Early farming communities of Central India- Neolithic remains of Ganga plains .pptx

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1. Early farming communities of Central India: Neolithic remains of Ganga Plains Dr. Virag Sontakke Assistant Professor A.I.H.C. & Archaeology Banaras Hindu University

2. Early farming communities of Central India: Neolithic remains of Ganga plains

3. Neolithic sites of Ganga Plain Jhusi Hetapatti Sohgaura Lahuradeva Imlidih Khurd Waina Bhunadih Chirand Senuwar

4. Jhusi Ancient: Pratisthanpura 7 km from Prayagraj On the confluence of the Ganga + Yamuna Excavation : Allahabad University Year : 2002, 2003 Culture Sequence: Neolithic Chalcolithic Early Historic

5. Small huts Wattle-and –daub Made of bamboo and reeds Jhusi : Houses

6. Hand-made Cord impressed Rusticated Burnished red Burnished black Crude black-and-red Jhusi : Pottery

7. Jhusi : Tools & Antiquities Microliths Blades Scrapers Tringles Trapeze Points Drills lunates Material Chert Chalcedony Carnelian Qaurz Bone Arrowheads Antiquities Steatite bead

8. Jhusi : Food Plant Barley Jowar Wheat Rice Lentil Pea grass-pea Horse gram Black gram til Oil seeds Jujube, fruits Animals Cattle Sheep Goat Boar Barasinga Fish Turtle Birds

9. Hetapatti Location: 20 km from Prayagraj Situated: left bank of Ganga Excavated by: University of Allahabad Year: 2006

10. Hand made pottery Cord impressed ware Rusticated ware Red ware Shape: bowl (shallow and deep), basins Houses: hut floors, burnt clay lumps with reed marks Hetapatti : Excavation

11. Sohgaura Location : Gorakhpur district Situated : Confluence of Rapti ad Ami river The first neolithic excavated site Mount: 150 acres Excavation : 1961-62, Gorakhpur University (Chalcolithic) Excavation : 1974-75, Gorakhpur University (Neolithic) Famous for Mauryan bronze plaque Culture Sequence: Neolithic Chalcolithic Early Historic Medieval

12. Neolithic deposits exposed in a 17 cm area Hand made pottery Cord-impressed ware: mixed with rice husks, ill fired Rusticated ware: Clay solution + straw + husk Red ware: less, globular vessels Sohgaura : Pottery

13. Limited excavations No 14C dates Chronology: 1900 BCE Sohgaura : Results

14. Lahuradeva Discovered by Gorakhpur University Location : Sant Kabir Nagar, 5 km south of Basti-Kabir nagar road Situated : on the site of lakes (surrounded on three sides) Area: 220 x 140 m Excavations : 2001 to 2006, U.P. State Archaeology Director : Rakesh Tiwary Culture sequence: Early farming phase Developed farming phase Advance farming face (Iron Age) Early Historic

15. Period IA Hand made pottery Red ware Black-and-red ware Black and grey ware BRW with cord impression Incised ware Shapes: bowls, pots, vessels, knobbed bowls Plants: Domesticated Rice 4220 BC (Estimated 6000-5000 BCE) Faunal remains: turtle and bones Period IB Pottery: improved Introduction of new shapes Black-and-red ware with black slip on one side and burnishing on the other side A few painted sherds New Shapes: beaker, perforated vessel, spouted vessel, dish, bowl-on-stand Beads: Steatite, stone and TC beads Bones: cut marks Huts: wattle-and-daub Chronology: 2135 BCE, 2079 BCE Lahuradeva

16. IA IB

17. IB

18. Imlidih Khurd Location: Gorakhpur district Situated: left bank of Kuwana (a tributary of Ghaghra ) Excavation: 1992-92 to 1993-94, Banaras Hindu University Director: Purushottam Singh Culture Sequence: Neolithic Chalcolithic

19. Hand made pottery Mostly: corded ware Cord impressed redware Porous surface pottery, ill fired Shape: mostly globular vessels Post-firing scratched designs done by a sharp instrument Design: geometrical pattern: concentric circles Paintings: red on a bright red surface Designs: dots and dashes Applique: on shoulder of handis Design: cut marks, Imlidih Khurd: Pottery

20. Large Reed marks Several mud floors Oven and hearths Circular pit dia : 1.95 m. identify as grain silo or bin Mud floor: thickness 25-30 cm Imlidih Khurd: Huts

21. Imlidih Khurd: diet system Animal bones Cattle: cut marks Sheep/goat Pig Horned bear Canid (wolf ?) Turtle Fish Freshwater molluscs Early Farming Double crop pattern Rice Barley Wheat Jowar Millet Bajra Pulses (lentil, grass pea ( kheshari , field pea, mung, Oil seeds: til , Froits : jujube, anwla , grapes

