Ecology Chapter 3. I Methods & Techniques - Part 1

ECOLOGY PARICHAYA IS MY BOOK WHICH INTRODUCES THE SUJECT TO BEGINNERS ; HENCE IT IS NECESSARY TO DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE BASI CONCEPTS AND THE TERMINOLOGY COMMONLY USED IN ECOLOGICAL STUDIES.
THIS PART THEREFORE FOCUSES ON THE LATER IN THIS CHAPTER ALONG WITH VARIOUS ASPECTSOF THE LIFE OF LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVRONMENT WHICH ARE COVERED BY ECOLOGY AND METHODS ADOPTED FOR SUCH STUDIES .

1. Ecology Chapter 3 parichaya
Methods & techniques
Rkjhds vkSj rjdhcsa
bZdksyWkft esa thoksa ds ijLij vkSj okrokj.k ds lkFk
laca/kkssa dk v/;;u izeq[kr% 3 pj.kksa esa fd;k tkrk gS
:
1 oSKkfud voyksdu ( Observation ):
;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %
i izR;{k- ( Direct ) & v/;;u {ks= esa
vkdk’k /varfj{k ls ;k
iz;ksx’kkyk esa
ii vizR;{k ( Indirect ) – vo’ks"k]
vif’"V ]
infpUgksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls
(via
remains, faeces,or foot prints )
observations ,slh rF;kred tkudkjh
(data) bdV~Bk djus ds fy;ss fd;s tkrs gSa
tks v/;;u ds fo"k; ds fy;s mi;aqDr gks &
mnkgj.kkZFk ( for example ):

2. Species dh LVMh ds fy;s MsVk pkfg;s :
i forj.k O;oLFkk ( Distribution
pattern )
Cksrjrhc ] rjrhc ls ];k >qaM :ih ]
dk
( Random, uniform or clumped )
ii O;ogkj ( behaviour ) dk
iii fØ;k izfrfØ;k (Interaction) vkfn dk
Ecology parichaya
bldas fy;s djuk iM+ ldrk@ldrh gS %
(a) fxurh ¼lax.kuk½
( b) uki rksy
( c ) uD’kk cukuk
(d) foLr`r fooj.k (C;kSjk)
y{k.k] fo’ks"krk] thou'kSyh dk
¼ vknrsa]:fp]thoupØ]lkekftd laca/kkas dk ½
[ details of features ,traits ,lifestyle ]
bl izdkj izkIr vkaadM+ksa ls ,d iz’ukoyh ;k
ifjdYiuk ( hypothesis ):Ik ys ldrh gsS A

3. 2 iz;ksx (Experimentation ) :
buesa 'kkfey gS v/;;u {ks= ;k
iz;ksx’kkyk
esa ifjorZu’khy dkjdksa dh vnykcnyh ls
ifjdYiuk dh tkap A
( Manipulation of variables for
testing the hypothesis )
3 ekSMy cukuk ( Modelling ):
bZdkSykSftdy izfØ;kvksa ds
vuqdj.k
vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh ds fy;s
Xkf.krh; /dEI;qVjh; ekSMfyax dh tkrh gS
Ecology parichaya
TkSls ds %fuEufyf[kr izfØ;kvksa ds fy;s :
i tula[;k o`f) ( Population growth )
ii laHkkfor HkkSxksfyd forj.k
( probable geographic distribution )
iii f’kdkjh & f’kdkj fØ;k & izfrfØ;k
( predator –prey action –reaction )

4. iv Lihlht+&okrkoj.k esa fØ;k &
izfrfØ;k
(species –environment action reaction)
v jksxksa dk izlkj ( spread of
diseases )
,sLkh izfØ;kvksa ds fy;s
dke esa fy;s tkrs gSa+ %
i bZdkSykSftdy ‘uhps ’ekSMy ENM
ii Lihlht+ forj.k ekSMy SDM
i ENM dk Q+ksdl fundamental niche (
)
Ikj gksrk gS ;vFkkZr species vkSj
okrkoj.k ds
vtSo¼ futhZo½ dkjdksa (abiotic factors) ds
laca/kksa ij A
vr% bldk mi;ksx t+knkrj fd;k tkrk gS %
(a)ml {ks= dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus ds
fy;s tgka
dksbZ Lihlht+ LkaHkor% gks ldrh
/QSy ldrh gS

