Ed in Creativity, play and learning.pptx

Cognit education

1. Welcome to next lesson Creativity, play and learning 10/27/2020 1

2. Creativity, play and learning Definition of creativity. Development of creativity. Factors that may influence creativity. Ways of enhancing creativity. Hindrances to creativity. Definition of play. Importance of play. Implications of creativity and play to learning. 10/27/2020 2

3. Creativity. Creativity is the process of coming up with something new. It may be a product or idea. It may be verbal or non-verbal, concrete or abstract. Creativity is the ability to see things in a new and unusual light, to see problems that no one else may realize exist, and to come up with new, unusual and effective solutions. Creativity is the capacity to produce compositions, products or ideas that are new and previously unknown to the producer. Creativity is motivated and goal oriented, and does not always happen by chance. Creativity involves a combination of new and old, hence it may not always be unique. Creativity is divergent and considers several options. Creative individuals think outside the box, compared to convergent thinkers who produce regular outcomes. 10/27/2020 3

4. Creativity … Although creativity requires intelligence, it does not rely on its presence. Heredity has a role to play in creativity, but it is not a determinant. Individuals have to acquire basic information and knowledge to build on it. Development of creativity Creativity begins early in life as shown in child’s play. It gradually spreads to other spheres of ones life. Studies indicate that creativity gets to its peak in the thirties, where it remains on a plateau or begins to decline. This depends on the individual’s experiences and effort. 10/27/2020 4

5. Factors that may influence creativity 1) Socio-economic status . Children from well up families may show more creativity due to exposure and more democracy compared to children from poor families where parents tend to be authoritarian. 2) Gender. Boys tend to be more creative. This may be as a result of the more opportunities available to them. Boys have more freedom and enjoy independence. Stereotyping also contribute to this. E.g. girls cannot be engineers, Science technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) is for boys. 10/27/2020 5

6. Factors that may influence creativity… 3) Family size Children from smaller families are more creative compared to those from large families. This may be due to lack of opportunities and materials. The style of family interactions can influence creativity. 4) Position in the family First born tend to be the least creative (with exceptions). This is because of pressure to conform to parental expectations. 5) Encouragement. Learners are encouraged by teachers at school and by parents at home. It leads to persistence, trying/attempting again and again. 10/27/2020 6

7. Factors that may influence creativity… 6) Personality. Curious people are creative as well as risk-takers. They are divergent thinkers. Divergent thinkers consider several options. Convergent thinkers produce regular outcomes and hence least creative. 7) Willingness of field to accept new knowledge. Certain fields of study deal with what is known (history) while others deal with discovery of knowledge (research). 8) Necessity. Necessity is said to be the mother of all inventions. i.e. when an individual is faced with need/problem/challenge, he/she is forced to look for solution (invention). 10/27/2020 7

8. Factors that may influence creativity… 9) Thinking skills . Thinking occurs during problem solving activities. Thinking skills are influenced by the level of mental development. High mental development can sustain creativity. 10) Lack of inhibition . Living in an environment which offers freedom to explore and discover encourages creativity as opposed to restrained environment. 10/27/2020 8

9. Ways of enhancing creativity Creativity can be encouraged at home, school and at work places by accepting unusual and imaginative responses to situations, and by eliminating negative attitudes towards creativity which makes a person to label others as bad, silly, wild, uncouth, dare devil, etc. A teacher may enhance creativity in class by any of the following: Accept and encourage divergent thinking. Encourage expression of curiosity by asking questions. Organize for exploratory activities that promote discovery. Encourage improvisation of play materials. Recognize both academic and other types of achievements. Provide a conducive environment and adequate materials. 10/27/2020 9

10. Ways of enhancing creativity… Encourage students to trust their own judgement and provide rewards for creativity. Encourage discussion, research and project based learning. Organize for tours and excursions for more exposure [they provoke thinking]. Emphasis that everyone is capable of creativity of some form. Allow differing opinion/radical ideas/criticism. Do not over emphasize togetherness/allow individualism. Provide practical toys [items]. Allow room for imaginations. E.g. suppose we do this. What would happen? [suppose the sun does not rise from the East one day. What would happen?] 10/27/2020 10

