EC8452-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II (Handwritten Notes)

Unit -1 (Feedback Amplifiers and Stability)

1. and
abiLt1
beerytuot<
concePt - gain 'uith
ffeamcx
- e[[eet
9 ^r:
' ^,stabiLi+td , di,stor&n
'
-%
leedbvct<
' 0n
?^'
'
, 76,t imy>edanc€ r
'bandaldth
, inf>u,'' and ott
:
Topotoflio a4 pdmcrc..
arU>!"+
"".. .
ooo'At':
q 6exiu Seriq
-
$eedtucrc
6pli{'es - anr -
6Wt $eeetbacn
o*",!n::
,'*:::"X:t
,ft-,'" urn
^^'a^oa' Ireail€ncc/
.,,U
g ' r''
tn anct Phrc
maxgins J'Ttqutn'U'
rrlDenAoilt"
I
1
'
t. l \
i.
.'/'
llnil -
3''l" i :" r.'
"
'{Lf,t ll &
Ascittaws
bvrcLauson
citeio
h.It a,s0 Ua.nr -
W
Uv
rtleq obcittatov -
CotPtc
v o v'J -
u 2.frt efnl asd uabraU
-,. a. a 1YO$tal
orciuinr - Ring oaeiuator's
(
-
v
-
t?h,)a -Stabitixuattbn
Bcf uaror ahPAnae
zalOtrsra
\
Unft -A
fineel Arnf,btert
lo,s.ses , unlwded
>vvta I I
and loadec{ I
zTand +uned q

2. .,-1
,Unit:
Lf
ad
,l,4ut|t ibrator' ci
U
laue
.{ttitn8 %
"MuLa
ci"cuits - Ane lytbr,s
'-- Bt ntega
'W '
"
fund
^.^ )I
circuii's
r '."
i'
" tf' +tjaqer -'
Uf,T
byatOfd r_ ECh,mr . . L/u r !
I
.,ri
Pouet nryfti|ters
t
and 'N onvefia.rs
\
t''''i
i
Bttct< ,
detign
U
i-
,_* {- ,,,
-lr
'
t
fuot'ev
c lass
dass
DC to
boost
Ampl$eta '- ''i class 'A,,-'
ctass B
qlas$
c - Poas et
MosFET - TernV?!*tcve
AB p@q am'Pl$ev
Dc conveTtor*
.o_t
nnat]StE &nA
-U
ut ".''' -'
'
I'

3. unit - r
XeedbcK ampli4iers and StaUtifrtr
YeedWK'a
U)hen a' Port s, $uacrten
O'10 ouPu'a is
cnmbuvd fu the
10 ewist . rfius the
$racr[on
el output
$eed
tud< iz ctaz'si{el
into *wo +Ufr* namelctr :'
t' Posftfve
$eedback
Jr Nrytiue gtedfuct<
?ositi,repdaacK z-

4. ArnpAi$iet
ued tu arnPLt#4
, - ArnPtt{.ier
a 'stabte
ou+Pub
'
0J€aK' nsf qnal-u-.
ka
*he
darfce
UJEAK
datice
unicn
Ull'ttCh
.stgnd,
ahich
fli
ampli$tes
(
Asof Lnnr iA a ciicui'L tlthich Wtov
^b
OnU atrotrttr'Lt ' -O '
&herwis€ knocpn as fleTe wwtive civc'uit
'
n 4 We
aryrg$4'e=r :'
olp siqnai.U;
c o)
ilp
i ,'
olP sf gnar
(Vo)
flgtettotK :-
W,s
og&ry','
cngEal ,B_t?g#F 9I E*%,
Mfqffi
Yo

5. in arry\ifier clvu-t'it
gain ancl clorcd looP
gpen tooP
7uin ,
Av
Av - oPea
J-DoP
AVr ctosel IooP
Clwed looV voWe
, to trind
open looP
gd,
Yo
=
olP voltEe
1@"
p = \eedbacrc
\actor
'fteedncn voLfte , Vf = PVo
V1
=VIn-VP
V =Vin -PVo
Vo = Aili
Assume V1 =
Vf
:" vi
Vin
=
Vi+ VP
Q
ga,tft
gain
Aut
Av+
qa:n ,
U
_ AvVi
Vf +Vt
= AVY|
=
'Vl * Pvo
d
-
1ii1
6uU vo 7 Vin Yatuestn eqn
iti)
Aw=V
Vin
I