5. Ecology parichaya
(b) oks {ks= igpkuus ds fy;s tks
ladVxzLr
Ikztkfr;ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s mi;qDr gks
(c) tyok;q ifjorZu ds Lihlht+ ij izHkko dh
Hkfo";ok.kh djus ds fy;s
For ex : bl ekSMy ls irk yxtkrk gS fd dksbZ chekjh
dgka¡ dgk¡ vkSj QSy ldrh gS ftlls ge o[+r
jgrs mldh jksdFkke igys ls gh dj ldrs gS A
ii SDM –
bldk Q+ksdl Realised Niche ij
;kuh present range (orZeku forj.k {ks= ½
ij gksrk gS vFkkZr Lihlht+ ds tSfod o vtSfod
( biotic & abiotic )nksuks djdksa ls lEca/kksa
,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ij jgrk gS A
blfy;s bldk t+knk mi;ksx fdlh Lihlht+ dk
Hkwr ]Hkfo"; ]orZeku esa forj.k ] cgqyrk
vkSj
LFkkukaurj.k ( distribution, abundance

6. and shift (s))Tkkuus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gS A
blls izca/ku ( management ) vkSj
laj{k.k (conservation )esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

Ecology parichaya
Åij fn;s x;s 3 izeq[k rjhdksa dk mi;ksx fo’ks"kr;k fuEufyf[kr
izfØ;kvksa
ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS :
1 Lkekftd / lkeqfgd ifjorZu’khyrk
( Population dynamics )
2 tSfod fofo/krk dk vuqeku yxkuk
( Estimate Biodiversity )
3 bZdkWykWftdy izfØ;ka¡vksaa dk fo’ys"k.k
¼bdykSrs tho ls iwjs bZdksflLVe rd dk ½
( Analyze ecological processes
at individual to ecosystem level )
4 Tkula[;k vuqeku & lkbt+] ?kuRo]
cgqyrk
( Estimate population

7. (i )size (ii) density(iii) abundance )
5 bZdkSykSth ra= is ekuoh fØ;kvksa]
dk;ZØeksa dk
vlj
( Effect of human activities on
eco system )
Ecology parichaya
LVMh ds izdkj (Study types):
A xgu (Intensive) :
izs{k.k / voyksdu dh iquvkZo`fRr okys
tSls ds % tulka[;fd izfØ;kvks
esa
( involving repeated observations )
for ex: for demographic processes
B O;kid @fofL=r ( Extensive) :
fofo/k fo"k;ksa /{ks=ksa esa fOkfL=r
vuqla/kku %tSls ds %%

8. forj.k ]cgqrk;r ]laj{k.k ]izca/ku vkfn
esa
( Covering larger areas to
Investigate Distribution,
Abundance, Conservation ,
Management etc )
vuqeku ds rjhds
Methods of Estimation :
1fujis{k ( Absolute )-
bl rjhds ls fxurh vkSj ?kuRo ds
lVhd vkadM+s feyrs gS
( Provides precise counts or densities )
Ecology parichaya
2 lkis{k (rqyukRed ) (Relative)
Species dh cgqrk;r vkfn
dh
Lwkwpd indices ds rqyukRed
v/;;u dk volj nsrk gS
LVMh ds fMtk+bu
Study designs

9. izeq[k igyw - 3 t+:jh ckrsa
( Main axes - 3 essential aspects)
1 le; ds iSekus (dkyeku ) laca/kh fu.kZ;
( Temporal resolution – Time scale )
(a) ckjEckjrk ¼ iquvkZo`fRRk ½
( Frequency )
(b) dqy voyksdu vof/k
( Duration )
2 LFkku ds iSekus laca/kh
fu.kZ; ;kuh
v/;;u {ks= dk foLrkj vkSj ekun.M rS djuk
( Spatial resolution - extent & unit
i iSekus dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ pquuk /r;
djuk
( Grain (smallest unit )scale decision

Ecology parichaya
( b ) {ks= Lrj vkSj {ks=Qy r; djuk ;kuh
LFkkuh; ]izknsf’kd ;k]fo’oLrjh; r; djuk
Extent ( area) of investigation
( Local, regional or global )