22. Micro beads of steatite TC beads Semi-precious stone beads: agate, faience Bone poits TC discs Imlidih Khurd: Results

23. Waina Location: Ballia district, Ballia-Gazipur road Situated on: Left bank of Choti Saraju river (Tons) Site: spread about 10 acre Year: 1995 (March –May), BHU Trench Size: 3 x 3 m. Culture Sequence: four period Lower period: Neolithic

24. Red ware Cord impressed pottery Shape: spouted vessels, bowls, vases Similar to: Imlidih Khurd Waina : Results

25. Bhunadih Location: 28 km north of Ballia Situated: Right bank of Bahera Nalla Site: 4 acres Excavation: 1996 (May-June), BHU Trench size: 2 x 2 m., Culture Sequence: three periods Neolithic Neolithic-Chalcolithic ( Narhan ) Chalcolithic ( Narhan )

26. Red ware Cord impressed Plain red ware: spouted vessels, beakers, vases New type: Red ware with short spout ( martban ) Red ware with basin and pots Remains of burnt clay lumps with reed marks Micro beads of steatite TC and Pottery discs Bhunadih : Results

27. Chirand Location: Saran district, 11 km west of Chhapra Situated on: Bank of Ghaghara Discovered by: Hunter 1887 Excavations: 1962-63 to 1972-73 Director: B.S. Verma Archaeology and Museums, Bihar Neolithic Deposit: 3.5 meter Culture Sequence: Neolithic Chalcolithic NBPW Shunga- Kushana Pala

28. Chirand : Tools Mainly Bone tools including antlers Bone Tools: Different celts Scrapers Chisels Hammers Needles Points Borers Awls Diggres Pins Arrowheads Shovel (made by Unfinished bone) Stone implements Celts Hammer stones Pestle Querns Balls Material: Quartzite Basalt Granite Microliths Parallel blades Scrapers Arrowheads Points Lunates Borers Material: Chert Chalcedony Agate Jasper Source: bed of Son ? No Carnelian

29. Largely hand made Slight indication of turn-table method. Chief ware: Red ware Grey ware, Black and BRW Corded ware (mat impressions) Types: several types of vases, variety of bowls Footed cup Channel spout Spoon or ladle Miniature pots Dish Post-firing scratch also noticed Paintings: linear designs, criss-cross , concentric circles (painting designs similar to Utnur , Piklihal and Bramhagiri (Verma 1997) Chirand : Pottery

30. Stone ornaments: Beads Shape Long tubular Long barrel Short barrel Cylindrical Triangular Disc shape Material: Chalcedony Agate Jasper Marble Steatite faience Bone ornaments Pendants Ear-rings Discs Combs Ivory-bangles Tortoise- bangles Chirand : Ornaments/objects Terracotta Objects Bangles Beads Balls Pendants Toys & Objects: Humped bull Birds Nagas Human figurines Smoking pipe Wheels

31. Early phase people lived in dwelling pits (floors partially dug underground) Possibly covered by a wooden roof Later Phase living on an even surface Circular huts with mud-plastered walls Several hearts in a row indicate community cooking The area around the Hearths becomes white (bone ash?) Used for roasting animal flesh? Chirand : Residing Evidence

32. Chirand : Food Habits Plants Rice (paddy husks) Wheat Mung Masoor Animals Main source was meat 12 species of Animal Cattle Buffalo Sheep Chital Barasinga Pig Elephant Rhino Dog Fish Turtle Birds

33. Senuwar Location: 7 km from Sasaram, in Rohtas District of Bihar Director : B.P. Sing, BHU Year : 1986-87 and 1989-90 Culture Sequence: Neolithic: IA & IB: Neolithic-Chalcolithic Chalcolithic NBPW Kushana

34. Senuwar Period I A Neolithic Burnished Grey ware Burnished red ware Cord-impressed ware Rusticated ware Red ware Crude Black-and-red ware Period IB Neolithic-Chalcolithic Intro. Of copper Date. 1042 BCE

35. Burnished red ware: 8.11 % Burnished grey ware: 6.22 % Corded ware: 3.67 % Rusticated ware: 6.12 % Black and red ware: 0.34 % Red ware: 85.65 % 6.1. Coarse red ware 6.2. Slipped Red ware 6.3. Slipped and smoothened Red ware Senuwar : Pottery

36. Burnished red ware Mix clay, ill-fired, Different shades : dull red, orange, bright red, dark red, chocolate A few sherds are painted Shapes: Vase 75 % Bowls 21.15 % Lipped bowls 1.92 % Spouted Vessels 1.92