6. Avr
,t+
p Av
tosp
Bdr'
An+
L rSeAv
0*n
uJm
$eeArncx Vril
is
Bdn
uithout
ineb*rc
( Av
)
w 4 @-'-
feeo)
Aus a Av
Yatw
the
Jhe neqanve
Jhe 1an
TwAbacn
Artf
qoin lem
U
ol eircuit
uurcd
ng
'nhtc,lq
maKe
$rAbact<
(
zen,sltive to vattiatio
GrrLPOnenEl>
' JhIs VArr
crnnye et temPexatuw
lthe ornPli$er
aiFh
mau
negatlue
o{
9'6,
dhe atab\LifrJ e4
Zdn
ia at's
tknoun oE
Adn
aerusl$vtq
sorinp ol /rA lvacianal
.__\[J

7. enpl;Bcetton etith Pi b ia caneel
anJ
,sen,$+ivitt1 q
at{J eqn ti.l (,,r
"t "to
Av
'
w
dAv
dArlr z
*,
dAu (t +Pav1^
dAvr
=
dAv
p+ pAiL
Diviotfng
Av7 t
dAur
=
dAv
Auf
11+p\uf
au t
AVr
t.+PAv
dAv
(t.+pADR x
-Y'
(t'tBA-vZ
Servsi?'vitt
a)
uhere, W
A
pVF
@
A,r
dnv
Av ( t-r pAv)
$actfonal
ehange in amVli$'cauoD
ulm ffedbacr
$Wactrbna
change fn am plilicaudn
Or-o I t-^ tl

8. &-
n0f
>thetrannpv
contfunb
'
depends
8,oi,
upn
q
tlg
tIvarnpl'f$ier ia
$aclort>tL
Voint And EnWYaF-we '
v nle reciVxocal e[
catted de' aenai\vitT'
D
,d
=
-,
1
n
L/
'l+BAv
D : t+pAv
B"w -- Su - fl
Jhe p'z.oduct
6b tl-P omPMSer
wW 4ladbaLt<
AvvB'W
'krtoa
*he zat'sinuy
i6
ag D'
%
betuteerr
clrt - olb
d$ned as the d
, Wlrer,cV\uD
and
o{ voLra1e Bdn
and bandt
citthout SeeZbaCI<
and
'
6ffi9 r5AfTlA '
; Avp x E"wt
fub,
Qv
toe
Arla =

9. ,*he
\actuv
bq t+ pAy
B-wf x Av1
B.ulr
er/5
: B'W
T+pav
B.nl F = u+pAv)B"W
Jo
4ind
wt - o[
Ye+unc7
utith
Ue ,Pnou that ' bezdtul<
pin, Avf = Av
u'.r
ttpAv
bandui/th7s lncneared|
"'And
t+pAv
Bg us ut, rts ,
(Ae
)[wev cut' oft
$t%uw]%
r
uDf>ex
and mid nar6e
eM+endu
', t..'
AVr |our)' =
'
Avfjsu)
t+ PAvilow
r
(.1.,
l\
Air (hi6h) - -Av &iAh)
L+
PAy
(hrgn )
do
WbacK
v0LtaBe
can uiiLe-
Ar+ [ mid)= Av hid)
L+
PAv
(nicl)
-[U
BuW
6ind
lou), clf,t oft
NeqPQnqj
: -
Jhe nelailbn be1tteen )ou
V.q,uen cg
ndn
Adn ab rnid
VWuu'o4
it givw ctt'
cilh-
"$
V%Y*"U
-ilr)
-iriil
and

10. Avtmidl npqv tnia)
-- Yr)
Ay (.lou)
A v f rnid.)
9ub eqntv)
AVf Clot-rl)
Avr( lort)
=
-
f"i)
Av tmid)
, r - jb*)+pAvtrnld)
D'ru eq,n Nr) Aq
A+pAv'r;dD,
I'
-de-) +pAv (rnid)
I,nB
av rmld)
: Av@ia) / r+p Ayrrmid)
Lt PAv(rnict) dtsrt)
| +pAvftniil tt pAyl Mict )
-
6/ii
AurLlouf