11. Hindrances to creativity Creativity is greatly inhibited by social expectation and authority. E.g. very strict rules and regulations reduce creativity. Conformity reduces creative behavour . E.g. peer approval especially of opposite sex during adolescence inhibits creativity. Specific training of adults into specific career reduces creativity. Age factor; too old to learn new things ; too young therefore, ideas not respected. Peers ridicule. Family not encouraging. 10/27/2020 11

12. Who is a creative teacher. A creative teacher does the following: Uses imaginative approach to make learning of content and evaluation more interesting, exciting and participatory. Gives room for use of imagination i.e. open-expression. Encourages discussion, research and project based learning. Organizes for tours and excursions for more exposure because tours provoke students to think. 10/27/2020 12

13. Possible indicators of creativity in learners. creative learner may have some of the following features: Playfulness Independence High concentration level Curiosity High adaptability skills Non-conformity High energy level Risk-taking Attracted to complex and mysterious things Willingness to fantasize and day-dream 10/27/2020 13

14. Importance of creativity to learning Creativity helps learners to internalize the knowledge hence it becomes more permanent. Creativity encourages democracy, hence creating a more conducive environment for learning [reduces stress and boredom]. Creativity produces positive outcomes i.e discovery of new things. It encourages problem-solving skills [transfer of knowledge from one subject to another]. Creativity helps learners to make independent judgement . Creativity improves student’s motivation to learn [intrinsic motivation] 10/27/2020 14

15. Role of play in learning. Play is an activity engaged in for enjoyment without consideration of the end result. It is voluntary: has no external forces or compulsion. Play is an activity for amusement only, especially among young children as they explore their environment and learn new skills. Play may be active or passive. Active play involves one doing or taking part in an activity or game. It requires expending some large amount of energy or effort Passive play involves enjoyment derived from the activities of others, or activities that require minimal expense of energy, such as: watching others play, watching TV, reading books, etc. 10/27/2020 15

16. The importance of play. Learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in an individual’s knowledge and behavior. From infancy onwards play becomes an important factor for the developing child and a form of education. A child thus should be given plenty of opportunity for play. Why? It instills a sense of co-operation in the child which helps them appreciate the role played by others [what others have to offer]. Play helps to lift self-esteem of child because they feel in-charge i.e. play what they want. Play stimulates creativity. A child is able to exercise the power of imagination and reasoning and hence acquire certain skills like: commanding, boldness, domineering, assertiveness, etc. 10/27/2020 16

17. The importance of play … 4. Play is therapeutic: it heals children both physically and mentally. It provides children with means to express their feelings and overcome fears. E.g. wishful play like: playing parents may make children behave naughtily. This will help child get rid of rebellion. Frightening or strange activities may be reproduced during play for child to get rid of anxiety connected with these experiences. 5. Play helps children to learn moral values such as fairness, tolerance, honesty, self-control, love, truthfulness etc. 6. Play enhances communication skills because play requires a large amount of communicating with others. Thus it improve language development. 7 . Play enhances the relationship between teachers and the learners. 10/27/2020 17

18. Importance of play … What are the types of play that teenagers engage in? What is the role of play among adult learners? If you are in-charge of timetable, would you schedule for break in between learning session at college level? Why? 10/27/2020 18

19. Implication to learning. Play improves readiness (physical, social and emotional) which is crucial for effective learning. Play is an effective way of enhancing learning because children naturally love to play, it is an effective way to teach. It can be used to learn critical thinking among older learners. During middle childhood, acting out helps in better understanding. This can be applied in history and literature. Although visual aids are important, children learn best by doing things themselves. Teaching through practical activities should be applied whenever possible during the early years of primary schooling. Handling practical problems helps in the development of reasoning power. 10/27/2020 19

20. End of lesson. Thank you activity A parent of grade 3 learner complained to you that their school is not serious with academic progress of their children. Why? Because the school has bought a lot of play materials for pp1 & pp2, grades : 1,2&3 have three break session between 8.00am & 12.45 pm. Parent wishes that school can charge money for teachers to offer early morning tuition, after classes and week-end lessons for all pupils in the school. Advise this parent 10/27/2020 20

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24. Definition of terms: What is language? Language may refer to ability to communicate using words. Language is an avenue for expression of oneself in speech. Language is a system of grammatical rules and meanings that make speech meaningful. Language is a system for expression of thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. by use of spoken sounds and symbols. Speech is the ability to speak or to use vocalization to communicate. Speech is the concrete physical act of forming and sequencing the sounds of oral language i.e. the act of speaking. Possessing a language is an essential human trait: all normal humans speak, non-humans do not speak. August,2020 24