10. 3 bZdkSykSftdy izfØ;kvksa dk p;u -
;kuh
fdl fdl izfØ;k dk v/;;u djuk gS
pquuk
Resolution of Ecological processes -
Selection of process(es) to be studied
mnkgj.kkFkZ rS djuk For ex :to decide
1 tho & futhZo pØ
((Living /nonliving conversion cycle )
2 ÅtkZ vkSj iks"k.k pØ
Energy & Nutrition cycle
3 dkcZu ;k ty pØ vkfn bR;kfn
Carbon or water cycle etc
fdl dh ;k fdl fdl dh LVMh djuh gS
s ( which of these have to be studied )
4 bdykSrs tho ls bZdksflLVe rd esa ls
fdl Lrj ¼ ySoy ½ ij djuh gS
( from individual to ecosystem )
Ecology parichaya
LVMh fMtk+bu ds izdkj

11. Types of designs of study
A rqyukRed ¼ØkSl lSD’kuy ½
( cross sectional )
,d xzqi /{ks= ds ,d gh le; /vof/k
esa /ds
fofHkUu dkjdksa ds lEca/kksa dk
fo’ys"k.k
(db tuksa /O;fDr;ksa vkfn ls ,df=r )
dqy voyksfdr MsVk vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk
rqyukRed v/;;u
[Analyzing relationship between
Variables affecting a group
they compare aggregate exposures
& outcomes at / within same time /
time period .]
B Lke; ds lkFk cnyrs :>ku
Time trend studies
mnkgj.k % fdlh dE;wfuVh esas fdlh
chekjh ;k e`R;qnj esa ekSle ] okrkoj.k ;k
thou’kSyh es le; ls cnyko ds lkFk

12. ifjorZu dk v/;;u A
Ecology parichaya
[These examine how for ex:
disease incidence or mortality
correlates with changes in a
community environment or
way of life over time]
C o.kZukRed v/;;u ( descriptive studies )
;s fo"k; dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djrs gSa
tSls ds
dlh leqnk; esa fdlh chekjh ;k [k+rjs
ds forj.k dk fooj.k
[They simply describe the subject ;
for example:
distribution of disease or risk
factor within a population ].
?kVd ;k vo;o ( Key components )
1 fof’k"V mn~ns’; lqfuf’pr djuk
(Setting objective (specific goal ))
2 dk;Zdze dh ;kstuk cukuk

13. (Program planning )
3 v/;;u {ks= Eksaa / ls MsVk ysuk / ,d= djuk
( Field data acquisition )
Ecology parichaya
4 MsVkfo’ys"k.k vkSj fjiksfVZax fofHkUu
rjhdks ls %:
(Data analysis & reporting using) :
A lka[;fd rjhdksa ls izfr:Ik fooj.k vkSj
fo’ys"k.k
( Statistical methods to analyze and
describe pattern etc)
B dEI;qVj }kjk izfr—fr cukds tfVy ?kVukvksa ds
v/;;u ds rjhdksa ls
( computer simulation to model
complex phenomena )
ikfjfLFkrdh ds dkjd (Ecological parameters )
fuf’pr ukius;ksX; fo’ks"krk;sa tks bZdks&O;oLFkk es
LFkkf;Ro]larqyu vkSj

14. fØ;k&izfrfØ;k iz.kkyh cuk;s j[krh gSa dkjd dgykrh
gSa
(Parameters are Fixed measurable characteristics which
affect stability & Function of Species or Ecosystem )
;s nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa i tSfod vkSj ii vtSfod dkjd
( i Biotic ii abiotic factors )for ex:
( i )tSfod (Biotic) :
1 Lihlht+ dh fofHkUurk vkSj cgqyrk (species diversity &
richness)
[ fofHkUUk Lihlht+ dh la[;k vkSj cgqyrk ]]
Ecology parichaya
2 tula[;k ?kuRo ( population density )
3 dqy æO;eku ( Biomass in an area )
4 izkFkfed mRikndrk ( Primary productivity )
[ Q+ksVksflaFkSfll dh jsV ( Rate of photosynthesis ) ]
5 vi?kVu ¼ lM+u ½ dh nj ( Rate of decomposition )
6 thou vkSj e`R;q dh njsa ( birth & death
rates)
7 iks"kd rRoksa dk pfØ; izokg (Nutrient
cycling )