11. | -'l'.
tvlll/
\
l +VAvfutd)
{r, : _lt
'
L+
PAr(rnid')
flrqtrour) = @id)
Cix)
,- jffH
Wlne're

t'z
ta loetPr cut
% WWy!
otritn 8"y*
Jhe lotoex cut
S $e+ueneV
ruith
Wbacx
( tr+) iA )e,st
-
fihan loue'r ru*'o$
tucx Crrl W
tltu
Bg inr.roduur,g
equenc7
%usPonrc,
i rnVnoved
-
negadtre tgP-dfucK,
thz- low
'v
{li iG,6
%
"'ttp
ampli[ier it
Sirnitattg,
to
Jhe fle-taHbn
Vqo',ud
and
alvext als ,
o
Avrllnig =
hr
(hifrh)
Av+ ( higb)
6'nd Wpes c-tLY @bb
Wq)to,%
Letutw:r
A^, ak hlgh
gun aL rnid
{.+*%
1,s
Av r( hinh)
r+pAv thiVn)
Av tm?d')
'
-jrfi)
_u Avffiid/,_,t
[f/rr)
L+
E Avlnid)

12. (n
O,
+
>Z
+l
Fl
ri
c
(it
i
. )l
I
I
JI
, ii
I
I
---,
j
I (\;
r \Ii
Ir
t,
I
Ta(FrrnrpAvr',)
t +P ftv
,r)ld)
Aur tmf"d)
k-+f vehigb
.+bV Ir+ PAuf"'id,
Avpthign)
Z
Avp (kigh)
=
Avl f mid)
r-
dt#)
+ PAv
Lnid)
*-0f
Av(m"td) /
t + PaY trnid)
up*rmrd) -[ (r4r) I tr,P
| -
j (r/F,l
I+PAugnid)
Avr tmid)
Avs f ki1h) :
' Avp(h'Bnl=
Al+frnid)
fnr =
F; { [r
+Bllvt"nidt
'
Auq hinD
2
'Tt''e.
UPPu{
crJt - sbf
fr,p is
nr-eotd
PedbacJl
tFtF 1g>
d
M<,u"n"21
with
lhan
" tl:te t

13. hnaw lhab ,
B"w= fn- L lwithout
B" hJs
f.dmcK"
6ain I
All imid
Aw (mid
Endbam
bedbacKJ
bartdusi{fh cPitn \endbact<
It-te bandutidth ui*lout
B.hlg ) B.W
$eedrtact<J
04 @B
i*
flYeevex
ir
[' r..-$
i* @nd
a)>
-the vaianbn
zlgnat '
a4ny>X$er uifh an ePqa
and to,ful ,havmarfic
'fhen tre intnducfrbn q
uttth
lecdbacK
7 anb P
'
neduce nJ 'the $Actov
DeqMrve
U
the dFstovnbn
aer>w"Avin7
r tfill

14. Distovfron
D
dertoved
bU
t6
aD
Noise :'
,Al
',
vu
i
@ne
mffia
l-
\arn'S>),itriar
ecteTnat1a an
6aus@s q
uffich dePenda
L+ PAv
whefQ
t
DF Distortt6n
ulth
D - Dianvilbn
uifts'tt
Av v\Ltune fr^n
Uvo
F leeaUarx nafia
I
\
T
r:-
fiti
h
rll
tt
t. a'
ril
:T
F'r
Jne omPl$iev
cincwt rurlt
,1%"Y,
ard
WdbaLK
ileAcucad
bU
ilaIiD, hm
the
ffie .9rne #L
w
cn
-l
-{
N
(.)
(i
-
1:-
Noise is dsoved
bg N'
Nc2N
L+ f3
Av
u)heve ,
Nf - Noize uiil1 e"AbacK
N Naire u:1*'tot;Lt Sndbuct<
P
4eedbact<
Yafrb
Au - vottage gain