25. Language development … Language is the main means by which we know about other people’s thoughts and therefore, thoughts and language are intimately related. Activity work *In less than 200 words describe a world where there is no language. *Children cry when their mother or care-taker binds them good-bye. What comes first: thought or language? August,2020 25

26. Importance of language Language is a medium of learning most skills and knowledge. Language is a major part of a child’s learning: at home, at school, in the neighborhood, mass media, etc. Learning depends on language which is the basis of social communication. Language is used to express thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. Cognitive development achievement depends closely on the mastery of speech. Language adds flavor to life: watching drama, listening to music or poem takes away boredom and makes life interesting. August,2020 26

27. Factors to consider in choosing a teaching method Learners; characteristics and nature of the students e.g. age, maturity, grade level, abilities, growth, health etc. Subject matter Deals with the nature of the content to be learned Teacher must be able to choose the methods that will make learning effective and meaningful Objectives The expected outcome of the lesson and will dictate the strategy to be used August,2020 27

28. Language is the main means by which we know about other people’s thoughts and therefore, thoughts and language are intimately related. Activity work * In less than 200 words describe a world where there is no language. *Children cry when their mother or care-taker binds them good-bye. What comes first: thought or language? August,2020 28

29. CONT’D 6. Teaching learning resources The availability of materials, devices and technologies needed should be considered for the lack of them may hamper the achievement of the objectives NB . Learners to add other factors August,2020 29

30. Principles in choosing a teaching method Learning is an active process Learners should be actively engaged in learning activities for them to learn what is intended to be taught Give learners varied activities for “hands-on-minds-on’’ learning ‘’Tell me, I’II forget; Show me, I’II remember; Involve me, I’II understand.’’ Chinese proverb . August,2020 30

31. CONT’D 2. The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and better the learning Utilizing a method that makes use of multisensory aid(combination of three or more senses) is more effective 3. A non-threatening atmosphere enhances learning It is not only a function of the physical classroom but more a function of the psychological climate that prevails in the classroom. 4. Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning - the more emotionally involved our students become in our lesson, the greater the impact. August,2020 31

32. 5. Learning is more meaningful when it is connected to student’s everyday life. Abstract concepts are made more understandable when we give sufficient examples relating to the students’ experience. 6. Good teaching goes beyond recall information. Teaching should reach the levels of application, analysis and evaluation to hone the students’ thinking skills. August, 2020 32

33. 7. An integrated teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of information. - An instructional approach is integrated when it considers the multiple intelligences and varied learning styles of students. 8. There is no such thing as best teaching method. The best method is one that works, the one that yields results . - If the stated objectives are achieved and learning takes place, then the teaching method used at the time is appropriate. August ,2020 33

34. Different methods of teaching The following are the most commonly used methods of teaching: L ecture 9. Team teaching Discussion 10. Field trip Question-Answer 11. Role play Group work 12 .Experimentation Individual assignment 13. Programmed instruction Demonstration 14. Attachment method Project 15. E-learning Case study 16.The seminar method LIST ANY OTHER METHODS OF TEACHING August 2020 34

35. LECTURE METHOD A lecture: can be defined as a talk by a teacher for the purpose of giving information Method: is a way of transferring information Lecturing is a teaching method in which facts or principles are presented orally to a group of students who take notes. Teacher does most of the talking- most of the time Types : Formal and Informal lecture August,2020 35

36. WHEN TO USE THIS METHOD When introducing a new topic When presenting materials not easily available e.g. when there are no textbooks to refer to When supplementing textbook materials When summarizing important points and capitulating certain generalizations and principles at the end of the lesson When attempting to cover a lot of material within a short time When you want to reinforce written work Agust,2020 36

37. WE CANT USE LECTURE; When dealing with learners of low levels. When teaching a skill. When material to be presented is easily available August, 2020 37

38. ADVANTAGES OF LECTURE METHOD It is economical with classroom time Allows the teacher to cope with large numbers of students Teacher able to give new knowledge and experiences to learner Encourages the art of note taking Useful in introducing new topics Teacher can explain news concepts in depth encourages students to read widely August,2020 38