15. 8 jksxksa dk izpyu /izlkj ( Disease
prevalence )
9 f’kdkjh f’kdkj laca/k (predator prey
relations )
( ii ) vtSfod ( Abiotic )
A HkkSfrd ( Physical ) :
1 rkieku ( Temperature )
2 lw;Z izdk’k ( sunlight )
3 o"kkZ ( Rainfall )
4 ok;q xfr ( wind speed )
5 ty /kkjk ( water current )
6 [kkjkiu / yo.krk ikuh dh ( water salinity )
7 e`nk vEyh;rk - feVVh dh ( soil acidity / pH )
8 feVVh / e`nk dh fdLe ( soil type )
9 xgjkbZ ty dh ( Depth )
Ecology parichaya
B jlk;fud Chemical
1 ikuh es ?kqyh vkSDlhtu (Dissolved
oxygen)

16. 2 Ikks"kd rRoksa dk ySoy ( Nutrient
level )
[Availability of essential elements N,P,etc ]
3 ty dh pH
4 ty dh ikjnf’kZrk / xnykiu
( Waters clarity / turbidity) )
5 okrkoj.k dh xSlsa ( Atmospheric
gases )
[ Concentration of gases CO2 ,CH4 etc ]

Ecosystem esa Okkrkoj.k ds dkjdksa dh ikjLifjd
ØhM++k
Inter play of environmental factors in ecosystem
gj bzZdks flLVe esa ;s dkjd ijLij
fØ;k izfrfØ;k djrs jgrs fujarj
djrs gq, izHkkfor thoksa ds O;ogkj
forj.k vkSj ran:Lrh fo’ks"dj
okLro esa thou ds gj igyw ij
fn[kkbZ nsrk budk dkQ+h vlj
buds ijLij laca/kks ls cu tkrk

17. ,d tatky lk tfVy tky ;gka ij
Ecology parichaya
tSfod ]vtSfod nksuksa djrs jgrs bl izdkj
gjdr] ds cuk jgrk flLVe esa larqyu cjkcj
vkSj ;s ys ysrk viuk oks fof’k"V :Ikl:Ik ;gkaij
tks mldh [k+kl igpku cu tkrk mHkj dj
vkb;s ns[ksa mnkgj.k dqN ,sls NkaVdj
NVk >ydrh ftuesa iz—fr dh euksgj
is’k djrs tks ut+kjk gksjgha var%fØ;kvksa dk
Li"V djrs ljyrkls muds tfVy laca/k ijLij
tSls ds ,d bZdks flLVe esa %:
f’kdkjh j[krs f’kdkj iztkfr;ksa dh tula[;k ij
fu;a=.k] djrs jgrs izHkkfor muds O;ogkj vkSj forj.k
izfr;ksfxrk gksrh jgrh iztkfr;ksa esa nkukikuh ds fy;s
,slh] ds cp ikrha ;ksX; cyoku gh ] fucZy ugha ogka ij
ikS/ks Hkh djrs jgrs pqipki cM+h izfr;ksfxrk fujarj
lw;Z izdk’k ] ty ] ;k iks"kd rRoksa ds fy;s ;gka ij
Lkgthfo;ksa esa gksrs laca/k FkksM+s ;k
iwjs thou ds

18. nksuksa ysrs nsrs jgrs ykHk ijLij ,slh fe=rk
ds
;k igqapkrs jgrs gkuh ,d nwljs dks ,slh 'k=qrk
ds
;k ijLij flQ+Z lgkjk ysus nsus rd lhfer jgrs
tSls db i{kh isM+ksa ij uhM+ cukdj mu ij
jgrs
ij daqN pjrs pkSi;ksa ij cSBscSBs ?kwe?kwe
[kkrss dhM++s
Ecology parichaya
Lkw;Z izdk’k ]ty ]ok;q ls dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gS
Q+ksVksfluFkSfll tSlh thounk;h ck;ksdSfedy fØ;k,asa
feVVh dh pH ,ds lax lax ;s rhuks djrs jgrs
ikS/kksa dh xzksFk vkSj fodkl izHkkfor] tx tkfgj gS
o"kkZ ls gks tkrh /kjrh dSlh gjh Hkjh
lc izkf.k;ksa dh djrh vko’;drk iwjh
pjus dks fey tkrs ?kkl ikr gjs gjs
tSo -tSo ]tSo-vtSo laca/k Li"V fn[kkrs
ekuoksa ds iz—fr ls laca/k gksrs tfVy cM+s
iz—fr vk/kkfjr gS mldk Hkh thou 'kq: ls

19. ij bZdks flLVEl dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk ogh gS
vkSj mldh HkjikbZ lja{k.k ls djrk Hkh ogh gS
fdrus gh tfVy gksa ;s laca/k Hkys gh
budks tkuuk le>uk gS csgn t+:jh
HkfyHkkafr tkap ij[k oSKkfud rjhdksa ls
bdksykSth tkule> bUgsa eSust djus dh
AaA