15. ,
,/ lmpe&nce i,s the
iatarce and neactanez'
el An amPXi$er
zhould
irnf>edance '.lo
fr)eb ib
cnrndnalien
e4
,hAVe ,Ltigh
uitt not
oJ tre
inPut
@n be
aenir>z
v1ltaB
",npfr im@ane
negax"ve vowe
input irnPdancz
lul()rl srJ
zi tt I.F,!y>
input irnPedancs- u:it|-t
input
:nrtPedctnu-
'
cithoua
Yedbacx Ytatto
"
$eadb.LK
)he Pneceedf
'A
e ,'\OUY\@
-
") fligh
achieueA
Ug ihe,
iedbacK'
bg zi
+
-TlP
given ,bA?,
Lit :
uhe"{e,
zif
7i
P
,*he
Awpuu impedan(t t-
An amPlt$ier
i's u'PabLe
_)
uitl't
Jedbau
$eedbacK
t Jhe nPubirnpedanc"
'b
incrleased bZ
\actuv
t t+
PAv)
irnoe,aan@

16. co
ol
G
s'
Y
-l
ri ll
f,
c.r ;i,
U
'I
!
___r,.i
, :l
bg
ll'te
JTBJnu owtu
imPeaarw in
.\eiet
4eeabau<'
Oulpurimpetan@- etith \eeAfac
gTven
bU,
7o
P
Av
uJheve,
7a+ 9utPuv
Zo
outPuL
'JPP615s1sK
t+pAy
impe.dancr-
ZoF
impedancz
pedbacr
ourP4U:E
I t +
P,av).
-i
I
otr
%
"%
Vottoge
l" Cu*<xent
h" OlWenb
.desdes
,shunb
aexia
.ShunY
Lseig-
- sht^d
L@decK
L
zcttt'xttt ')'tv-.
tePd&cxL
Eerfiu-8su1^J
'V
-
n)n t'
C zhu*- &lurt\
'\eedw'cK t&'vnE-gtsg
'{
Jhexe
t" VoWary feua
badc
Trnpedanca i'5
f,,
uith
wittlout
.rl
,0
dwnearseZ'
rfirfib'nafrJF
voLtuAe
nnnat\ue

17. blsr d+n et W
Vol+age*tiu '
\eeAbaerc
amfliget :-
R5
+
Vr,
leedfucrc
nefufirtt
Drnptifi'er
Basic vdtuge
Ampt(
[ier
leeamrr
Newort<
Sarnpt ing
Nefi-^DTf(
Volfage
tdn
n, =un*
,{nenL [eeAaacx
arn p9ifi eY '
-
,9TIgS
Rs
Basic
Tvarronducfurv
lmpti[iet

18. blg d+n €t W
,
\erAbacrc
amfligor :-
\eeAaacx
arn p9ifi eY '
-
Sannpt ing
NEIUDTK
VottaXe
3u,
Ou =V
+
teedfucrc
NEKJfiTK
Bdsic vowe
Ampti
[ier
leea&an
Newovr
Ornptifi'er
Tvarronducfrrtz
$mpti[iet

19. Basic Trans"reslstunu
Ampti$et
Li
R5
feecjbac r
nennNK
r>li"a
nefrnovt<
?rp
Tarwtprsixaner" z Rrn
=
OutX.t
"ot,fie{lg
tnpuL cLtt1fl?nL
(nwes.
*zT
<To
-LL
Rr-
t[r
-b
Basic
cuTrenb
,
arnPt'"#u"
Yead baeK
C'Uttnent qaln , A', : To
uri

20. ewu4e{
"
Ade
/&'rll%
JI
ct
leedbct<
has
i,S dso
,9iU
ampli$iev',
eaLled dA
and
zShunt
voLtage
cDnrec1on
The wtPutb
with
#te
the
'neh))}rlk
i"s
tte arnPLi$ev
-
uol-tuBe to
viu uith
uzed
panaUel
-|he
$uacAon
c[#te owub
it applied th
b
o
e/5
irnpdan(z'
Eouuvalent
Ric = )E
r-
ri
cincuib v
aexiu
$eadbacr
wnPLi[e'r Kxcuit
ulculattng *he inPut ond ourPuL
U
b
weA
tot
slp*i
^frrrlf
o
'Wbo(K
oubPaI- ol
connedon
aL inPut zide t's
*he inPut
imPedoncz'
connec-abn of frie outPut
decne'ate
the oWub
t ttlf?'tro'ndbactl-1, Rk and RocJ

