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6. This book is dedicated to our wives,
Ada and Unni
and to our daughters,
Alison, Elaine, and Valerie
and
Julie, Lisa, and Sonja
With appreciation for the support, help, and encouragement that we received
during the years that were devoted to writing this textbook.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

7. Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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8. Contents
Part 1  j  Introduction          1
1 The Profession of Transportation    3
Importance of Transportation      3
Transportation History      6
Transportation Employment      15
Summary      21
Problems      22
References      23
2 Transportation Systems and Organizations    25
Developing a Transportation System      26
Modes of Transportation      30
Transportation Organizations      44
Summary      48
Problems      48
References      50
Part 2 j  Traffic Operations          51
3 Characteristics of the Driver, the Pedestrian,
the Bicyclist, the Vehicle, and the Road    53
Driver Characteristics      54
Perception-Reaction Process      57
Older Drivers’ Characteristics      58
vii
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9. Pedestrian Characteristics      58
Bicyclists and Bicycles Characteristics      59
Vehicle Characteristics      60
Road Characteristics      84
Summary      87
Problems      88
References      91
4 Traffic Engineering Studies 93
Spot Speed Studies      94
Volume Studies      100
Methods for Conducting Spot Speed and Volume Studies      101
Presentation and Analysis of Spot Speed Data      108
Types of Volume Counts and Analysis of Volume Data      118
Travel Time and Delay Studies      129
Parking Studies      133
Summary      144
Problems      145
References      150
5 Highway Safety    151
Issues Involved in Transportation Safety      152
Strategic Highway Safety Plans      155
Performance Measures      185
Computational Procedures for Safety Effectiveness
Evaluation Methods      210
Crash Patterns      218
Effectiveness of Safety Design Features      223
Safety Effectiveness of Some Commonly Used Highway Design Features
      225
Safety Effects of Pedestrian Facilities      233
Safety Effects of Traffic Calming Strategies      236
Safety Impact of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)      247
Summary      248
Problems      249
References      251
6 Fundamental Principles of Traffic Flow    253
Traffic Flow Elements      254
Flow-Density Relationships      258
Shock Waves in Traffic Streams      273
Gap and Gap Acceptance      285
Introduction to Queuing Theory      291
Summary      300
Problems      300
viii Contents
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10. 7 Intersection Design    307
Types of at-Grade Intersections      309
Design Principles for at-Grade Intersections      315
Design of Railroad Grade Crossings      356
Summary      362
Problems      363
References      366
8 Intersection Control    367
General Concepts of Traffic Control      370
Conflict Points at Intersections      370
Types of Intersection Control      371
Signal Timing for Different Color Indications      388
Freeway Ramps      438
Evaluation and Optimization of Intersection Timing Plans      443
Summary      444
Problems      444
References      447
 9 Capacity and Level of Service for Highway Segments    449
Freeways      450
Multilane Highways      467
Two-Lane Highways      474
Summary      495
Problems      495
Reference      498
Appendix: Tables      499
10 Capacity and Level of Service at Signalized Intersections    517
Definitions of Some Common Terms      518
Analysis Levels and Performance Measures for Level of Service at
Signalized Intersections      521
Level of Service Criteria at Signalized Intersections      521
Methodology of Operational Analysis for the Automobile Mode
      530
Computation of Pedestrian and Bicycle Factors (  f
lpb
, f
rpb
) for Right- and
Left-Turn Movements from One-Way Streets      544
Computation of Pedestrians and Bicycles Factor (  f
lpb
), for Protected or
Protected-Permitted Left-Turn Movements on Two-Way Streets      547
Determination of Lane Group Adjusted Saturation Flow Rate      548
Lane Group Capacity      554
Level of Service Computation for Pedestrian Mode      556
Level of Service for Bicycle Mode      564
Quick Estimation Method (Qem)      566
Field Determination of Saturation Flow      578
Contents ix
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11. Summary      581
Problems      581
References      582
Part 3 j  Transportation Planning          583
11 The Transportation Planning Process    585
Basic Elements of Transportation Planning      586
Transportation Planning Institutions      595
Urban Transportation Planning      599
Forecasting Travel      606
Summary      622
Problems      623
References      624
12 Forecasting Travel Demand    627
Demand Forecasting Approaches      628
Trip Generation      629
Trip Distribution      638
Mode Choice      648
Traffic Assignment      662
Other Methods for Forecasting Demand      673
Estimating Freight Demand      677
Traffic Impact Studies      678
Summary      685