Ecology parichaya
bZdksykSftdy fjt+kSY;q’ku vFkkZr
foLr`r fooj.k ds Lrj %dk fu.kZ;
IkkfjfLFkfrdh esa ?kVukvks ds v/;;u ds le;
Rkhu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko’;d gS %
LFkku laca/kh ] oxZ lEca/kh ] vkokl is xeukxeu
lEca/kh lqfo/kk ds Ikfjek.k dh mfpr bdkbZ dk p;u
[ Ecological resolution – refers to the
Level of detail at which eco phenomena

20. are studied & represented in terms of
spatial or taxonomic units or connectivity
of habitat ]
LisfL;y fjt++kSY;q’ku
LFkku lEca/kh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk fu.kZ; %
vFkkZr Hkksxksfyd dk;Z{ks= ds {ks=Qy ds
fy;s y?kqre bdkbZ vkSj MsVk dh ifj’kq)rk
dk fu’p; vko’;d gS ;;s fjt+kSY;q’ku nks
izdkj dk gksrk gS
[ Spatial resolution refers to
Geographical extant & precision of
data collection ie smallest unit of
space distinguishable or analyzed ]
Ecology parichaya
(i) High Resolution mPp (t+knk )foHksnu
;kuh lw{e / y?qk / NksVh ls NksVh pixel dk
bLrSeky djds Q+ksVks ;k best cukuk
tSls ekuks sa
,d taxy esa ds fof’k"V ikS/kksa ds forj.k
dk fofL=r v/;;u NksVs fiDly (ekuks 1 meter ds )
dke esa ysrs gq, fofLr`r Nfo;ksa ( detailed imagery)

21. }kjk fo’ys"k.k djds
Analyzing distribution of individual
plants in a forest using detailed
imagery with small pixel sizes (of
say for ex 1 meter)
Low resolution de foHksnu ( fjt+kSY;q’ku )
cM+s cM+s pixel dke esa ysrs gq, Q+ksVks ysuk ;k
best cukuk tSls ekuks
,d fo’kky {ks= es fofHkUu izdkj ds taxyksa
ds forj.k ds fo’ys"k.k ds fy;s cM+s fiDly
( 30 meter or more )dke esa ysrs gq,
Ykh xbZ lsVSykbV bestjh ds v/;;u }kjk
Analyzing distribution of different
forests across a large region using
satellite imagery with large pixel
sizes ( eg 30 meters or more )

Ecology parichaya
oxhZdj.k fu/kkZj.k :
vFkkZr ;s r; djuk ds v/;;u
Lihlht+ Lrj ij ] thul Lrj ij
vFkok ifjokj ;k fdlh cM+s xzqi ds

22. Lrj ij djuk mfpr gksxk A vr%
;s nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS
Taxonomic resolution:
It refers to details used to classify
eg species ,genus or family etc.
Hence, it is considered of 2 types
( a) High resolution mPp (vf/kd )foHksnu :
Lihlht Lrj dk fo’ys"k.k
mPp (vf/kd )foHksnu n’kkZrk gS
[ High taxonomic resolution shows
analyzing at species level ]
(b)Low resolution : fuEu ¼ de ½
foHksnu
cM+s cM+s xzqIk tSls ‘dksuhQ+lZ ds taxy
’;k
‘'kkdkgkjh tUrq’]Lrj ds oxhZdj.k okyk
fo’ys"k.k de foHksnu ;kuh Low resolution
n’kkZrk gS
Ecology parichaya

23. [Grouping in Bigger categories
like Conifers or herbivores etc
shows Low resolution.]
Connectivity context ;kuh laidZ
lqfo/kk
ds lanHkZ esa fu.kZ; :%
tho tUrqvksa ds vkokl {ks=ksa esa laidZ
lqfo/kk
cph gS rks fdruh vkSj tks cph gS oks muds
fy;s
lqfo/kktud gS ;k ugha ;kuh xeukxeu lgt
gS ;k ugha ,oa iks"k.k vkSj ÅtkZ pØ ds
izokg
ij oks tks vlj Mkyrh gS tkuuk t+:jh gS A
Connectivity context: refers to
degree to which features of habitat
impede or facilitate movement of
organisms or flow of resources and
energy.