21. Jo
[ind
input
Rir :
Apptgr"S
SiRf 7
I
Vs-Vi +
*ranqgv
llJ)
vf
FVa =a
-(iii)
Jhe
$uncuan
ot
gain,,&
;
Au =Vo
vi
Av fru
t+
PA\
RiEi+\SpVo
-D
gdn
= Vg-
V6
AVr
=
Av vf
Av riRf
Rirr" + p AvriRi
Rf
Rif.= b 2 Ri IIIPAUJ
.fi
Vs
V6
Vo
v5=
Va=
tvu
tpzi,sta,ne tJJtth
\enAbact<
-
li)
eV inPut
slde
'
Y:-
Ti
KVL
Vs =
Rfar +Vt
Vs- Rfi; -W =o

22. tf',u
$endmcrc
Lt+ PAv) /
Rit i's
input n*siatwc*
vatue rnuLttVtied
Ri uith
the
$acmv
input nezLstanu
value.
utith
then *he
incnea'sed
$ind Auryut ,flr%f &onc-e usim
$edbauc
( &Dt-
the oufluE $eeabacrc
,1.%i6tanQ- flae
VoLtaqe arnY>'$$ev i's detetmhed Ug
U
Equiualent ciYceitt
"
-
n . ,r A
c -- t1r^P tl tlt_
r
sg t
-7
rt
I'
.r
I
r-n Yt
t)'v
RorV
tl"r)
T
APdU 'f<ircho$'S voltoge J^aIl ab ouQuE
'side'
Avvi
AvVi+ IRo -Vs =o
t. = Vo-AvVr" (,,)
Eo
K L at "npua side,
F't
=
V,o t \/r
1
$eedaacrc
ApPtA

23. Av i*
tat<inq Rr- '
U
To .(ind Rb
,,
U
Euu eqn ug) rh q,n Cn)
I
=
Vo t PVoAv
Ro,
T Z V6
[tNPAVJ
Rop
=
t6 ft+p aul
@
IooP v1we
Bain
f?oJt I Rl
RqR,
WR,
ffor
Bo + Br-
t+PAv
Rbt- =
Ro Ru
Re+Rr-ft+P99
R'ot
=
Rtaf '
L+
PAV

24. bU
Qn
r Rr-)
R 'oe
Av ia
Ahr nE
RoRu / no.t Rr-
Fo*Ru+ R;flf v
fno+Ru.
RsRu
f Ro+nt
I + Rrp Au_
Ro+ Ru
RoRr- . Au
--
no+n.
2
voL+age
Bdn,'tarcfng
RtAv
Rs*Ru
R1,
th e toPoto71 ' Pr
Erarurqittanez
atnpt$ier irs cuea*L rni"tin voLtage aamNing
Lb i,s al'so ,knoern
'TFre
Werbn
q
-the
al>plid in PatatJel
uitn
the \eeAbacK nA-u.DrK'
+
zN-
P,
"- vo
I
IZ
es Ah etnt -
+evorofz
i^
lo
a'ransn&sfstarre
AmPti[i ev'
leecbocl{.=
netwoYK

25. frtansnajztanu-
OWQtt CL/t2Lent ntO
.Vi
gJ
[rs = pvo]
RrnoW )oop hansxa'ustartu.
qa-En
o
JiS
=
59+ I;
Ig -- rEf +
Fyo
oufrPu'Y voffie
;3I'
Ra +Rl
cUxslenb lau Ab
uti*t-tock
@
I
I
I
I
I
I
V6 . Rr.rr" xi

26. Ts ; Xr' + pRfV rf
Ts =Ti(t+pRM) @
ilhe tnpuE .fleAigfrtn1e uift|1 [edboc.K
f s qiven ab ,
Rp= Yi
T;(tpRvr )
g" vofige anunb
hput ttai&artcz
the
batur
(t+pRu)
gufput se*stana utlth ieeAmLK
6or')
r-
-t
Ti Ro o-t -7a-o +
$edba'cK
arnP)tfiet
'
uith $e&bacrc
decxendes
@
*he
bcd
4
JO
p ptyinS
lufPuU
6ide ,
vohage anunb
-7
Ll
Rop= W
T
Jdrcno$[, voLfage Lutt ab
fiRr.1= -tRo
lf6Ru
fiRm =
Vo- fRo'