Problems      685
References      692
13 Evaluating Transportation Alternatives    693
Basic Issues in Evaluation      693
Evaluation Based on Economic Criteria      697
Evaluation Based on Multiple Criteria      708
Summary      721
Problems      722
References      727
Part 4 j  Location, Geometrics, and Drainage          729
14 Highway Surveys and Location    731
Principles of Highway Location      731
Highway Survey Methods      738
Highway Earthwork and Final Plans      759
Summary      767
Problems      769
References      770
x Contents
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12. 15 Geometric Design of Highway Facilities    773
Factors Influencing Highway Design      774
Design of the Alignment      790
Special Facilities for Heavy Vehicles on Steep Grades      822
Bicycle Facilities      824
Parking Facilities      828
Computer Use in Geometric Design      831
Summary      832
Problems      833
References      836
16 Highway Drainage    837
Surface Drainage      838
Highway Drainage Structures      839
Sediment and Erosion Control      841
Hydrologic Considerations      842
Unit Hydrographs      855
Hydraulic Design of Highway Drainage Structures      856
Subsurface Drainage      895
Summary      913
Problems      913
References      915
Additional Reading      916
Part 5 j  Materials and Pavements          917
17 Soil Engineering for Highway Design    919
Soil Characteristics      919
Basic Engineering Properties of Soils      923
Classification of Soils for Highway Use      931
Soil Surveys for Highway Construction      941
Soil Compaction      946
Special Soil Tests for Pavement Design      955
Frost Action in Soils      958
Summary      959
Problems      960
References      964
18 Bituminous Materials    965
Sources of Asphalt      966
Description and Uses of Bituminous Binders      968
Properties of Asphalt Materials      971
Tests for Asphalt Materials      974
Asphalt Mixtures      989
Superpave Systems      1010
Contents xi
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13. Summary      1037
Problems      1037
References      1040
19 Design of Flexible Highway Pavements    1041
Structural Components of a Flexible Pavement      1042
Soil Stabilization      1043
General Principles of Flexible Pavement Design      1050
Summary      1086
Problems      1086
References      1089
20 Design of Rigid Pavements    1091
Materials Used in Rigid Pavements      1092
Joints in Concrete Pavements      1097
Types of Rigid Highway Pavements      1099
Pumping of Rigid Pavements      1099
Stresses in Rigid Pavements      1100
Thickness Design of Rigid Pavements      1108
Summary      1172
Problems      1172
References      1174
21 Pavement Management    1177
Problems of Highway Rehabilitation      1177
Methods for Determining Roadway Condition      1180
Pavement Condition Prediction      1194
Pavement Rehabilitation      1202
Pavement Rehabilitation Programming      1203
GIS and Pavement Management      1213
Summary      1214
Problems      1214
References      1216
Appendixes    1219
Index    1245
xii Contents
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

14. Preface
Purpose in writing and revising this textbook
The purpose of Traffic and Highway Engineering, Enhanced Fifth Edition, SI Edition
is to serve as a resource textbook for students in engineering programs where courses in
transportation, highway, or traffic engineering are offered. In most cases, these courses are usually taught in the third or fourth year but may also be covered at the graduate level.
Another purpose of this book is to serve as a reference for transportation engineers
who are in practice or are preparing for a professional engineering examination.
The initial motivation for writing this textbook, which was first published in 1988,
was many years of teaching highway and traffic engineering using textbooks that were primarily descriptive and lacked examples that illustrated the concepts presented. We also noted that none were comprehensive in dealing with all aspects of the subject and that some were written with transportation engineering titles but lacked specific focus. We also saw the need to demonstrate the challenges of the field and to explain the solid quantitative foundations that underlie the practice of transportation engineering. We wanted to select a mode that is ubiquitous and of worldwide application and one that students had contact with on a daily basis. Accordingly, we decided to focus on motor vehicle transportation and the highways that are an essential partner for this mode to exist. Our experience and instincts proved correct as the book became known and widely used.
The objectives of this textbook are: (1) To be a contemporary and complete text in
highway and traffic engineering that can be used both at the undergraduate and at the graduate level for courses that emphasize highway and traffic engineering topics and
(2) To serve as a reference for engineers in the highway and traffic field and as a study guide for use in preparing for the professional engineering license exam, review courses, and preparation for graduate comprehensive exams in transportation engineering.