39. DISADVANTAGES OF LECTURE METHOD The strategy progresses at the pace of the speaker rather than that of the learner Information delivery is likely to be affected by noise D ifficult to measure student learning and/or interest. Often inadequate for teaching skills Knowledge gained without participation is not assimilated. T ends to be a one way process with students in a passive role Encourage acceptance of the teacher as the final authority. D oes not cater for individual differences among the students August,2020 39

40. HOW CAN WE IMPROVE ON THE USE OF LECTURE METHOD? Teacher should be clear and loud enough. By checking the students’ understanding by asking questions. Beware of non – verbal signals from students (do not ignore them). By adapting a language to the level of the students’ understanding. Make use of illustrating devices where necessary i.e. teaching aids should be used where appropriate . August,2020 40

41. CONT’D Move around when delivering the lecture i.e. stop standing at one point. Maintain eye contact. Use variation in speed, voice pitch, interaction styles and pauses. Understand the note taking speed of your learners. Make it brief, interesting. Involve learners in the lesson August,2020 41

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43. QUESTION-ANSWER METHOD A question is a statement for which a reply is expected . Also referred to as questioning method TYPES OF QUESTIONING Memory questions : Used for recall of information emphasis facts, or drill for retention of facts and obtain some measure of achievement Auust,2020 43

44. Characteristics It requires short answers. Promotes guessing Often have one correct answer Requires a little thinking. It is based on knowledge rather than understanding August, 2002 44

45. CONT,D The thought provoking questions : C alls for knowledge and understanding. The learners must be able to think and explain about the subject and give logical correct answers Guessing is minimal and critical learning is the result. Formulate TWO thought provoking questions 45

46. Characteristics Challenges the learner’s effort more than the memory type question; and command greater attention and reflection. Stimulates further activity for judgment, analysis, organization, comparison, and understanding inside a logical thinking Divergent thinking questions . This is a variety of questions, which involve probing the learners. Requires explanations Evaluative Questions: Requires a learner to take a decision on a certain problem and be able to defend and justify his choice . August,2020 46

47. AIMS OF ASKING QUESTIONS To obtain feedback . To understand the learners . Asking questions can easily check the entry behavior, or present level of learning. To check on work done. To promote interest. To demonstrate difficulties . To test comprehension . To assess ability. To Develop Originality . August,2020 47

48. ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONING Develops processes of thinking and guides enquiry and decision making. Helps teachers’ assess the effectiveness of their own teaching. Encourages learners to ask their own questions. Helps acquire and clarify information; answers concerns and develops communication skills. Determines learners prior knowledge. Provides motivation by encouraging active participation Leads learners to consider new ideas August,2020 48

49. DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONING Introvert and self conscious learner may not participate actively Those that cannot bring out their ideas well or have language difficulties will contribute little or shy off all together Consumes a lot of time . STATE OTHER DISADVANTAGES August,2020 49

50. Group work This is where students are given work to do after school hours. It is related to what they have already done or what they are yet to do A set of tasks or a specific task which are expected to complete in a given time What is the rationale of group work? Response? August, 2020 50

51. TYPES OF GROUPS Gender -base grouping Need grouping Random grouping Ability grouping Mixed or non-ability grouping Social or natural grouping Interest grouping August,2020 51

52. ADVANTAGES OF GROUP WORK METHOD E ncourages social interaction among learners. H elps a teacher to plan how to assist pupils with special learning problems E nhances learner– teacher relationship M akes it easy to assess the progress of the individual learner in learning skills E nables the teacher to give more individual attention to each learner’s learning needs. U sed in schools employing a variety of class arrangements, groupings and schedules August,2020 52

53. CONT,D S trategy is conducive to developing learner’s leadership and discussion skills. A llows learners to use inquiry skills that many educators believe will better prepare learners for the future by removing traditional teaching learning strategies. P rovides opportunities for more intensive investigation of a study or problem. A llows learners to become more actively involved in their own learning and to participate more freely in discussions. P rovides opportunities to develop respect for other learners whose work helps the group progress in reaching its goals. August, 2020 53

54. DISADVANTAGES OF GROUP WORK METHOD Requires careful planning Some learners may not participant Success depends on learners ability to lead themselves Give more disadvantages How can the be made more effective? August, 2020 54

55. DEMONSTRATION A demonstration is any activity in which a teacher (instructor) uses experiments or some other actual performance in order to illustrate a principle. It is a method of teaching where by the teacher carries out an activity so that learners can imitate and learn a new skill. It can also be defined as the method whereby the learner feels a real or life like example of the skill or procedure to be learned August,2020 55

56. TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS Drill and practice Tutorial Gaming Simulation Problem solving August,2020 56

57. APPROPRIATE SITUATIONS When equipment or materials are expensive or delicate. When high degree of safety is required and learners cannot meet them on their on. When time is not enough for all learners to do the activity • When learners need to do practical work. • When content is hard to grasp. August,2020 57

58. INAPPROPRIATE SITUATION Not appropriate for some subjects. When learners are not well versed in the subject. When facilities are too costly. When the class is too large. It cannot be used where there are no facilities. It cannot be appropriate in a situation where some learners are disabled or handicapped. August,2020 58

59. ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD • Demonstration can open a learners’ eye to a new world of understanding • S hortens the time of learning and lengthens the memory of facts and principles. • Q uite effective in making clear to participants and observers the relationship between skill and their purpose. • A ids in bringing about a relationship between the theory and practice. • F osters good thinking in groups and individuals. 59

60. DISADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION METHOD It consumes time. Lack of materials to use for demonstration may hinder its application. Mistakes made at the time of demonstration are easily learned. It may cause stampede when children are asked to come to the front to see a teacher demonstrate a process. Learners may become noisy and class. Control may be lost. If precautions are not taken (heeded to), it may be injurious to learners August,2020 60

61. HOW TO IMPROVE THE METHOD Make an assignment based on the demonstration. Wherever possible, involve students in the demonstration Ascertain after each step whether the students have grasped the meaning of concepts and explanation, if not repeat . Wherever possible, involve students in the demonstration August, 2020 61

62. DISCUSSION METHOD This is a learner centered strategy of instruction where the teacher plays a mediating role . Interactive class participation A discussion seeks and examines a matter by means of a free flow of argument. August,2020 62

63. CONT,D Conflicts/ disagreement which emerge in a heated discussion may lead learners to being critical thinkers • Leads to increased tolerance of varying points of view. Has positive effect on communication and problems solving skills. August, 2020 63

64. ADVANTAGES • Heightens learner’s interest • Builds participants understanding of content • Members pool knowledge and ideas in the cooperative task of endeavoring to understand a problem by learning from one another. • Allows a two way communication • People tend to work more intensely while in a group • Group judgments may sometimes be accurate August,2020 64

65. DISADVANTAGES OF DISCUSSION GROUP • M ay degenerate into an informal debate • A discussion may deteriorate into forum for the exchange of prejudices Discussion is less structured and certain False conclusions August, 2020 65

66. CONT, The teacher should ensure; • T here is a clear objective • P rerequisite knowledge needed • Group members prepare short items for discussion. • Assigns topics and guiding questions for discussion • A secretary is appointed for recording proceedings. 10/27/2020 66

67. INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT This is an educational activity carried out by an individual seeking self improvement. It focuses on the type of planned study done by an individual under the guidance of a teacher TYPES OF ASSIGNMENTS Home assignments-done after class. School assignments-done in classroom during class Augst,2020 67

68. RATIONALE OF INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Prepares learners for the next lesson. l earner develop ability to solve tasks on his own. T eacher assesses the individual’s ability Takes necessary corrective measures 68

69. ADVANTAGES Depth and creativity as per learners’ talents permit. D oes not normally require additional equipment A ppropriate for all areas of the curriculum Bridges the gap between the school and the community Motivating August,2020 69

70. DISADVANTAGES L ittle social interaction unless planned for. D ifficulty for learners to handle effectively if they have been used to conforming and competing in group settings only. Mostly suitable for higher levels of learning Assignments should be challenging August,2020 70

71. CONT’D • Success depends on well planned assignments by the teacher. • Consideration of learners interests, and demands of the subject. • Learners should not be allowed to move to new assignments if they haven’t completed the first ones August,2020 71

72. References https:// www.slideshare.net/ChristianSabadisto1/factors-and-principles-in-choosing-teaching-method https ://prezi.com/6yubpudaglsh/factors-to-consider-in-choosing-a-method / http:// www2.rgu.ac.uk/celt/pgcerttlt/selecting/select24.htm Curzon L.B (2006) Teaching in further education, of outline principle and practice MPA Books – Great Britain. 10/27/2020 72

73. END THANK YOU 73