27. Jheinptrt cuwEnb i,s
Is
-lleYe Ts-- o
ri
= -!h
Ii
= -pVo
Fvo = -I,l
--
@
&b eryr@ in O,
\= -% -{Srn
\
Ro
=
lO I L1Pftn)
Ro
ri"r 6
Vo Ro
% f r+PRrt
Jhe outPub trwi9rance
elne [acro'r Ct+PRn)
V
nf-- er - rf h-
qiven o^ -
a
-@
c
.l
t
C
6uu O
I?or
@
br
I
'\J
Ror demwa

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nbr
(t t2
Rr-
w
--t
(tO in
Cwwtent
nbr
Rs
+
HPRm
_EqL
+ Ru
,+PRm
Re Rr-
Ro + Ry fi+psrn)
RoBr-
RetR;+ P
RrnRu
Div Cte,) Ag (Ro t Rt) ot1
nbe __ RoWf
ss+n,_
=
qn
@
rturrl A den ,
To
<-
@
Senfea$edmtrc
amPligeY :'
pL
VJ
Jeedfuet<
netutovr
hsic trartsanducaoce
NnPil{et

29. Wivalent
drcdt :-
-r
r[
RiP --)q'
Il
i
> Cowmu
"6eY1%
T <- t
-'7o
SnAbwrc
r
I
Rr-
arnPX{ot
i'6
arnVli$er'
6P1121nNfgn
uLLd QA harusconducbance
. ), 6- taai?s
) Jr hat" '6gfe
afi(fler$ -
"pnets feedbacr
ampli$er,
deuercpd PrrcPOn:torwl
to the
a
l6
E t-te amPl\[ier
el nnductonce
'
Lrarvscondutfiorcz
emp)"Vo{
pt crlnuertrnB
fie
-tttixtt
voLrafle
*he wrut
.+la*%
18
LN
outPcfr
st%ittotnce
> dhe
Jne zenies mnnedgn
aE t'ne inPuY
'side
, ao rhe JnP& orf sfiPul
incvea^Ps
"
f,raYv@dunn@ $erAfucr
flmtr
i'

30. $M
Ri-p =
f
APV\Ying
ltivcho44
=
TiRi + Vf
Vs = Vi 1V!
e
Iau ab inPut aide,
f?tr : -
V5
= PTo+I/Ri
-@lJyw outPub
atstspnb
ro it
Bi*n
ba,
V,s = PGf"lVl"+
ljiRi
=
PGrqVi
+ Vi
Vs
=
Vi ( t-+ pCt'r)
Vs =aiRf
( t+PGto)
Uheve,
GM -_ q>en )oOp
usithout
Rv.
tmrb?nducn/te'
gttn
JeeAbocrc
tat<ing Joad "rd'ftaoa
LogP bYonaattductance 7airt
[@dbaLK
Y:-
g

31. RoF.
t
l-1
ouPilt
t.t
Wsinvane
VE =odiscon'necbtn
ApptyinX tcircnoA"s
GrnVf ;k:T i-T,o =^$
GrnVl"? -t**
I = -GmVi+Vg
RO
inpuu *ry" Vl" i's
tt
\8 +Vf + VP --o
Vi ='VF
V' = -PTo
&u
qYt O
rh
eo'n
Jo
Rr'
4
Vr--pro
Ror
'rE
bad na*anw
Bi*
ar t
f'.'vs=oJ
@
vf
VJ
GmVi
@
@

32. (t
;a =}fr- - GmpT
T+BGrr[ = I
Ro
T ( t+ p6rn)
Rgi
Ro
Ro =
RoF
r( r+pGrn)
t +P&m
Ror
Rwiatanr-z
fncrea'ses
@
bV
rhe
Jhe ouq>ub
f,octor
(t+Pcn)
Jo
Jind '-
dt
Rbr =
R'ol
Ro+ [l Ru
z- R6p X Rr-
R6p * Rl
=
Ro Ct +P&n) x R r-
RoU+Pent -t Rt
RoRu + pRoRtGm
b^ rD. J QRnArt^