The Fourth Edition of this textbook was published in 2009 and in the ensuing
years there have been significant changes to the highway transportation literature that
xiii
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16. ­mandated a major revision. Professors from transportation programs at twenty-one
major universities reviewed various editions of the book and their comments and sug-
gestions have been incorporated into the Enhanced Fifth Edition.
The book is appropriate for a transportation curriculum or as an introductory trans-
portation course because it provides an opportunity to present material that is not only
useful to engineering students who may pursue careers in or related to transportation
engineering, but is also interesting and challenging to those who intend to work in other
areas. Furthermore, this book can serve as a reference for practicing transportation engi-
neers and for use by students in graduate courses. Thus, the textbook provides a way for
students to get into the area of transportation engineering, develop a feel for what it is
about, and thereby experience the challenges of the profession
Major organizing f
eatures of the text
The scope of transportation engineering is broad and covers many modes and disciplines. Accordingly, several approaches have been used to introduce this topic to students.
One approach is to cover all transportation modes–air, highway, pipeline, public,
rail, and water, presented in an overview course. This approach ensures comprehensive coverage but tends to be superficial with uneven coverage of some modes and can lack depth.
A second approach is to present the subject of transportation by generic elements,
such as vehicle and guideway characteristics, capacity analysis, planning, design, safety, human factors, administration, finance, system models, information technology, opera- tions, and so forth. This approach is appealing because each of the modes is considered within a common context and the similarities between various modes are emphasized. Our textbook, Transportation Infrastructure Engineering: A Multi-Modal Integration, is based on this concept.
A third approach is to select a single mode and cover the relevant disciplines to pro-
vide a comprehensive treatment focused on that mode. Our book follows this approach by emphasizing the subject of traffic and highway engineering, which is a major area within civil engineering. It is a topic that appeals to students because they can relate directly to problems created by motor vehicle travel and it is useful to professionals employed by federal, state, and local agencies as well as private consulting and construc-
tion organizations.
Each chapter presents material that will help students understand the basis for trans-
portation, its importance, and the extent to which transportation pervades our daily lives. The text also provides information about the basic areas in which transportation engineers work: traffic operations and management, planning, design, construction, and maintenance. Thus, this book has been categorized into five parts:
• Part
1: Introduction to the profession, its history, systems, and organizations
• Part 2: Traffic Operations
• Part 3: Transportation Planning
• Part 4: Location, Geometrics, and Drainage
• Part 5: Materials and Pavements.
The topical division of the book organizes the material so that it may be used in one
or more separate courses.
xiv Preface
Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

17. For a single course in transportation engineering, which is usually offered in the
third year where the emphasis is on traffic and highway aspects, we recommend that
material from Parts 1, 2, and 3 (Chapters 1-13) be covered.
For a course in highway engineering, where the emphasis is on highway location,
design, materials, and pavements, we recommend that material from Parts 2, 4, and 5
(Chapters 3 and 14-21) be used.
A single introductory course in transportation facilities design could include Chapters 1,
2, 3, 14, 15, 16, 19, and 21.
This book is also appropriate for use in a two-semester sequence in transportation
engineering in which traffic engineering and planning (Chapters 3-13) would be covered
in the first course, and highway design (Chapters 14-21) would be covered in the second
course.
The principal features of this textbook are:
• Comprehensive
treatment of the subject.
• Extensive use of figures and tables.
• Numbering of subsections for easy reference.
• Completed examples in each chapter that illustrate the concepts presented.
• Representative homework problems at the end of each chapter.
• References and additional readings at the end of each chapter.
Changes to the new edition
In this Enhanced Fifth Edition, Chapter 4 has been revised and includes new examples and
problems. Numerous sections of the book have also been revised to ensure the accu-
racy of the content within.
In addition to responding to reviewer comments on the Fourth Edition and updating
each chapter, substantial changes were made in several chapters due to the availability of new editions of the following professional publications:
• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6
th
Edition, 2011, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
• HCM 2010 Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board
• Highway Safety Manual, 1st Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010.
• Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), 2009 Edition, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
•
Roadway Design Guide, 4
th
Edition 2011, American Association of Highway and
Transportation
• Transportation Planning Handbook, 3
rd
Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers
New
Learning Objectives have been added for each chapter, and the Problem Sets
have been thoroughly revised and updated to match the new content in the book.