37. Burnished grey ware Consists: 6.22% Core : coarse, gritty, porous, tempered Ill fired A core is black: fired under reducing conditions The slip is grey and further burnished Handmade and wheel made A few red-painted sherds : post firing Types Vase 10% Bowls 80 % Basins 5% Tubular spouted pots 1 %

38. Corded ware Forming 3.67 % Wheel-made and hand made Fabric : Thin, Medium & Thick Clay is not well levigated Mixed with husk, shopped straw Core: black Colour : Dull red or mat red Slip over cord impression Impressions: generally vertical Shape : mostly bowls Similar to: Taradih , Mahagara and Koldihwa

39. Rusticated ware Include 6.12 % Rustication : Clay solutions Applied : pre-firing stage Material : clay + straw, small stones + ground potsherds Core : ill fired Shapes Bowls Vases Similar to Koldiwaha Mahagara

40. Red ware Maximum: 85.65 Coarse Red ware Slipped red ware Slipped and smoothened red ware Coarse Red ware Devoid of slip or wash Daily use pots Wheel made & hand made Vase Bowls Painted with red ochre Post firing paintings Slipped Red ware Red slip Fine that CRW Less than CRW Mostly Bowls Slipped & Smooth RW Finer and smooth surface Shed: light red to brownish and chocolate Similar to BRW

41. Black and Red ware Represent 0.34 % Crude nature Mixed with: grass, sand, stone particles Pottery: ill-fired and plain Similar to: Chirand

42. Tools Axe Chisels Saddle querns Hammers Balls Microliths Date: 2190 BCE Microliths Total: 1392 micro tools in IA Total: 4919 in IB Type: Burin, scrapers, blades, Material: Chalcedony, agate, Jasper, Quarts Senuwar

43. Bone Points Made of reused bones Varies types One ended points Arrowheads 3. Tanged arrowheads 4. Barbed arrowhead

44. Period I A Rammed floor Mixed with potsherds, burnt earth Remains of 10 floors Floor with post-holes Huts with wattle-and-daub structure Period IB Similar to the previous period wattle-and-daub structure Mud huts Circular huts: 5.24 m Senuwar : Habitation

45. Chronology 8000-7000 BCE to 3000-2000 BCE

46. After Pokhriya 2008 Remains of Early Farming

47. Oryza sativa L. (cultivated rice) Reported: Koldihwa , Mahagra , Tokwa , Senuwar

48. Hordeum vulgare L. emend. Bowden (hulled barley) Reported: Mahagra and Tokwa , Senuwar

49. Triticum sphaerococcum Perc. (dwarf wheat) Reported: Senuwar , Tokwa

50. Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell . (bread wheat) Reported: Senuwar

51. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn . (ragi millet) Reported: Senuwar

52. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (jowar millet) Reported: Senuwar

53. Lens culinaris Medik . (lentil) Reported: Mahagra , Tokwa and Senuwar

54. Pisum arvense (L.) Poir (field pea) Reported: Tokwa and Senuwar

55. Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea) Reported: Mahagra and Senuwar

56. Cicer arietinum L. (chick pea) Reported: Mahagra , Senuwar

57. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdcourt (horse gram) Reported: Senuwar

58. Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (green gram) Reported: Mahagra , Tokwa Moong

59. udad Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper (black gram) Reported: Mahagra

60. Cajanus cajan L. (pigeon pea) Reported: Mahagra

61. Linum usitatissimum L. (linseed) Reported: Tokwa

62. Brassica juncea L. Czern . & Coss (field brassica) Reported: Tokwa

63. Discussion Gradual Development in farming societies Early Phase : Rice and primitive millets Developed phase : Rice, Barley, Wheat, lentils, green gram, etc. Double crop pattern: Rice, Wheat Domesticated Animals: Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, goats, pigs ( Senuwar ) Animals wild : Rhinoceros, Elephants, deer, barasinga , stag Dietary system : Plants, Hunting, catching (birds) and fishing Pottery : Hand-made to wheel-made ( Seunuwar ) Paintings : Imlidih Khurd, Lahuradeva , Chirand and Senuwar More microliths than polished tools Stone household objects are more Bone tools : Jhusi , Senuwar and Chirand More bone tools than stones

64. Conclusion The exploitation of diverse geographic locations Growth of population Nearby lakes, river beds, and jungles were utilized during this periods Aquatic fauna was also the source of diet Chirand : advance in bone technology (Advance Neolithic) Wattle and daub houses, circular huts Regional interactions : steatite beads, semi-precious stone beads, pottery designs Technical development : Fine ceramic, painted pottery, new shapes