33. ,,((JN&
Div q
ruh:
Rot= RoRr-
(Wr Rr- r pctmpo)
/po+R.
', qrq -- Ro&n
i"
)l t
t-tl
--lr':
.[rr
il;
ltll
'I11
.!l
,-^l,
;8
,'H
if;
-:-
R6+ Rr-
Fo +Rr_
P br
L +p?vj
uraenb thunt
@Uacx
Amptil,ierv
*> Ti
FqltvalentClrcuit
RL
P'\
-7
26
Rr
I
--:-Rir:w
7s
rt it aho utted
,)li--
tsasf c Csrrent
0mptifr'ef
{tud,or'*
arnplrii<
r-P.r lt
I
I
r
I
I
I
f Ro
Aio'

34. cuaJpnb.amfling
It ha,s
,afde and
.atde '
Bo if i^
amPLi$er'
ln 'thi's
rs ;6
cillnenb
Xi
'
-tepotogZ
.shunb
zevra
catted
@nne&tbn at
cPnnettion
at
AA .shunb - 6evrA
tVte
#t e.
mPub
OutPut
$eedMrt<
onffguv-avbn, ttte oMut
dinedry PnoPortnonal
fr the
b
lnput
=L
qr
fcct aE"nput zide t
c
fo i*
/
Jhe
ft,:
outPut
fo=
cuxflenb
Ro Af Ei
given aa 2
f Cc,tWenf
@-
f,g = PAf
Xt I fl'
ft z ri( L+pAr).-@)

35. rn
o
<l
)<
Jhe inpub ,xeaiAtnncz
Jhe
$arnv lrt,pas;
Jo
{'nd
,-
Rpziabancz Ro r
Rs | ,
-th€
and Eouru-
T
dewqta
Ioad sai'sta
aJttler) F s-s
o
llt
0urput,
Yor
$inarn6
'^,r,7oo
u,=uo
I
Rof =\
a.o
APPryrnA
Kcr . at ouypub aide
"
Ai ri z -rt-fo T=h-Airi
Apptging Kcr ab inPur -side ,
fJ = f;i+I;
Ytere I,S = o
Rr_
tr
nir
fi
ft
f
T
= -PTo f .To =
s( fi=pI.
=
T0- AiTl
=Vo Ai Ii
<
fb
=Vo AfPI
Ro

36. Ror-
Jh)e aurPut
p,tu, [tr P
Ai)
Jo find
: -
Rtor
bu
R'oP -- Rot tl R t
=
Bsy xRr
,Rot
+Rr
RoRt
( t+ pAf )
Ro[t+pAf)+Rr
R'oF
=
RoRL [t + yzai)
Ro'tRy+ pRoAi
Ro + Rt-
R'or =
RoRt-
@
:bu
0
fi+Bai)
f Bonn,
O)h?-te,
Aa-
Rtop :
t.+pAr
TaTn
Ru.
q&4n
U
RL,
RoRr-
Ro+Ru
bgtarcin6Joacl
Ai
without
tuKiny lmd

37. e
tra
fr1at
L
ar@) '
cl)^6ed
is
a]
-U
l6
uKA tu imPxotte the
.x'nqle Pote 48rcn
'
U
uted fu contrel the
drl amPLitit'
arn cizcta a
,*PUfrnB
methd '
ubma
io tttd
Voaiave
it ured
fr avoid
beedbarK
-
fu ,xducz
uninreni,
the
uhich
un
"iy
'PesVEpal
@rnPenmfion:-
l. lntetnal
WuPrtccd
at
it
elo
yP4lwtde6 iol
') {xeqlr*rrtr
$unctten
ott>)
rnotte Pole's
)Jt
utdth
.l
,4t
e4
Vele.
.> Jt
o[
'> Jt
,tra$er
$wcilen
ntue
Need
') 6n' clored , loeP *taraSer
4unchofr'
choosen Ft
fr're cto@ twP
t, VequencZ
cnmPera0rnln i'
irs a techn
aru>l$'etcittcui$and (%
neyaive
$dmcx
') lt modi#'% the
arnphS'er.
6lD
.&
arnplifi'er
trep
uin
d MiLtet