Ancillaries TO accompany the text
An Instructor’s Solutions Manual, containing full solutions to every problem within the text,
and Lecture Note PowerPoint slides are available online via a secure, password-
protected Instructor’s Resource Center at http://login.cengage.com.
Preface xv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

18. Acknowledgments
The success of our textbook has been a source of great satisfaction, because we believe
that it has contributed to the better understanding of highway transportation in all its
dimensions. We wish to thank our colleagues and their students for selecting this book
for use in transportation courses taught in colleges and universities throughout the
United States and abroad and for the many suggestions received during the preparation
of all five editions.
The authors are indebted to many individuals who assisted in reviewing various
chapters and drafts of the original manuscript and succeeding editions. We especially
wish to thank the following individuals for their helpful comments and suggestions:
Maher Alghazzawi, Edward Beimborn, Rakim Benekohal, David Boyce,
­Stephen
Brich, Chase Buchannan, Bernard Carlson, Christian Davis, Michael Demetsky, Brian Diefenderfer, Stacey Diefenderfer, Conrad Dudek, Lily Elefteriadou, Thomas
Freeman, Ron Gallagher, Per Garder, Alan Gesford, Richard Gunther, Jiwan Gupta, Jerome Hall, Kathleen Hancock, Marvin Hilton, Jotin Khisty, Lydia Kostyniak, Michael Kyte, Feng-Bor Lin, Qun Liu, Yuan Lu, Tom Maze, Catherine McGhee, Kenneth McGhee,
Richard McGinnis, Carl Monismith, Thomas Nelson, Ken O’Connell, Jack
Page, Emelinda Parentela, Brian Park, Mofreh Saleh, Mitsuru Saito, Anthony Saka, Gerald Seeley, Robert Smith, Hamid Soleymani, James Stoner, Ed Sullivan, James
Taylor, Egons Tons, Erol Tutumluer, Joseph Vidunas, Joseph Wattleworth, Peter Weiss, W James Wilde, F. Andrew Wolfe, Hugh Woo, Lewis Woodsen, Robert Wortman, Shaw Yu, Yihua Ziong, and Michael Zmuda.
We especially wish to thank James Wilde for his valuable contributions to the
Enhanced Fifth Edition.
In the preparation of the Fifth Edition and earlier editions as well, we received
reviews, comments and suggestions on individual chapters from several of our colleagues who have special expertise in the topics covered. We are most grateful for their willing- ness to devote this effort and for their help in validating and augmenting these chapters. They are: Richard Boaz, Michael Fontaine, Arkopal Goswami, Winston Lung, John Miller, Adel Sadek, and Rod Turochy.
We also received a significant number of helpful comments from the reviewers of the
Fourth Edition. We wish to thank them for their insightful comments and helpful sugges- tions many of which have been incorporated into this book. They are: Montasir Abbas, Virginia Tech, Mashrur Chowdhury, Clemson University, Shauna Hallmark, Iowa State University, David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University, Wesley Marshall, University of Colorado, Sam Owusu-Ababio, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Kevan Shafizadeh,
California
State University, Sacramento, Anuj Sharma, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Edward Smaglik, Northern Arizona University, and Claudia Mara Dias Wilson, New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.
We also wish to thank reviewers of the Fifth Edition for their valuable feedback.
They are: Rahim Benekohal, University of Illinois, Naveen Eluru, University of Cen-
tral Florida, Daba Gedafa, University of North Dakota, Michael Knodler, University of
Massachusetts - Amherst, Suzanne LePage, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Daiheng Ni,
University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Aleksandar Stevanovic, Florida Atlantic
University, and Hao Wang, Rutgers University.
xvi Preface
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

19. The many organizations cited herein that permitted us to include material from their
publications deserve special mention because, without their support, our book would
not have been a reality. We also wish to thank Timothy Anderson and Alexander Sham
for their guidance in the preparation of this enhanced edition, and Rose Kernan of RPK
Editorial Services for her Production skills.
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
Preface xvii
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20. xviii
Preface to the SI Edition
This edition of Traffic and Highway Engineering has been adapted to incorporate the
International System of Units (Le Système International d’Unités or SI) throughout the
book, wherever possible.
Le Système International d’Unités
The United States Customary System (USCS) of units uses FPS (foot-pound-second) units (also called English or Imperial units). SI units are primarily the units of the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system. However, CGS (centimeter-gram-second) units are often accepted as SI units, especially in textbooks.
Using SI Units in this Book
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