita enää löydykkään, niin rientävät he
kuitenki ympäri erämaita, niitä etsien, ja unhottavat ja laimilyövät
kokonansa peltopruukin. Muutamissa ovat he kuitenki vierauneet
esiisäinsä ulkotavoistaki. Wuonna 1787, koska he saivat
ensimmäisen opettajan Seurakuntaansa, oli heidän kirkkopukunsa
seuraava: Miehenpuolilla oli pitkäselkänen sarkatröiy lyhyvillä
körteillä. Poimuhousut sarasta, joiden kaitasten lahetten päälle,
polviin ylettyvät sukat olit vedetyt. Heidän jalustimensa olit
ruojuskengät, punasilla pauloilla ympäri kiedotut. Päällysvaate oli
musta ja paksu sarkalevätti, leviällä hirvennahkasella vyöllä ja

44. suurella vaskisolella kiinisonnustettu. Wielä tulee mainitaheidän
pääpukunsa, se myssylakin mukonen vilttihattu, ylen leveillä
liepehillä. Kun nyt ukot tasa rustingisa keskellä kesän paistetta
vaelsit Herran huoneeseen, niin mahdoit he toki pyhkiä monta hikiä
ottostansa. — Waimonpuolten juhlapuku oli siihen aikaan: Musta,
pitkä selkänen sarkatröiy lyhyvillä liepehillä; musta sarkahamet
leveillä, monikirjatuilla helmoilla; joku rantunen huivi kaulasa ja
pintikka pääsä. — Nykyjään pyytävät sekä mies että vaimoväki
sommitella alamaitten puvunparsia, ehk' ei heidän köyhyytensä sitä
salliskaan. Niin vähän kun nykynen kansa noudattaa
esivanhempiansa vaatteisa, niin vähän noudattavat he heitä
kohtuudesaki. Se myrkyllinen paloviinan himo on jo alapuolesta
tännekki ennättänyt ja turmelee nuorukaisten tavat. Harvoilla on kyllä
kotonaan tilasuutta täyttää päätänsä ja vattaansa tällä kirotulla
juomalla, mutta matkoisa ja kokouspaikosa nautitaan tätä sappea
sitä enemmin. Se ikivanha rehellisyys ja armeliaisuusköyhiä vastaan
ei täältä vielä ole toki kokonansa sammunut, ehkä näinä kovina
näljän aikona joku varkaus ja petoski on tavattu. Ulkonaisen
elämänsä suhteen ovat tämän Seurakunnan asujamet vielä
enimmiten sivistämättömät, joka tulee siittä että heillä on ollu niin
vähän kanssakäymistä säädyllisempäin seuroissa, ja ett' ei se
totinen Jumalan pelko ole saanu niin syvästi juurtua heidän
sydämihinsä, että se olisvaikuttanut säädyllisyyttä heidän
ulkomenoisansa.
Kirkonmenoista täällä Pohjan maalla.
Muinasina aikoina kuului tämä Seurakunta Paltamon kirkonaluelle
jaPitäjähän. Etäisimmillä oli täällä sillon 16 pieninkuormaa kirkolle,
ja harvat olit ne, erinomattain vaimoihmisistä, jotka ikänänsä olit

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