38. c) Ieaa
d) fled
DomnanE
* the
Pote - zen
Zera
Pole
mut
wle
$oruard
comlvneL@n
Cnmryfionz'
uad @mPnsttorl teytniqPe iA
@rnpensatrbn uhich ia tt)e
rfn d[ t% cornPenlfre
* fumtna-nb Pole cornPen6a'Lion ia an
I urnPtuatron EchniqYe and it ia
'sed lgn
lo,
ctored JooP
A^n
'
', tn t-F'rirs rnettnd , &e a Inte
is
flacz^el at .tout $?t@Luuc?l
in the oPen
t@P Jlt%fnrwe ,7teducz
ampli$'er *o o dbfin
the
" )ouiul o1 nz'rt
'> the J.ounst fry%
PeIe
t'/s a'Ltd
V6
pefa- trat n6 - lad umPnatrbn '
and a
(t
fub n the oPqt laP nz\Prvse
the pteo at orxn I@P Aetn
ol
than I'
+ tt a&a Mh ,
& Iate
(Jofl) ancl a'

39. ir
fleqYerr'td Resprue Ctvtactetifftcs
/ s
db:
8o
6o
r& loqt/B '+odl
- 20 dbldec
'-4o
d
t{o
)o
/n2rf\
I
T!)
I
?e+,, fp, fPa,
i + rte di,s- aduantane *4 MnqYa%
i
*-,orcahon rnenod ib rnLAb
Fnque.neie's
bl dec
4
:
iaoes't ,)Pot> qain /har &n
geduud
l"r- - , u - ..
oclne el $eedfucrc
t6
Potpwnar)@
el 'the
i.
!
i @mPensted arnpti$er
'ta
a|beuea'

40. Etabittitr1 PnMem:- ':(
'l 9tabiLttq
Pnot>ten
o
ich the l@P,, g^'
the
detetr.lttl&5
a4 Wdtua<
arnPri$et'
') tooP '6ain ( AP)
tte
$eefucrc
arnPfi$ier
Sta*sfl $tncnc
q
$eedbacK
nrhpl$ier :'
i,s the mar)ner
jn
' vdnies utin $nerytertcT
/gabiLit? or inatauitiktr
AtrSo demfntn(% ushetner
i6 AtaAle
.
:
loep' Y66r>s[er $ncaul
is
'..---
l-,*;;LJ.
lwP ffaryr $uncAon
us
'
oenerallq
dPnstd bfl I;,
ttosed
.y \low , the cLobed
'loo2 ttan'$ev
ncfuon q
$eccttucr<
ampli$er b
niven
04 ,
As-g -'
!(2.,
, t + p(gAg
ptn
AB) Pts)
becomes
@n6tenb
'
., wy
"=
jd.
ApQQ = A
Qa)
Y Jhe
lunctrbn q
'n
t+ pQut) Aqa)
Joq>
7oi,
it garcrat tT

41. fficunu4
rnhtubiDv/
nxeatu
ffze,aaact<
Ng1uist
tuffia
with
e%tund
It+aP1
N66uwt flov i,s an aPPxmch
+fE, zfuailf
It Ls a ptar plt of
.l@P
$tLeqenc7
ttoed aa a
Pname|ov
Yo"r anel brnqu
enc7 , lreP |ai'
1ffiide , tha cive te el un?f rdf
)r
Then +h2- fiduarx
fa neTa
I
4[a1
+ lhe JDsp gain vaYgtn7 uLrh
'
Jhat
,dry+ermt
aA #E eabiufrl
q the 6ezdbad<
arnPl$er
+ The ctozect )oop
3d,
AY t['cD
tten opeD loop gain a
Qil,
frEn
t@p frar%rn\a"sbn fa
give,rt
')6
.Stable
.
LooP
1cun
AP tf ea ui
raditu *hen I
:'+PAJ /t t
R8s po,sltive .
le
t,[
untt
?
lh
$eedaa.x
lVoL€ ,.-

42. 6tain Ma :-
Gtvi
16
Lapl tr> db ab
Vhaze
an7te ai
14 -ffie
de$ined al
'the
#e
[ve4tencV
Ap f,s )80o
,
value Al
a.t ePhi ch
*he arnPt$eY
lf -the
flain
t-te arnl>Li$eY iz
rnaqin i's
un6table
-
N4argtn
It
nu lhe
trep rtn
AP
(o db)
irs nenattve
'
U
po$titr6' ,
I
aA 'the angte tsl
o{ the angle ei
ryfdulc.ts AP i's unft7.